 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my final Explore Education, I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Girls from Recollege, University of Allahabad. And this time I am going to discuss with you all a very important and relevant topic to you that is Globalization and Education, Bhumandali Karan or Shiksha. This lecture will be useful for your various competitive teaching and examinations as well as for your general understanding as well. Okay, so let's start what is Globalization, Bhumandali Karan. We talk a lot about Global, Global, Globally, Globally relevant, Globally, Global Competitiveness like this. But actually we know what Globalization is, so before explaining the content of Globalization what is said is that Vishwa is now a Global Village. So why is it given as a means of Global Village? So what is the characteristic of the village, the characteristic of the village is that each house is connected to each other, the happiness and sorrow of each other, what is happening in our house, it has an impact on the other house by the end of the year. Similarly, it is not possible that there is no detail in what is happening, no one has to give it, it is not like that, that is why it is given as a means of Global Village that Vishwa or Globally, all the countries on the earth are all globally connected. So if we have something here, then you will have an impact on yourself, if you have something here, then it will have an impact on us. And like in the village, what happens is that we are easily coming to someone's house and going, right? Similarly, we are from one country to another country, which is the currency of things, that is, the product of content, education, all the things are connected to each other, that is, the boundary, the boundary between the countries, you can understand it through globalization. So now we understand it content-wise, that the process of globalization in India started with the economic reforms initiated in 1991 by the P. B. Narsimha government, which aimed at integrating the Indian economy with the world economy. That is, the process of globalization in India started with the economic reforms, that is, it has come along with the economic reforms. And this means the indirect effect of education has been increased. Actually, this started before economic reforms. When the economic reforms took place in 1990, when the P. B. Narsimha government was there. Why? It was the intention of integrating the Indian economy with the world economy. So, when will you join? When you will become an example, when you will loosen your rules a little, loosen it a little, become a little liberal, okay, you come to us, do this business, what do we want to do with business? So, business has not only come, education has also come from one place to another. So globalization brings education to different lines and at least there are two ways of looking at the effects of globalization in India. So, under the economic reforms, education has come to a different line and there can be two ways. Let's see what is the impact of globalization on education. First, the first is to what extent education systems are being shaped by globalization. I mean, first, you have to see that our education, our education has given shape to what extent globalization has given it a change. And in prospective terms, what are the changes likely to affect the education system in the coming decades as a result of globalization? You can say that in the coming decades, through globalization, what changes will be likely to affect education? What kind of changes will be likely to affect education? One is to see what kind of policy reforms should be adopted to address the consequences of globalization. First, how will globalization change education? And secondly, what kind of policies should be made in order to improve the policy in terms of education? So that we can address the consequences of globalization, that we can tackle them, that we can control them, that we can face them properly. Okay. So, globalization is liberalization. By the way, this is a very important concept of 1990, liberalization, privatization, and globalization. So, you become liberal, you become independent, let the private company come to the scene, and global. You will not only talk about the country, you will talk about all of us, that we will easily be free. Then, let's see some definitions. By the way, it will become more clear. Health said that globalization is the intensification of worldwide social relations. It is said that the social relations of the Westwick were intensified. How? Which link distant localities in such a way that local happenings are shaped by events occurring many miles away and vice versa. So, in my point of view, it is said that something is happening very far away, how does its local happening be shaped? The events that are happening very far away through those events, and in the same way, the events that are happening very far away from us or the events that are happening very far away from us or the events that are happening in our country. You can understand its latest example in what is happening in Canada. Meaning, if globalization doesn't happen, or you can think that something will happen in Canada in the first 50-60 years, then it will have property in India, something will happen in India, then there will be no country that is so far away from it. So, this is through globalization that the countries that are far away from us, the lands that are far away from us, the areas that are far away from us, they affect you in the same way. For example, it is the same in your country, it is the same in your locality. Then, in 1995, Peterson told that he speaks of globalization in terms of the ideas that the world is becoming more uniform and standardized. He is saying that you can say that the world is a little bit like a little bit standardized. How is it happening? Through technological, commercial, and cultural synchronization, eventually from the West and globalization is tied up with modernity. You can understand that you can see from Bollywood, movies are released worldwide. Shahrukh Khan's films are not liked in India or all over the world. So, what is this globalization? It is a global image, it is a global hero. It is a global icon. So, you can say that more or less celebrities like this are worldwide famous. They know everything. So, the world is becoming more uniform and standardized. Through whom is it happening? Through technology, business, sanskritic, synchronization is going on. Eventually from the West, obviously because it was more developed, we can say that we have patched up some things from the Middle Ages and Luke, how he is defining it, stated that globalization is how the world is shrinking in the sense that people can communicate with each other instantaneously through the use of technology, especially the internet. People say that you can understand the meaning of the world as shrinking. Sorry, it is going on as it is getting smaller. Because you can talk to each other. Sorry. What happened before? We had to go to the PC and recall it. It was a very expensive call and there was a connection issue. Even if he had a mobile, he didn't know how he would come or go to the PC. So, what is shrinking? Within the second you messaged and within the second he would have reached the corner. We have become communication instantaneously through technology and especially internet. This is globalization. And what is it? Cornoi argues that globalization means more competition, which means that a nation's investment production and innovation are not limited by national borders. There is no universally accepted conceptualization and globalization. And this is also a definition that they are saying that what they are doing, means that the population is increasing. Why? Because you will not be able to compare it with the national standard. Your competition is not going on. Your Vaishvik, the standard is going on with that competition. So how much investment is being invested in a country, how much effort is being made, how much innovation is being made, all of that is now under the national borders. So it has become Vaishvik. In this way, you can see the movement. So what is globalization? It means that national borders do not limit a nation's investment production and innovation. They are saying that now the national borders do not stop any nation's investment production and innovation. It means that it is Vaishvik. You come to our business, we go, we do what you do, our stuff, your stuff, everything. Two of the main basis of globalization are information and innovation and they turn our highly knowledge intensive. They are saying that why the main basis of globalization? What are the two main basis? Thinking, because thinking is very fast, it is very fast, it is very fast, and innovation. And both of them have knowledge. That is why they have to take it from education. So what is the effect on education? Martin Cornyne said that globalization has been affecting education systems directly and indirectly and summarizes that globalization has recently brought the following major educational changes. It means directly and indirectly, both ways. It means that even if you don't know, globalization has influenced education and Martin Cornyne has said that these are some educational changes that have occurred in globalization. What? Globalization has had and continues to have an impact on the organization of work and on the work people too. What is the culture of workplace? What is the work of globalization? What is the work of the organization? All this is being influenced by globalization. Such demands push governments to expand their higher education and to increase the number of secondary school graduates prepared to attend post-secondary education. When do you go to the workplace after higher education? When the workplace is being influenced, it is said that it is a pressure on the government to increase higher education. So what does it mean to increase higher education? We also have to increase secondary school. Where is the input coming from? From secondary school. So this is an impact. Then what is it? Most governments are under greater pressure to increase funding on education to produce a more educated labor force. We also need a labor force that is educated. So it is also a pressure on the government to spend more on education so that we get more outcomes. And the quality of education is increasingly being compared internationally. I have said that the national borders have been broken. The borders of the world have been met. So the quality of education is now being compared internationally. So it is not happening. There have been greater emphasis on mathematics and science. Karikula, English as a foreign language and communication skills in school education. Since you have to go out, you should not speak English as a foreign language. Because most of the countries speak English. So there is more power on English, science and mathematics. Why? Because there will be no innovation without mathematics and science. Communication skills. You do not have much content. But communication is still going on. Then use of IT such as the use of the internet and CAI is becoming more common in the classroom. Similarly, in the classroom, information technology is being talked about. Internet is being talked about. What does CAI mean? Computer assisted instruction is being talked about. These are the most common in the classroom. And restructuring higher education. That is globalization. How did higher education restructure? I mean our higher education is re-elected again. So they identified in 2003 that there are three processes. Globalization of economy. Globalization of economy has become globalization. Commodification of knowledge. They do not say that the institutions of your education have become a business model. So commodification, meaning the commodification of knowledge has also become a business model. How much will they pay? If they go to private, they will take so much fees. If they do good courses, then more fees will increase. Self-financing quota and other things. All of them have direct commodification of knowledge and welfare state. So they are saying that the three things have influenced higher education. So how did it influence? Globalization leads to the emergence of the knowledge economy. Knowledge is the economy. Knowledge is the wealth. As much as you are a scientist, you cannot be more than that wealth. That is why he took the role of the Knowledge Society. In which the importance of information technology and knowledge management is coming to outweigh that of capital and labor. Meaning if you have knowledge management, if you have IT knowledge, if you have knowledge, then the importance of Poonji and Shrahm is outweighed. That means whose knowledge is more influenced by it? The impact of these forces on the change to higher education is manifest in the drastic restructuring of higher education systems. That means now our education has changed drastically. It has completely changed. The structure has changed. In which values such as now are given importance of competitiveness. How competitive are you? How much can you move ahead? How much can you do better? Accountability. Your answer will be the same. Value for money. There is nothing to be done without money. Cost effectiveness. That means how much are we giving? How much is the outcome? If we have to pay so much for this course, if it does not have any outcome, then do not do this course. Do that course which has the outcome. Corporate management, quality assurance, performance indicators and privatization are emphasized. That is what API is talking about. Performance indicator. That means you have to perform. Then your value will go in the market otherwise it will not go. It is talking about privatization. It is talking about cost effectiveness. All these issues have become more important in higher education. This is the impact of globalization. This happened after the process of Bhoomandali Karan. Then in the era of globalization, the trend in the higher education system. Now where is the superiority in the higher education system? A shift from elite to mass higher education. What do you say that you have to increase higher education? Why? Because you can produce more educated labor course. So where is the shift? Where is the pressure? Earlier it was said that higher education will be in each class. It will be studied immediately. But now it will be studied in 8-9 days only. But now it has become a higher education for the people. Privatization of higher education. That means after globalization, the higher education will be privatized. Private bodies have come. There is no government. There are private citizens too. Practice of corporate managerialism and the spread of transnational education. These 4 shifts, these 4 trends are being seen in higher education. They are being understood by whom and what. Teach everyone. Learn till birth. There is a private body in higher education. Like corporate, education and educational institution is being dealt with. And the spread of transnational education. Now let's do it one by one. Elite to mass higher education is the first. What does privatization mean? Privatization means a reduction in the level of state provision. That means the government's rights will be reduced. And correspondingly the encouragement of the expansion of private provision. And the expansion of private bodies will increase. This is privatization. What is corporatization? Practice of corporate managerialism. Public universities are run like business corporations. We are being run by the public universities like business. Like business, we have to save money from the financial cost. If you don't come one day, then cut the salary. If you have increased, then cut the salary. If you don't have, then cut the salary. Then cut the salary. We have to save money from the financial cost. So that the business is more output. Then increase administrative efficiencies. And retaining academic staff through the offering of competitive market remuneration. We are giving so much. If you are getting someone who is less than you, then you are more valuable. We will not keep you. We will take someone who is less than you. Then let's talk about transnational education. A unique feature of the rapid expansion of private higher education is the emergence of offshore programs that are offered by foreign universities. For example, the exchange of universities, the exchange of faculty, the exchange of students. There is a Harvard university. They didn't open the Harvard University branch separately. They started an offshore program. They started a Harvard university center. They started a center for languages, studies or any other center. So the emergence of foreign linked programs. So why did you get that degree? So this foreign linked program is a kind of transnational. Trans means that the boundaries of the nation will be removed. So a kind of trend of transnational education has come. Which means that there is a growing volume of higher education being delivered across national boundaries. We can do it for any foreign degree even if we are living here. We can do it for any offshore program. A rapid expansion in higher education may inevitably lead to a fall in graduates' average academic standards and performance. So what happened is that the performance of graduates has fallen. But everything is going according to the corporate. So it doesn't mean the performance of graduates. It means the cost savings. Now the role of globalization on higher education. So how did globalization influence higher education? So what did globalization teach us? Why there are broader educational opportunities? Now we have a lot of opportunities. We are not getting anywhere to go out. We are not getting a PhD here. We can do it from outside. We can get a program of any other country. Student mobility is the most visible aspect. Which is most visible. Students never used to go out to study. Then the rise of a global society. So what is the society now? It is global. Driven by technology and communication developments. You should come to Sanchar. You are going abroad. You want the knowledge of the language and technology. Future citizens of the world into global citizens. So now we are Vaishvik Nagrik. We are the Nagrik of Vishwa. More or less everything is there. And we have to be ready as a global citizen. So the information based society has become competitive. So what has changed? The nature of learning has changed. What has to be learned? How will it be taught? What has changed? The career of higher education has also changed. So cross-border mobility. You can go through the border. We will have to teach well qualified and trained teachers. That is when they will be able to teach high-tech. Whatever is relevant to you. And use of ICT. Nothing can be done without ICT. Information and communication technology. The more you use it, the more you can be ready globally. So now let's see what is the positive impact of globalization. The positive impact is this. What is the benefit of money? What are the plus points of globalization? Exchange of scholars will be encouraged. Very much. Reputed scholars in the respective countries. We can go to any country, any reputed institution. So this has been encouraged. Exchange of scholars. It was not before. Globalization students can get up-to-date information. Now the child gets up-to-date information. Information is so readily available. The press of a button never before. Before this, we never got all the information by clicking on Google. This is the benefit. And efficiency has increased. All these things. And the international understanding has increased. Collaboration has increased. Harmony has increased. The acceptance of cultural diversity has increased. That is, the sanskritic culture has to accept us. That is why we will have to go to other countries. Or the other one will come to us. And at different levels among countries, globalization facilitates communication and interactions and encourages multicultural contributions. More or less the same. And globalization has broken boundaries of space and town. No boundaries. Wherever you go, just use ICT. New systems of knowledge, education and learning should apply. A wide range of synchronous and asynchronous activities that aid teachers and students in breaking boundaries of space and time. This means that you have to listen to someone's lecture, live lecture. So that is the day in America. You can listen to him in asynchronous mode. All these are benefits. The boundary of space and time has gone. Wherever you go, just use ICT. Okay. And there are some negative impacts. How? So much, so much, so much. But who will get it? The person who gets it? So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So much. So what should we do? If we don't have so many developing countries, then we can start colonization again. Increasing inequalities and conflicts between areas and cultures. So this will increase. This will not increase, it will increase. Those who have more, they have more, they have more. Those who have less, they have less. Those who have less, they have less. They can't even afford it. And promoting the dominant cultures and values of some advanced ideas. So what will happen? The dominant culture will be influenced. Those who have less, they have less money. They will end up slowly. So globalization has created some challenges for higher education or education in general. Some of them are faculty shortage. If you want more children, more institutions, then you need more education. Quality of education. If you just study like this, then it won't work. You will have to have very good quality. Why? Because competition is from international universities. And you will have to have incentive structure. So these are all the problems. Bhumandali Karan has put education on a level. There are other benefits as well. So if there are benefits of every concept, then this is Bhumandali Karan. So this is a concept of Bhumandali Karan. How did Bhumandali Karan come? What did he influence? What is the plus point? What is the minus point? So thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel. Explore it. I am from my side.