 My name is Patrick MP. I work in the policy division. I head up the Human Development, Health Education, Water Sanitation, HIV and AIDS in Iowa Shade. And as you've mentioned, we're here today to hear from the UN Special Rapporteur, Mr. Leo, Dr. Leo Heller. I think as many of us noticed, the water scarcity affects more than 40%. 1.7 billion people, I think, live in water areas where the water usage is greater than the rechargeable capacity. And I think as it were, 2.4 billion are affected by lack of access to basic water and sanitation. Now, for an agency of a department such as ours, this has huge impact not only on the public health matters, but there's also the gender-related issues. Women and girls are particularly affected by this given their work in terms of collecting water and cooking, but also the sanitation matters that affect school-going girls. So it is a major, from a development corporation perspective, it is obviously a central theme. Despite the challenges, I think it's probably fair to recognize that the MDGs did bring attention to it and did identify some success in terms of, I think it was 2.6 billion people gaining access to water, maybe not the best water, but at least coverage or access did increase. And I think in 2010, the UN General Assembly recognized the access to water as a human right, and that certainly has led to the impetus to have it as a central SDG, SDG number six, with a number of very important targets identified. Within Adish Aid, we do fund water and sanitation. There's sort of three broad areas that we support. The Bangladesh CLTS, the Community-led and Leadership Sanitation System, headed by Dr. Kamau Kar that works on a regional basis and provides technical assistance and policy advice in our country program, in our engagement, is in a number of countries, but primarily in relation to Liberia, where we're funding water and sanitation consortium, which involves concern worldwide amongst a number of other NGOs. And then from our own civil society program, we fund a number of Irish NGOs in about seven or eight different countries working in water and sanitation and their expenditure is about 4.5 million a year on directly relation to water and sanitation. So it is an important, it is a part, it's not as major significant budget as we would like, but within the resources that we have, it certainly receives attention in our, both our bilateral and our work with NGOs. Today, I just, I've been asked to introduce you. Welcome to Ireland. I think I forgot to ask you, is this your first time? Of the second? The second time, very good. As we know, Dr. Heller is the UN special repertoire on the human right to safe and drinking water. This is a non-reposition and his role is as a, to the human rights council, is to report on country situation, our specific human rights themes. And I think you'll be speaking about that quite shortly. You come from a distinguished academic background and I think you've led a major one point, or 150 billion program, the design of a water sanitation program in Brazil, a 20 year program estimated 1.5, 150 billion euro, which you've also studied, I think, in Oxford and led your department in the University of Minas Gerais. So I think without anything more, I understand you're also currently a searcher at the University. But anyway, thank you very much for coming and look forward to be able to come in. So, there is a lot of backgrounds about the way the human rights water and sanitation raises through the international law. We can identify in the more modern period, the Universal Declaration of the Human Rights, that this, probably all of you know, this declaration was very key to implement the human rights framework recently. And obviously the declaration doesn't talk about water, the right to water. But there is an article in the Declaration of the Fifth that talks about a minimum standard of life as a right. And the minimum standard of life is a way to develop a framework on the economic and social and cultural rights. That is a branch of the rights together with the political and civil rights and through the economic and social and cultural rights, several other instruments were approved and adopted by the UN, especially the International Covenant on the Economic and Social and Cultural Rights, that again talks about the standard of life that includes the right to housing, food and others, not water. And we have several conventions that in certain way approaches the right to water, the conventions on the rights of the child, on the elimination of all of forms of discrimination against women, rights to persons with disabilities. In 2002, the Committee on Economic and Social and Cultural Rights issued a comment, the general comment 15, that is specifically for the right to water. In this occasion, the right to water, not right to water and sanitation. And this comment was the basis for different discussions under the General Assembly. And in 2010, as mentioned, the General Assembly and also the Human Rights Council adopted this resolution on the human rights water and sanitation. In this moment, sanitation was integrated in the definition of the rights. And from 2010 to now, there are different resolutions that has been approved by the General Assembly and the Human Rights Council. It's interesting to mention in last year, the General Assembly adopted a resolution that differently from the previous, tried to approach in a distinct way the right to water and the right to sanitation. In this resolution, we have a distinction between the two rights. The idea is that these two rights are at the same time integrated, but distinct, in such a way that a person can claim for the violation of the right to sanitation without attaching this violation to the right to water. So this is a new way to look at the right to water and sanitation. So there is a lot of documents, elements to study the region of the right to water and sanitation, how it, along the time, was framed and has the current structure, the current form. Very briefly, we can say that there are some, what we call normative contents of the rights. So the contents of the human right to water ensures everyone, without discrimination, to have access to these five elements of the access to water. So a water delivered through the human rights framework needs to have sufficient quantity, needs to be safe regarding the health protection of who uses the water, needs to be acceptable from the point of view of the cultural values of the population, needs to be physically accessible, that it's distinct, then sufficient. You can have, for instance, a pipeline in the streets without water. So the water is available, but it's not accessible in this situation. And this is very, very important, needs to be affordable, affordable for especially people that live in poverty. We are talking about water for personal and domestic uses, not for industrial uses, agricultural uses, but particularly personal and domestic uses. And the human rights sanitation has similar definition, but of course adapted to the particularities of sanitation. So the human rights sanitation titles everyone without discrimination to have physical and affordable access to sanitation in all spheres of life, safe from the point of view of health protection, again, hygienic. So hygiene is very integrated with the definition of the right sanitation, secure, socially and culturally acceptable. That is very, very important in sanitation because there are some experiences, some cases where there are interventions for poor people of solutions of sanitation that is not attached with their cultural values. And that provides privacy and ensures dignity. This is very specific for sanitation. It's very, very important from the gender perspective, from looking at the women needs, privacy and dignity are very important. I'm just a parenthesis. Tomorrow I'm presenting my report to the Human Rights Council. That's about exactly gender and privacy and dignity are very key when we look at the gender dimension to the access to sanitation. These are principles of the human rights that are not specific for the right to water and the right to sanitation. They are common principles of all the human rights but are very important when we assess a situation of access to water and sanitation. So what I used to say is when we associate these contents with these principles, we have a good framework to assess different situations, country or a situation of violation. So equality and non-discrimination is very key. For water and sanitation particularly is very key because most of the countries, I can say, the progress of the access to water and sanitation looks particularly to the more well-off population, not the worst-off population. When we look at the progress of the access, it is aggregating the population between the richest and the poorest. We can see in almost all the countries that the richest gain access first and progress differently than the poorest population. And in these situations, both of the times reveals a pattern of discrimination. Discrimination not only against the poorest but also against ethnic minorities, women, religions that are minority in countries, rural areas if compared to urban areas and so on and so forth. Participation and inclusion is very key. Also, accountability is a very important issue in the human rights. And it leads to different ways of thinking of accountable mechanisms and progressive realization. That is an important principle also because the idea, this wasn't a curious discussion in 2010 because some of the countries were not happy to support the resolution because they thought at that time that if I accept the resolution of the human rights, tomorrow I'm a violator of the rights because not all my population have a good access to water and sanitation but this is not the idea of the human rights. The idea is that the states should make an increasing effort to progressively ensure access to the population using the maximum available resource. So the opposite is true when a country is not doing what they should do to ensure the access to all the population, we can think on a situation of violation. Maybe I should talk about Cork now. Yeah, this is, I'm not sure if you followed what the special recorders issued about Cork because in Cork the homeless people have no access to water, that there were no public initiative or policy in order to ensure the access to water. Two people that are living in street and the number of these people were increasing and yes, we received the claim from the civil society of Ireland and we thought that this is a case to request to the states explanations about why not, why the maximum available resources are not used to ensure that these people that before used to have access to water was not having access to water. So this is an example, I'm not sure if it's the best example for not using the maximum available resource but at least it's an Irish example. So you can feel exactly what I'm talking about. There are of course other more relevant cases in US for instance, there are several cases of disconnection people because people are not able to afford the tariffs and so on, so what is a very strong situation and of course in developing countries there are a lot of situations where we can say that probably there is no progressive realization. MDGs, as mentioned before, the official statistics says that in 2010 the target on water was reached, the target was not debt on issues, the target was to halve the proportion of the population without access to water from the 1990 to 2015. So no universal access to half and we know what the half without access means. Unfortunately, we are talking about the poorest part of the population but we need to celebrate but we need also to look at the empty half of the glass. There are still 663 million people without access to drinking water, improved drinking water source, 9% of the world population and improved was the definition of access adopted by the monitoring mechanisms for the MDGs and they will talk about that later. And there are some shortcomings, one is exactly the definition of improved. Certainly, this definition is not attached to the principles of the human rights to water because under improved there are different solutions that not necessarily guarantee affordable access, quality, accessibility and so on. The idea was only to identify improved sources of water, defining some categories of sources of water. There are a lot of gaps between rich and poor, urban and rural, the advantage versus general public, the advantage we can define in different ways, looking at ethnic aspects, slums and so on and so forth. But on sanitation, the target was not met and sanitation is considered one of the most off track targets of the MDGs. These are some numbers that were previously presented, 2.4 billion people without improved sanitation access, 70% of which in the rural areas, 1 billion people practicing open defecation, which is a very concerned number. Again, there is a definition that is very questionable under the human rights framework, improved access and there is no monitoring, no aspect mentioned about the access to water and sanitation outside the household and schools and health centers and workplaces, et cetera, et cetera, that are very important because most of the people spend more time in these places than in the household. This is only to, as simplified, this is a figure from the report of GMP, the Trans-Monitoring Program, I'm trying to, yeah, for an arbitrary country, Kazakhstan. And it shows how when we desegregate data, we are looking at very strong disparities between groups of populations. And here it's a statistics about a pipe of water on premises. You can say that worldwide, we have around 5 to 6% of the population with water on premises. When we desegregate by regions, we have this very broad spectrum. When we take Calcos and Central Asia and desegregate, we have this figure. When we take Kazakhstan and desegregate between urban and rural, we have in urban area an access that it's equivalent of the best region and the rural area very low compared to the regions. And when we desegregate with, based on quintiles of wealth, we have this figure. The richest urban population has a better performance than the Latin American Caribbean and the rural population, rural, poorest population, worse than Sub-Saharan Africa. So this would be very important under the SDG's agenda. We need not only to look at national averages, but we need to look at parts of the population traditionally discriminated against the access to water and sanitation. Again, from the GMP report, we have here two interesting cases and different cases where we have different ways of progress from the beginning to the end of the period. So we have here, it's a little bit complicated because a lot of colors and numbers and graphs, but it's easy to understand. We have here the five quintiles of wealth and in each quintile, 1992, 2010, and the colors represent the different solutions. So improvement is this green here. And we can see in this situation, rural Pakistan, in these 20 years, the richest part of the population gained best access than the poorest part. And here we have a different trend, an opposite trend. We can see the slope of these lines here are better than these two best quintiles here. So this is a very interesting way to look at how we need to progress from 2016 to 2030 because there are different ways to include the population. We can do business as usual, but it's that increasing faster the percentage of access of the richest part of the population or we can have strong policies in order to include faster the poorest. So this is important because these means different policies, different intentions, different ways to progress the access of the population. About the SDGs, I'm happy to say that the human rights to water and sanitation is explicitly mentioned on the document. This is the only one economic, social and cultural rights mainly, explicitly mentioned, apart from the right to gender equality. So it's very suggestive that we don't have options, we need to look at the SDGs through the human rights lens. We have a dedicated goal for water and sanitation to go six and the first two targets are related to the target 6.1 water, 6.2 sanitation and there are several aspects that are attached to the human rights framework and 6.1 talks about universal and equitable access to safe and affordable drinking water for all and 6.2 equitable sanitation and hygiene for all and open defecation so that when we will disappear under these statistics special attention to the needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations. So we have a very progressive agenda now very attached to the human rights. The challenge now is how to implement, how to monitor the progress under this agenda. Here this is taken from a publication of UNWater. It's a publication about interlinkages. UNWater tried to identify in which stands goal six is linked to other goals and it's very interesting if you are interested that suggests to read. I only put here the target 6.1 and 6.2 but the publication also tried to understand the other targets. There are six targets in goal six and we can see it's not difficult to understand that there are important synergies between water sanitation and, for instance, anti-poverty that are under the goal one. Health, maternal mortality, children mortality, water and healthcare services. Waterborne disease that are target 3.3. Four, that's about education, facilities in schools, etc. Five, that's about discrimination against women and girls. Then eight, that's about economic growth, economic productivity. Nine, infrastructure. Ten, that's about ending inequality. It's obvious the relationship between 6.1 and 6.2. Eleven, that's very key. Eleven is about inclusive and resilient cities. So 11.1 is very close to the 6.2 and 6.2 access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing and basic services. 11.1 is about slums and other kinds of settlements like that. 13, about climate change. 14.1 about pollution, sea pollution. And 16, about institutions, corruption, etc. So this is a very important exercise to look at the goals in a cross-cutting way and the goals 6 has a very strong relation with other goals. So it's very important to think on the goals 6 not only looking at the goals 6, especially targets 6.1 and 2, but also in which the implementation of these two targets can contribute strongly and faster to the other goals, especially ending poverty, ending inequalities, women and girls' rotations, etc. These are some new developments on the monitoring. The idea, I'm very involved on that to pass the report there because I'm trying to dialogue with G&B and not participating in some boards of G&B. And the idea is to raise, to include another hunk on the ladder of the different levels of services for water sanitation. And this is the traditional ladder for drinking water, this for sanitation. Now the idea is to monitor what has been called safely managed water, safely managed sanitation. And that would be another level up to the improvement definition. And also there are some discussions around hygiene. In this case, hand washing can be the main indicator for hygiene. And briefly, safely managed drinking water would mean a basic drinking water source which is located on premises that is new under the monitoring process, available and needed, and free of fecal and priority chemical contamination. So water quality is now included in this definition. In sanitation we are talking about not shared facilities that could be considered adequate under the MDGs and whereas quita are safely disposed in situ or treated offsite. So wastewater management is also included here and hand washing. And these are some ways to look off the target. The target was converted into an indicator. Each target now has a proper indicator. And this is a way of breaking down the target into the different elements and defining what each element should mean. So universal would mean water not only in household but also in schools, health facilities or places. For all, not only men, women, girls, boys but also considering different aspects of the life, disabilities, age, etc., etc. And here we have equitable access to what access should mean, what safe should mean, affordable, drinking, etc. So the idea now is to have a deeper approach on the definition of access. Access is not only to have an improved source but needs to meet all these elements. I need to say that it's not easy to monitor. It's not easy to collect data sufficient to have a very good global monitoring process but I think this is a process. We will start with some kind of data and the data would be improved in these next kind of years. And the same for sanitation. We need to define here what hygiene means, what open defecation means, etc., etc. There are some exercises here that defines these elements. Here for institutions, the idea is not to have too much categories but some people. And this is another challenge, how to monitor not looking only to national averages but also to try to disaggregate data and to compare different populations. So the idea is to... This is relatively well-developed, geographic, wealth quintile. And the difference between urban and rural are well monitored by the SDGs. But interurban is a challenge. How to compare Brazil, the favelas, the dams with the general urban populations. It's not so easy but we need to do that. And also group-related inequalities based on race, ethnicity, migratory status. I don't need to tell you in Europe that migration would be an increasingly important challenge. And this is a very strong challenge how to monitor inter-household inequality but I think it's also important sex, age and disability. Because when we look at a household considering that it's a uniform population in the household it's not true because you can have a toilet appropriate for women and men but it's not appropriate for old persons with disabilities and so on and so forth. Yeah, I think this is the last slide. The idea here is a provocation trying to convince you that this is an inertial trend. If we start 2015 with this difference between we can define advantage and disadvantages in different ways but this is the gravity for most of the country. Urban and rural, urban and favelas, men and women, et cetera, et cetera. And if we reach 2030 with an universal access the trend will be that but the idea is to to put the most disadvantages first in the priority of the state members and to have specific policies focused on these groups. This is not easy but is a a way of look differently of the traditional policies of including people to the access to water and sanitation and I'm convinced that this is the best way to make a good contribution to the other goals of the SDGs. So let's think on this movement of changing the traditional way of delivering the policies. Thank you.