 There is a suite of very interesting services Which are offered in next-generation networks This is an evolving process because there are certain applications which are known to exist for quite some time However, there are emerging Services and applications which require some underlying technological support So we'd look at some very interesting next-generation mobile services These services are provided in mobile broadband to either fixed Landline users or fixed mobile users Or even users while they are at roaming. We'd look at the technological landscape Which forms the grounds and the bases for providing services Then we'll also look at the services which can be offered there are a lot of Wide and wireless technologies next-generation network covers them all as for the wide technologies providing a Variety of services is not much of a problem because the Communication and delivery is almost insured. The problem comes in wireless technologies the wireless technologies are also quite diverse in terms of their capabilities and The spectrum which they can use some of the bands are Dedicated for some special services some are licensed bands Then we have the industrial scientific and medical band. So each technology has its own specific Band so this creates some limitation on what Applications can be provided sir using certain technologies if you look at Wi-Fi Vis-a-Vee 3g technologies and IEEE Wi-max standard Wi-Fi is the most widely deployed and We feel very comfortable with it because it's Very close to us. It's there in every building every suburb So as for next-generation services each service may have its own set of Qs requirements Because barring the best effort services other services do have their Exclusive requirements As for Wi-Fi, there is no explicit QS support There are certain reasons for it because it was never designed to provision QS based services the obvious background is that Wi-Fi is not based on Time division multiple access in the radio side it means that Since there is no Dedicated or dedication in terms of time allotment. We don't expect the Consistency of service in in Wi-Fi Then there's another constraint that the Wi-Fi technology Can be operated in licensed spectrum, but it is mostly offered in the unlicensed spectrum, which is either 2.4 gigahertz ISM band or 5 gigahertz band so it means that there is no certainty if This spectrum is going to be available all the time in the areas in which these services are to be provided as for the 3GPP based Technologies and IEEE based Wi-max There is a dedicated Explicit QS support it means the packet formats that is the payload the network devices The network elements each have provision to incorporate different types of graphics and the Differentiation between those graphics is Realizable in these networks. So The QS is supported in these networks They have different class types Determined by the class of service type of service grade of service, etc. Then there is a provision to tackle or Manage the types of traffic Into different behaviors. So the network has the Capability and capacity to treat different kinds of traffic differently Then we have different Priority and scheduling mechanisms, which are also incorporated in both 3GPP led technologies and Wi-max Since we are talking about QS for these 3GPP led and IEEE Wi-max standard. So if these two technologies are going to inter-operate So some kind of mapping would be needed Because the definition of Class of service type of service grade of service may vary from technology to technology so for instance the definition of a flow as In Wi-max is different from the definition of flow as in 3GPP and They have their own definitions of classes. So there is a translation mechanism Which is required here if interoperability is to be achieved Then the radio access network Physically technologies are also different. This results into some kind of mismatch and some Degradation of QS provisioning is expected once the traffic is sent from Wi-max to LTE or vice versa There's another requirement to either Permit the traffic coming from one kind of network to another. We call it the vertical handover To either admit it's a it's an admission control policy to allocate resources Or deny it If it is allowed then at what level it means is the quality of service going to remain Persistent for two heterogeneous technologies Interoperating with each other or some kind of degradation is going to take place either the bitrate is compromised or there is some increase in the packet loss known as the packet loss ratio Some delay would be Expected once the technologies change and if this delay is varying across the Traffic flow then jitter is also going to be experienced So it means it's an interesting and important concern once different mobile services are to be provided using these technologies The landscape of services which can be offered in the next generation mobile networks Is again quite diverse and it's continuously evolving The services are actually at the more functional level and Applications are more at the usage level. So it means essentially different cross combinations of services can be Created by different applications. So we have real-time and non real-time services Within the real-time we have different requirements which are generated from the fact that within real-time we have voice for IP which amulets the PSTN PLMN kind of Traffic Then we have the live streaming traffic which is coming from a source For instance live coverage of an event Gaming online gaming between different the participating gamers online and Then we have Non real-time services which are pretty straightforward. These are elastic or traffic types Mostly browser based as in email Websurfing and peer-to-peer For both of these real-time and non real-time and within these real-time and non real-time they are sub types Each of these service requires a different behavior. So it means the underlying technology has to Ensure that this behavior is provided by the network to these services using enforcement of certain policies these policies are mostly Telecom companies driven or users specified Mostly they reach in at an agreement in the form of a service level known as SLA So when this policy has to be implemented at a certain network element, it is known as the policy enforcement point Then we have the policy Decision point where which policy is to be enforced is Decided so using PDP P E P P I P. These are certain terminologies which are policy Specific these are invoked. So what we finally conclude here is that we have a lot of heterogeneity in technology using these technologies In an interoperable and integrated manner needs the understanding of the services Which are to be provided on these heterogeneous networks