 The behavior of the retired migrant in the Maghreb, particularly in Morocco, Algeria, and Tunisia. And in particular, I'm examining the way the retired migrant is going to use his pension when, if ever, he comes back to his home country in Tunisia, in Algeria, or in Morocco. The decision to invest, for example, his pension depends, first of all, of the decision to come back to the home country. And this decision depends on the perception he has of his country. And I have conducted some studies, and I came to the conclusion that this perception has changed since the Arab Spring and since the Jasmine Revolution in Tunisia in particular. The migration from the Maghreb to Europe, it's most migrants went to Italy, or to France, or to Belgium for historical reasons because the Maghreb was colonized by France for cultural reasons because of the language. It's easier to speak French. So this migration started in the 60s in the post-independence period. And as a result, now we are witnessing these migrants are reaching the retirement age. So they are thinking about, some of them are thinking about coming back to home country to spend their retirement. I'm working on data that come from the Robert Schumann Center in Florence, and in particular the MIRAM project, which is a project studying migration in the Maghreb. The remittances represent a very important issue in the three countries. In Morocco, for example, it represents more than 8% of GDP. And it permits to the government to cover 50%, so half the balance of the payment deficit. So it is very important for those countries that the migrants send money to the home country. And especially now, because they are dealing with European currency, with the euro, and you know that the exchange rate of the euro is going very high if you compare it to the Tunisian dinar or the Moroccan dirham, for example. So we have made some qualitative survey. We have discussed with retired migrants, asking them, do you want to come back? Why do you want to come back? How will you use your pension, and so on. So it seems that retiring is the first motivation to return back home, because those people find themselves lonely in France, in Italy, and they want to come back home. Today we see that seniors, those aged more than 65, represent 18% of the migrant return migrants. So it's a very high percentage. So I'm going through the methodology. I don't have time to see that. So if we look at the typology of the migrant, of the retired migrant, he was 25 years when he left Algeria or Morocco or Tunisia. He went to southern France. Most of them went to Marseille. They have regular documents and working permits. So they are established on a regular basis. Now those people have reached 65 years. They have finished working, and they have plenty of time, and they have consistent pension. So the question is, how will they use that pension? Will they use it for consumption? Or will they invest them and come back home? When we have discussed with migrants, it seems that they are not so keen on investing back home. 90% of them think they know it's better to use the pension for all the things that investing than making a project when coming back home. But some of them have invested in small and medium projects. So we are not in the situation of big projects. They are medium projects, especially in the tourism or in the commercial sector. And the main source of the financing of those returning retired migrants is the pension and their savings. They did not ask assistance from local banks. So they work with their own money. So the problem here is, shall they come back or not? And we have found that the social protection was a key factor for those people when making the decision to come back home or not. First of all, they are aged more than 65. So for them, they start having health problems. So it's important for them to have social protection when they come back home. And those migrants who live in France, in Italy, in Belgium, some of them are also in Germany, they used to benefit a social protection system that is of a high level and that reimburses a consistent part of the medical expenses. So they know that when they come back to Tunisia to settle a project, for example, if they come back on a definitely basis, they will no more benefit the system. Because in the three countries, the public health is not of a high level as it is in Europe, you imagine this. So for all these reasons, and those are the reasons that we find in the questionnaire, when we ask people, we retired migrants, we say to them, OK, now we have reached the retirement age. Do you want to come back to Tunisia, to Morocco, to Algeria, do you want to invest your savings to settle projects? So they are afraid of those health problems that they expect finding in Tunisia. But from the other side, in the Arab Muslim culture, it is very important for a Muslim to be buried in his home county, to be buried in a Muslim place. So most of them say, OK, although we know that we will have financial problems, although we know that we will not find social protection as we had in France, in Germany, we want to come back to Tunisia, we want to settle there, and we want to invest our savings and our pension. So in any way, the social protection mechanism appears as a key element in making a decision for the retired migrant. And this is one of the main findings of the study. So if you ask those migrants, do you want to make a project when you come back to Tunisia, when you retire, they say yes. And the reasons are the following. The first reason is that they have saved sufficiently money during the career to conduct a complete project by themselves in Tunisia without having to ask a bank loan, for example. But there is a mistrust between the migrant and the local bank. From one hand, the migrant has a very bad vision of the local bank system. And from the other side, the banks consider the retired returnees projects as low return and risky investment. So there is misunderstanding, a mistrust from both parties. If we also find that if we see in blue, so in blue it is the decision to invest when coming back home, we see that you have the duration of the migration experience. And on the left, you have a decision to make to invest. So we see that if the migrants spend more than 15 years abroad, he does not want to invest. So most migrants who invest are those who did not spend more than 10, 11 years abroad. It's more or less the same figure for the three countries. So let me come to the last part and to some recommendations. So it is for the Tunisian government. I take the case of Tunisia because I know it better. It is very important to make a policy, an incentive policy, and to ask those migrants who have reached the retired age to come back to the country and to invest their savings. And this is very important now after the Jasmine Revolution because, as you know, Tunisia now has a lot of economic problems. The foreign investment is going down. So there is a need for those migrants to come back to the country and to participate to the economic development of the country. So I have presented those recommendations to my government. So let me see them with you. First of all, we started constituting a database because we don't know much about those people. We have some figures that comes out from surveys. But we don't know much about the way they make decisions. Do they want to come back? How much do they want to invest? And all these kind of things. So there is a need to widen the knowledge base on the motivation to make qualitative surveys of the retired return migrant, their projects, their needs, and what they can offer to the home country. So now we started conducting large surveys. And we are making a lot of studies on the migration of seniors in Tunisia because the population is aging now at the fast pace. There is also a need to restore faith in the home country administration because the migrants are afraid. As I told you before, they have no more confidence with the country. And they are afraid of losing an entire life of Gorba. Gorba is the fact of living abroad and alone. And they are afraid of losing all their savings in a bad business. And this field is reinforced by the lack of knowledge of the origin, society, and culture. Most of those migrants have spent 20, 30, sometimes even 40 years outside the country. So they do not know much the modern culture of the country. There is a fear of corruption, of bureaucracy, of misunderstanding. So a lot of retired returning migrants are afraid. They have a lot of money, but they say, no. I keep my money in France. I keep it in Belgium. I keep them in the bank. I don't invest it in Tunisia. This field is also reinforced because there are stories about what's happening in Tunisia, in Algeria, in Morocco. They hear other people that had bad experience with the local administration, with the customs, with the border, police, for example. There's also a need to support the return migrant in his decision to come back, to invest, to participate to the economy. So now in Tunisia, we are also the case in Algeria. The government created ministerial agencies that are dedicated to this particular category of person, the retired migrants, to provide them with data, with information on the investment schedules, and to give some incentives, incentive, and to push them in investing. For example, we have tax exemptions. We have offshore areas in Tunisia, but the migrants do not know that. So there's a need of communicating, of informing the migrant about what he can benefit if he comes back to Tunisia and if he invests his pension, his savings. There's also a need to improve the institutional environment. In the Maghreb, we still have poor infrastructure, rose electricity network, the industrial zones, the web, there's problems of internet connections, problems with public equipment. So all these are not positive for the migrants. So he says, in Tunisia, in Algeria, in Morocco, there's very bad infrastructure, so I cannot come back. And there's a need to improve the social protection. As I said in the beginning of my presentation, it is very important for the migrant, because of his age, to find in his country a good level of social protection. That is a very important incentive for him to come back. So let me come to my conclusion. So we see that the social mechanisms in the Maghreb are key issues in the migration process in the Maghreb. It is very important because the decision of the migrant, retired migrant to come back or to stay outside the country depends on social mechanism, for example, the social protection, for example, the medical care, geriatry, et cetera. And there's a need to conduct deeper research and to understand the social and anthropological factors that are behind the economic behavior of the retired detainee. Now in the universities, there are a lot of studies, a lot of doctorates, a lot of semesters. That study, for example, the behavior of the seniors that are living abroad and want to come back in Tunisia. And especially, there's a need to study the motivation that are behind the decision of coming back or stay in the home country. Thank you very much.