 All right, so I'm just reorienting myself a little bit. All right, so I'm going to get started. Like I just said, my name is Dr. William Schmackdenburg, Dame Miami, in Second Life. And I have the honor to also be working with Curious George at Caltech. I'm going to say a little bit more about that collaboration because after all, that's what Science Circle is about, is getting scientists connected and doing really cool projects. And I'm going to say a little bit more about that. For those of you who don't know who I am, I've been on Second Life for quite a while. I am the adjunct, I should say, research associate for Virginia Tech, also the Virginia Museum of Natural History. I taught for 30 years at a high school in Virginia. And about 19 years at Farham College in Southwest Virginia. So it's a quick buyout. And I wanted to say that because one of the things that really surprised me was I spent the last 32 years in Virginia. And right now I'm up in New York. I'm with my mom, actually. She's getting a chance to see my presentation, which is cool. And one of the things that struck me was after I retired in 2021, I was kind of surprised to find out that there were several craters in the Kentucky area. And there was one in particular in Middlesbrough, Kentucky, that I didn't know anything about. Nobody had said anything to me about it. And I thought, gee, I'm retired. I'm going to jump in my car and spend a week and go down there and check it out. And that's what this talk is all about. So this is a Boots on the Ground analysis of a crater in Kentucky. As I mentioned a few minutes before I started the talk, if any of you have any questions, I'm going to keep the local chat open. And if there's a geology question, I'm going to do the best I can to answer that. I'm glad Curious George is here because he helped me with some of the astrophysical connections, the astrophysics calculations. So I'm hoping that he will jump in. We're going to get to that in a minute, Abba. And also, Synergy said he was going to throw some things in local chat. So this will be a fun discussion. But feel free at any time during the talk if you want to make a comment or a question, put it in there and we'll answer it. The other thing that I'm going to say is that there's quite a bit of math in here. And I wasn't sure about how to address that. You notice that there's a box underneath my slide projector that says, click here to get the notes and link to slides. I would ask everyone at this point to, yeah, go ahead, I see people clicking on already if you haven't done so already. And grab that. That's got my contact information in it. It also has all of the calculations that Curious George did. And you may, if you have a printer nearby, maybe you can throw it in a text editor and print it out. That's what I did. Because I find it easier when I've got all this math to take a look at it. And I don't want people to log off when you hear a lot of math. Some people that are just phobic when it comes to math. Looking through what Curious George did, it's at the level of algebra 2 and high school physics. So there's not a lot of cac. I know that some people that like math, but for some reason I've run into a bunch of people on Science Circle that are really scared of math. And that's the thing that struck me is when I look through George's analysis, this sort of thing can and should be done at the high school level to get kids excited about science. And then it's not happening. I don't know why. So anyway, like I said, my contact information is there. So let's get started. And one of the first things that I thought about is are there meteorite impacts? Are they rare or are they fairly common in the United States? So what I did was I was getting trained on Esri's GIST software. And so what I did was I was able to get a lot of data on meteorite impacts that have been found on the United States. And here's what the shocker was. I'm going to give it a minute to Rez. There are a lot of them, Sumo. Absolutely. And if you can, cam into my map there. Every one of those dots there is a confirmed meteorite strike on the United States. It's just we're in a shooting gallery. There's just a ton of these things that keep hitting the United States. And I'm not sure what the oldest impact is there. I'd have to check it out. I can tell you that I'm going to get to this in a minute that at least we're getting 450 million years somewhere in there. I don't know if that's the oldest one. Yeah, I don't have good age data on it, but that's good questions. I know there's one around Chesapeake Bay that's only 15 million years. And yeah, there is erosion problem. All right, so like I said, I lived in Virginia for 30 years. So I was interested in, have there been meteorites found in Virginia? And the answer is yes. And I counted about 14 or 15 of them. Every one of those little dots there represents a confirmed meteorite that's been found in Virginia. And some of them are rich in iron. Some of them are stony meteorites. If you zoom in the color pattern, I think, is blue is iron, and yeah, blue are iron meteorites, and red are stony meteorites. Oh, thanks. I appreciate Phil for throwing in data on the age of meteorites. Cool. Looks like I'm having a Civil War battlefields. Yeah, I don't know if there's any relationship between Civil War battlefields and meteorite impacts. As I already mentioned, probably one of the most famous meteorite sites, craters, near Virginia is the one that's off the Chesapeake Bay. And this one is about 85 kilometers in diameter, four and about 35 million years ago. And not many people knew about it. There was a bunch of scientists that were studying freshwater supplies near the coast of Virginia and found that there was a lot of seepage of very high salinities in some of the groundwater supplies. And people started to ask, why is there so much salt in their fresh water? And they determined that there was a crater off the coast of Virginia. And this impact probably may have even somehow influenced. It didn't totally form the Chesapeake Bay areas, I'm told, but it may have had an influence to it. All right, then after that, what I did was I found out that there were several sites in Kentucky that are confirmed meteorite sites or craters, maybe they're asteroid crates, depending on the size. And there were three in particular that I was interested in looking at. And I don't know about you, I'm going to zoom in a little bit here. There's a Drethra knob. That's an impact site of Versailles structure. And then there's a Millsboro structure. And the Kentucky Geologic Survey has done a really great job in studying these and coming up with field guides and have done a number of field trips. And I use them in planning my trip. So let's take a look at my trip to Millsboro, Kentucky. And the one that I wanted to go to the closest one to me was just to the west of the Cumberland Gap. The Cumberland Gap is in the tri-state area between Virginia, Tennessee, and Kentucky. And yeah, I had to get a shot of the Cumberland Gap. And there's a lot of history that's involved here. It turned out the early settlers, when they wanted to go from New York or Pennsylvania, or whatever, the big problem they ran into was the Appalachian Mountains. When you're talking the 1700s, 1800s, this map, the Appalachians, formed a very formidable barrier towards exploration of the west. And any sort of gaps were greatly appreciated by the early settlers. And the Cumberland Gap was one of the big ones. And at first, they got through it as a rather small opening, but they were able to enlarge it over time. They obviously had problems with the Indians. And there's a whole visitor center at the Cumberland Gap where they go into the history of this particular region. But what I was interested in was the asteroid crater that's located just to the west of the Cumberland Gap. And here's a picture, not a very good one, though, on the left of me standing on an overlook of the Millsboro Crater. And it's not a really great shot of the crater area. And as somebody was saying, there's been a lot of weathering erosion. So the crater walls have been removed. The picture on the right is a satellite image of the area. And you see a black dot right above a white line. That is the Millsboro Crater. And that feature stood out. People at first started to look at these satellite images, started to ask, why do you have this big red dot to the north and the west of this white line here? It's not the typical feature that you would see in the Appalachian Mountains. And here's a picture taken from within the Millsboro Crater area. And I was really shocked rolling into Millsboro, Kentucky, because there's a whole town there that's developed within this asteroid crater. And you can see some of the crater walls there. And one thing I need to mention before we go on that scientists have pretty much figured out is that you're not seeing the original crater of Millsboro. They suspect that you're seeing a deeply eroded pit that was below the crater. And one of the questions that I think Sumo or someone brought up earlier, they said, well, how old is the Millsboro crater? You know, what was the age of the impact? And the answer is, we don't know. If you look at some of the other craters in Kentucky, for example, Jethro Knob in Kentucky, we have a great example of a time-constrained impact event. So we know that the crater round, Jethro Knob in Kentucky, formed in rocks that are 445 million years. And in the middle of the crater, you've got flats, Lurian rocks that are 450 million years. So we know that the impact had to occur between 415 and 445 million years ago, which is really cool. The problem is with the Millsboro Kentucky crater, we don't have that kind of constrained ages. What we've got is we can look at the sides of the crater walls like this. And we can see nice extensive coal deposits in it. And that's it. And once you start talking about coal, scientists and geologists figured out pretty quickly that you're dealing with carboniferous age rocks somewhere around maybe 300 million years old. But we have no rocks in the center that formed after the impact, or if they did form, they were eroded away. So all we can say is that this impact in Millsboro Kentucky formed sometime after 300 million years ago. And that's it. It's a shame we can't constrain the age more than that, because there's a whole bunch of interesting questions to be asked. Things like, did this impact event have any effect on extinction rates, for example, at least locally in the area? We know that there were several mass extinctions that occurred after 300 million years ago. There was the one at the end of the Permian about 280 million years ago. There was one at the end of the Triassic. There was about 200 million years ago. The famous one is the end of the dinosaur 66 million years ago. So we have no idea whether they affected it or not. And I don't know of any way of narrowing it down, because we just don't have the evidence. By the way, keep this graphic in mind. I meant to repeat it of these nice flat layered coal deposits, because that'll be important later on in the discussion. All right. So what's the evidence for impact within the crater? I took this picture in the very center of the crater. It's a conglomerate layer. And if you look real careful in the image, you can see some vertical cracks from the impact event. They've also found characteristic cone and cone structures, which scientists have argued is typical of an impact area. If you drive around to the sides of the crater around where the hotel is, you can see that there are faults or cracks in the shales that form on the side of the crater. And since she's asking why would the cracks be vertical, I'm not sure about that. It all has to depend upon the impact. You might think normally when stresses are applied to rocks, they occur at a 60 degree angle. But in this case, just about every fault that I saw or cracked was at a 90 degree angle. And one thing I was thinking about was when this object came in, was it perpendicular or did it come at a bleak angle? My way of thinking about it is that it probably came in almost vertical. Because if it came in at an angle, then it would have created more of an oval crater. And it did. I mean, the thing is almost perfectly circular. All right, here's a graphic showing an artist rendition of the asteroid coming in and breaking apart as just before it hit the Millsboro Kentucky area. All right, so let's talk a little bit about the math that is involved with the calculation. Because one of the things that is always fun to look at when you have these asteroid impact areas is how fast was it traveling? What was the size of the object? What was the object made of? And the question really is a matter of there are a lot of unknowns that are here. We can take some guesses or estimates of what may be involved. But one of the things I noticed when I went to the Cumbulant Gap area, they just gave a single page handout. And they said, well, yeah, this is what we think. We think it was traveling so fast. We think it was this size. But they really didn't get into the details of the math. And that's really crucial to understand this math and understand what the errors are involved with it. And that's something that I talked to George about as well, is that some of the numbers I'm going to be giving you could indeed be different from what we're assuming. All right, so first thing that we start with here. And again, if you haven't done so already, please click on the box below the slide projector. It'll give you these in more detail. So the first thing that George suggests that I look at is there was a study that was done with 20th century atom bomb blasts. The United States and the Russians, as you know, in the 20th century, set off nuclear bombs at a time of World War II to learn about the destructive pattern of atomic weapons. And one of the things that they determined was that there was a relationship between the size of the bomb, the amount of energy that was released, and the size of the crater that resulted from the explosion. And that's given here. Energy is equal to 9.1 times 10 to the 24th times the diameter of the crater raised to 2.59 power, where E is the kinetic energy of the incoming near-Earth asteroid and D is the diameter of the crater. So we've got one relationship between energy and the size of the crater. And I have not seen the actual graph here, and maybe George can address this as well. But I know there was a comment in the paper that I read that's listed up there that the United States detonated only relatively small nuclear weapons compared with the energy that's released in asteroids slamming into the Earth. So we only have a rough idea about energy and crater size. And so we're sort of extrapolate from those results. In fact, the author in one of those papers said that we do not have enough data in terms of large crater sizes and the energy would take. And he said, I pray to God we never do because setting off those size explosives could be extremely dangerous. The other formula that I'm going to be using, several formulas I'll use today beside the relationship between energy and crater diameter is kinetic energy. Anybody that's taken a physics class knows that the kinetic energy is equal to the mass of an object times its velocity squared divided by 2. All right, so we'll be using that, those two formulas. All right, the other thing that we're going to be using, another formula we'll be using in this is the density formula that most people know. Density, I use the formula, the symbol RHO for density is equal to the mass divided by the volume, where v is the volume of the object. We're assuming that the object that was coming in was spherical. And again, we don't know. We just don't have it. I wish we did have the impacting object, but we don't. We're assuming that that was spherical in shape. If it wasn't, then that could alter these calculations as well. If it's spherical, then we know the volume is equal to 4 thirds pi times the radius cubed. And so what I did or what George did, I said I'm not going to take any credit for this, because I didn't actually do the math, but I'm going to do the best I can to explain it. And again, George was welcome to chime in here. Oh, good. All right, George is saying, first, does this always make the assumption of a spherically symmetric homogenous ticket? OK. All right, so we've got, like I said, four formulas so far. And what I'm going to be doing on this graphic here is I start, or as George did, he put, I believe, the volume formula. Yeah, the volume of a sphere into the density formula. So we arrive at the equation mass is equal to pi over 6 diameter to the third power times the density. All right, if we combine the kinetic energy formula, energy usual mass, 1 half mass times the velocity squared, we come up with equation 4. Energy is equal to pi divided by 12 times the density times the diameter of the asteroid to the third power times the velocity squared. All right. Again, this is why I said, get the note car that's in there. All right, if you want to go through and check the algebra. All right, the next thing that we have to assume here is we've got to get a relationship between the asteroid diameter and the crater diameter. All right, and George put in some densities of CS and M class asteroids. I'm not sure what CS and M stand for, but he said that C is, I bet those are carbonaceous asteroids. 1.38, S was 2.71, and M worth 5.32. OK, here we go. Yes, C is chondritic, M is metallic, and S is silicate. Thanks, all right, which I'm a little surprised. I thought that the metallic ones would be a little bit higher, but we can talk about that later. OK, and so he's using an average density of somewhere around 3 for the calculations that we're going to be doing here. All right, so the next question is how fast was the object moving when it slammed into the Earth? And the typical speed that we assume for objects that impact the Earth is 18 kilometers per second. And I do like the metric system, but I also like to think in terms of the English system. Because I'm in America, so I did some math this morning and found out that's about 40,000 miles per hour in terms of the speed of impact. But because we're dealing with metrics, we're going to stick with the 18 kilometers per second. So assume an average of velocity of 18 kilometers per second. The density is 3. And now we've got to convert from kilometers to centimeters because the density is in centimeters per milliliter. Yeah, OK, I'm going to get to that in a minute, Cesarjit, bear with me here, all right? And you and George can be fighting this out because I'm not sure about the speed of impact of these objects. We're converted from kilometers to centimeters, so we've got to use a 10 to the 15th conversion factor here. So what we end up with is combining these formulas. Energy is equal to 3. Density divided by 3. CGS times pi divided by 12 times 10 to the 15th conversion factor raised to 1.8 times 10 to the 6 times 2 Ergs. Or if we simplify that, we get E is equal to 2.54 times 10 to the 27th times D raised to 3 Ergs. And again, we could simplify that further. And again, this is just algebra 2 math, if you want to chuck me later. We eventually arrive at the formula that the diameter of an asteroid is equal to 1.53 times 3 divided by the density times the crater diameter raised to the 0.86 power, all right? And we know that the Millsboro crater is somewhere around 4 miles. I heard different estimates. Some residents say it's 3.67 bullets used 4 miles. So that would give us a crater diameter of 6.4 kilometers. That works. So if we put that into equation 5, we end up with the asteroid size would have been around 0.75 kilometers or 0.47 miles, say half a mile in diameter. By the way, in front of me or in front of the slide projector here, OK, and to my right, being at the second life, I couldn't resist getting a 3D model of a meteorite crater. And if you look carefully, I put a gray meteorite in the size of it. So yeah, if you want to get roughly an idea of the relationship of size, because I don't want to just get bogged down in all the math and I probably move through it faster than I should. This will give you an idea in terms of the three-dimensional geometry. All right, now this assumes an average density of 3 for the asteroid. Yeah, a scissors saying so you end up with a meteorite diameter that's roughly a factor 10 smaller than the meteor crater, which is more or less correct ratio. Yeah, a lot of people I talk to say they like that size. All right, one of the things that I worried about was some of the uncertainties. And I've talked to Curious George as well about this. We're assuming an average density of 3 for the asteroid. If it was denser than that, than that of a stony meteorite or whatever, what if it was around 6? What effect would that have on these calculations? And the answer is that would be if you double the density, if you're dealing with a metallic asteroid rather than a rocky one, then the size is cut in half. And again, we don't know. The object that came in and slammed in Millsburg crater, we don't know when it hit. And we don't know what its composition is. We don't know the density. We don't know the bulk density, any of that, which creates a problem in some of these calculations. And so I've listed or I've got some pictures of some of the meteorites that have struck Kentucky. So we do have some of those. So this is a picture of a chondritic silicate rich meteorite. And some of the minerals that have been found in chondritic meteorites include orthoperexene, olivine, pledgeoclates, fellspar. They make up 85% of the meteorites that have been found. And again, what's interesting is if you look at these minerals, olivine, pledge, orthoperexenes, these are minerals that vary greatly in terms of their chemical composition and also their density. So for example, and I listed this at the bottom of the slide here, pledgeoclates is about 2.68 grams per milliliter. Olivine is 3. And they said some pledgeoclates get up to 6, which I was surprised, almost point of metals, as George was saying. And we've also have some achondrites. They like the chondrules of chondritic meteorites. Here's a stony meteorite that's been found in Kentucky. And I would think that iron would get you up to around eight or nine. George, you're saying that the density, because there are other materials of iron-rich meteorites, are more in the sixth range for density? Maybe. All right. Again, we don't know what the objects were that struck Billsburg, Kentucky. But there have been 27 meteorites that have been recovered from Kentucky. So I give you a pie chart breakdown of the composition of those. Maybe they give us an indication of what the object was that struck Billsburg, or maybe it didn't. But of the meteorites that have been recovered from Kentucky, 33% are stony. 7% are iron stone, and 60% are the iron-rich ones. So yeah, OK, I hadn't thought of that, George, but that's true. OK, the higher density ones are going to be more likely to survive. All right, so basically the thing I want to say here is that it's really important to have these sort of collaborative projects and take a look at a field area like Billsburg, Kentucky from both the geology and also the astrophysics. And it's been a real pleasure to work with George so that I can understand physics a little better. Certainly, there are a lot of uncertainties here in terms of what was the impact speed? What was the object that even struck? And that can control the size of the object that impacted. But certainly, I think somewhere in the quarter of a mile to half a mile range seems reasonable from the numbers that we're seeing here. That's what I thought. All right, one thing that I was thinking about and came up repeatedly in the discussion that I had with people in Billsburg, Kentucky is, why would anybody want to come to Billsburg or Kentucky? And the answer I came up with is NASA. And for a couple of years, I worked with the folks at Langley Center in Virginia. And one of the things that people were interested in is, of course, is establishing a colony on the moon. And in order for us to do a colony on the moon or maybe go on to Mars to establish a base there as well, we need to carefully consider the materials that could be present on those planetary bodies. Because it's very expensive getting materials from the Earth to a colony, whether it's on the moon or Mars. And so we would have to have some kind of insight to mining operation that would be going on, either on the moon or Mars. And one of the things that struck me when I was going through Billsburg, Kentucky is that this would be a perfect spot to study what it would be like to try and do mining in an asteroid field. Because basically, they've already done it. Billsburg, Kentucky was the site of mining for many years. And they even had some of the old mining equipment on display. Of course, coal is one of the main products that they got out of Billsburg, Kentucky. But they also got some iron. But here's the problem that people notice when they start doing mining around Kentucky is that in some cases, the resources pitched out very quickly. And what I was in the asteroid crater, it was very clear why that would be. And I took this image and compare this to the one that I showed you earlier in the talk, where in many cases, if you go to, say, Pennsylvania, where you go to, out west, there's coal in Wyoming, you see nice, flat layers of coal. So you can go in there. You can remove the overburden and then do strip mining. Or you can do underground mining. And you've got these nice, flat layers that are easy to calculate how much mine is there. But because of the asteroid impact, these coal and other resource layers have been fractured. And it struck me, take a look at that black coal layer that's in the middle of that slide there. You get these sort of triangular features that are present there. And maybe they're related to other cracks. Now, this would make more sense if you've got a 60-degree angle in some of those faults that are there that we're getting to earlier. But in terms of a mining, this is tricky because you're going down, oh, yeah, there's a pocket of coal. Well, I can take that out. But then it pinches out. So you get only these small, local accumulations. And I suspect we're going to run into this problem on Mars or the moon where we've got heavily cratered surfaces. And obviously, we're not going to be looking for coal up there because there's not a lot of organic matter on the moon or Mars. But certainly, we could be looking for valuable mineral resources like iron and so on. And I would expect them to perhaps peter out like this as well. This is just a reference that I threw up there. Like I said, my information is in there. And we've gone for a little more than a half an hour. And I've already seen some good comments and questions that are thrown on there. Yeah, discovery of coal on the moon would be a big deal. Yeah, don't expect to see it happen. So you have other questions or comments that you want to put in. Like I said, when I do these talks, I try and keep them around 30 minutes so that we can get question and answers in. And everybody can get out of here in an hour. So go ahead, hit the local chat. Are you talking about rare earth metals from meteorites? Ariane, I suspect, yeah, I suspect that there are some valuable rare earth elements that are present in asteroids. And I know that there are companies that are planning on actually sending up probes, intersecting some of these asteroids, mining them. So there are things like neodymium and whatnot that we use, for example, cell phones that are relatively rare on the earth. And it makes sense to try and mine them. I definitely think that's a great idea. What has happened geologically in the area since the impact? Are you talking about the Millsboro, Kentucky area? The answer is not much. Like I said, we don't have any layers immediately on top of the crater. I wish we did. All we've got are these carboniferous layers that date around 300 million. So we know the impact had to occur after that. But other than that, I wish I had more information, but I don't. Like I said, it would be really cool to look into. Did it have any impact or effect on mass extinction on the earth? That's a bummer, George. I was hoping you would say that the rare earth elements are more common in asteroids. One of the things that we are looking at is I know in terms of the rare earth elements, one of the things that I've heard from the Virginia Geological Society called something else these days is they're looking for rare earth elements mixed in with sediments in the coastal plain of Virginia and other areas. They go out with dredges on boats, and they pull up sand, and they're finding out there's quite a bit of rare earth elements mixed in. And they have this thing that looks like a water slide where they run the water in the sediment through. They separate the sand from the heavier materials, and they can extract them that way. Well, all of the heavier elements come from supernova explosions. And the ratios and the abundances are set by whatever nuclear physics goes on there. So we'll be saying everywhere whether it's the interior of the Earth or asteroids or anything like that. But yes, but again, the ratios of different elemental abundances is given by the nuclear physics, and it doesn't matter where you look for them. Multiliter elements, of course. This is mostly hydrogen and helium, and then things like carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen. So they get produced in layer mass stars. But really heavy ones, metals, and all that. Even big-star explosions and neutron-star collisions. Phil is saying there's another crater in Ohio that hit about the same time within 20 million years. Is that one more constrained in terms of time, Phil? Because again, we do have a lot of constraints on the Millsboro, Kentucky one. I was looking at this one that shows some of the larger impact craters, the one in the chat. There just seems to be a bunch of them in that area within about 20 million years. I mean, that's a long time, but they're all around the same time period. OK. Yeah, Phil, I don't have a problem. People want to turn their voice on and make comments. I think that might be a little bit easier than just the text chat. It was the immediacy of your question. Otherwise, it'd be Boston chat, several chats back. Yeah, I'm planning on saving this whole chat line, going back over it, and seeing questions and comments when I get a chance. Does anybody else have any other questions or comments that you want to make about this talk? One thing I would say before people start booking out of here is that I'm looking at the schedule, and I believe there's going to be a meeting next Saturday. Yeah, next Saturday at 10 AM, SLT time, March 4th is going to be the planning meeting for Project Moon Base that Second Life Science Circle is doing. So I encourage all of you to come back if you're interested in astronomy and whatnot. I think that this topic of Moon Base is a very exciting one. I'm looking forward to working with Tab Scott and the other people involved with that. All right, and I was asked about my slides. If you have not clicked the box underneath the slide projector, click there. You will get a no-card. And at the very beginning of the no-card, there should be the location of my slides. If it's not in there, let me check. One thing you guys may find interesting, that by now, we have maybe like three cases where a small asteroid was observed from the Earth with a telescope, and then hit the Earth. But all of them were small, like the size of a car, typically. And they're all disintegrated in the upper atmosphere. I worked in a project which was doing just that. And the first time it happened, they figured out where they would disintegrate. So they sent people to go and look for pieces, which they found. It was somewhere over the desert in Sudan. They got students from the local university to go there and look for black rocks on the other side. And I think they found a couple hundred pieces. So my friends were joking that that was the cheapest ever asteroid sample return mission. All right. Does anybody else have any other questions or comments about the talk? I missed it, Phil. You know, acids and the sample from asteroids. Some discussion about the origin of living thing on the Earth. Yeah. Preservation of amino acids, I imagine, would be hard to get preserved. I mean, there's a mission. The perseverance rover right now that's running around the surface of the Mars collecting samples that gets put in a container. And then hopefully by 2030, we're going to go and we're going to recover those samples. I think those would have a better chance of being preserved. And I would love to get my hands on it and see if there's any fossil evidence in it. You and everybody else, but I can't doubt that that will happen. Of course, every once in a while, I will see some crack by looking at that picture from a rover saying, well, look, here was a cloak bother or whatever. We're conspiracy theorists. Of course, we're faced with all those images of JPL. And some people carelessly leave their lunch remains there. Max, it was a lot of fun to actually do geology and asteroid credit or something as a bucket list thing that I always thought would be cool to do, but never thought I'd get the chance to do it. This is Tagline. May I make an announcement? This is hello? OK, thank you. This coming Wednesday at 5 PM PST on the 1st of March, Mathematics Club of Science Circle starts up. I just put it in here. And we have a permanent site for this, which I'm very grateful. And let's see. I want to, oh, I always have to figure out how to, I'm going to quickly share this with everyone here. If I can. And this will be not too weird, not too esoteric, I hope. And I've sent this site out before, but I hope that worked. And that people can see where that is. And everyone is welcome to join us. It'll go for one hour, and I'm going to be sort of strict about not going over. And I'm going to try to keep it comprehensible, intelligible, not too arcane and buried in jargon. So we'd love to see you there if you can join us. And that's it. Thank you. So we'll make our own jargon. I'm welcoming anyone present to join in open discussion by Matt Mike. We'll see how that works on the start. And we'll see what happens. Thank you. I'm heading out. Thank you all for coming. And look forward to seeing you. Moonbase Alpha and the, I forgot to make a thanks tag line, reminding me about the Math Club.