 The study found that the medial septum, MS, controls supra-theta rhythms of hippocampal Ca1 through face coupling with theta-nested gamma-band activity, an indirect MS to Ca1 pathways via the entohynal cortex and Ca3-mediate distinct Ca1 gamma-band oscillations. Optogenetic activation of MS-parval-bumin expressing neurons elicited theta-nested beta-to-gamma oscillations in Ca1, indicating that the MS orchestrates hippocampal network activity at multiple temporal scales to mediate memory, encoding and retrieval. This article was authored by Ballant Kirily, Andy Adomonks, Marta Gelatai, and others.