 Saya pengalaman dari industri tapi sekarang saya masih di daerah untuk perjalanan dan pekerjaan matam atas industri. Saya ingin berbagi perajaran saya dengan Plart dan I'm Knowledge di Urban Hidrology dan Forest Hidrology. Saya memulakan kera saya dengan khas untuk kecewaan forest. Jika kita melihat setup di antara kecewaan forest dan kecewaan Kedjaman, kurs, jika kita ada kedjaman forest, jika kita ada rain, sebenarnya, sebagainya, semuanya adalah dipercaya dengan suar dan kemudian ia menarik sebuah suara yang berbentuk. Jadi, sangat menarik, sebuah sandara terbentuk dengan kanopi, sekitar 15%-20% di sebuah suara natura, sebuah suara tropical, dan sangat sedikit sebenarnya sebuah sandara berbentuk, atau sebuah sandara berbentuk, yang biasanya lebih daripada 1%, terjadi di depan stream apabila suaranya sebenarnya sederhana. Tetapi, kita mempunyai bahagian seperti ini. Jika kita mempunyai bahagian seperti ini, kebanyakan apa yang sebenarnya terjadi sebagai kebanyakan tersebut. Dan kita menerima bahagian yang sangat cepat dan biasanya porti ini cukup menerima. Sebenarnya, bahagian yang sebenarnya memutuskan keadaan dari kelihatan kelihatan. Dan kita dapat melihat dalam keadaan bahagian, kita dapat menunggu bahagian yang sangat cepat dan bahagian yang sangat cepat, dan bahagian yang sangat cepat. Jadi, berdasar dan bahagian yang sangat mempunyai, sebuah seluruh musim dan berubah supaya bahagian itu akan boleh dilengkapan. Ini adalah percaya yang besar. Pada masa yang sama, ada weiter masalah yang kita melihat dalam sebuah dunia adalah bahagian luar untuk jangkaan dari masa ini. Ini sebenarnya bahagian yang sebenar, compared the rainfall station in the urban area and rural area near Kuala Lumpur by Lee. So it is clear that from 1990 to 2010, the intensity in the millimetre power is increasing in the urban area, most likely because of more particles that become or aerosol that actually have the formation of rainfall, rain drop in the urban area as compared to in rural area which is slightly increased but not as obvious as in the urban area. Another issue is that our data also suggests that the future rainfall data is expected to be more intense. So we have particle in the urban as well as the climate change also suggests that actually the future rainfall will be more intense compared to the historical record. To the extent that we have to change the intensity duration curve and also change the standard for designing hydraulic structure. And if we look at other issues, many urban areas actually is sinking like Jakarta, Bangkok, Manila because of load or burden on the surface by building and so on. Also because of extraction of groundwater and another important issue is increasing sea level rise also expected to increase. So it's already increasing but with climate change the rate will be faster. Now actually in Malaysia for example, the rate is about 0.08 to 0.29 by 2040 but by 2100 it is expected to increase by 0.3 to 1.06 meter depending on the location. In the east Malaysia it's expected to see a larger sea level rise. So basically all this actually challenge if you were to manage a flood in the urban area. Before we try to propose mitigation measure, I think it's important for us to understand what is the type of flood. First maybe we can say flash flood which is localized. Normally in the case of Kuala Lumpur at the big city we have 70 mm of rain portal. We can expect some area will be flooded. Then during monsoon period when the rainfall is more homogeneous and widespread, we can expect flood due to river overflow. River overflow, this is normally involve much bigger area, rainfall in the upstream, rainfall in the whole basin that actually produce very large amount of flood water and then that cross overflow and flooding. The situation normally become more severe when the heavy rainfall and then the river overflow coincide with tidal. So basically the tidal increase and then higher, there is tidal and therefore the flood water cannot be evacuated to the stream as during non tidal. So basically when heavy rainfall and tidal occur, the flood will be actually more severe. So back to the, what is the prospect of taking vegetation to reduce flood or flash flood in the urban area. Normally in assessing this we have term like storage capacity or initial loss of the catchment. This is basically the amount of rain water that can be intercepted by canopy and also rain water that can be infiltrated and absorbed by the soil. So this is analysis by my student, basically comparing the hydrogic loss in term of storm flow volume compared to the rainfall intensity. So we plot during rainy season and during dry season, we can have two different, we call it storage capacity. So during rainy season, the forest can accommodate about 40 mm of rainfall. In dry season, the forest can accommodate more up to 60 mm of rainfall. So basically for natural forest, the ability of the forest ecosystem or forest catchment to absorb rainfall ranging from 35 to 60 mm of rainfall. If the rainfall beyond this value, basically the excess water will become storm water or flood water. For forest partition, the storage capacity is reduced, which is between 22 to 40 mm, and all the palm is belas, now we've got 10 mm. So basically depending on the type of vegetation, the layer of canopy, the soil depth, the hydrogic loss or initial of hydrogic capacity, the storage capacity will vary from side to side. So this is very important so that we can understand what is the limitation of vegetation in flood control. If the flood, if the rainfall is so heavy, let's say in our case, during major flood, it is quite common to have 400 to 500 mm of rainfall within 3 days. So basically the first day, the soil is saturated, the canopy is saturated, the excess water actually will actually go to the stream of the river as flood water. So that is the limitation. So how can we actually increase the storage capacity of urban area? Of course we can increase by providing more pervious area, we can have proper parking lot, pervious parking lot, or we can increase the storage capacity by possibly introducing, of course planting more trees. Now we have green roof for example, vertical garden, even though it's limited because the capacity of, if the flood is small, it's short, so basically the capacity of the plant to absorb rainwater is actually limited as compared to forested vegetation. So I think the best way is to use whatever, whatever space that we have, we don't have enough space on the ground, we can also use space on the roof, vertical garden and so on to capture whatever amount of rainfall before it released to the ground. Then of course this is limited because I mentioned the canopy storage is less and then the area is also limited. We have to couple that with program like rainwater harvesting, like what is it by Pajaria just now at Platini Park. We can collect the water on the ground, big tanks, so there are many examples of that that can be used for water supply at the same time that can reduce flood in the urban area. Or we can have detention or detention pond, detention is basically dry pond, detention is wet, or we can have wet land to actually capture flood water. So in the case of river overflow, I think the best way is to have flood levee, something like this, flood levee, this is an example of this but I think for urban forestry community, they can make use of the space between the riverbank to the levee for regression, for planting trees and so on. I think you can see this kind of example, many of this kind of example in, for example in Japan, Korea, where we have tennis court, jogging track, along the riverbank. My apology, we have to be a little bit quicker, sorry. Okay, okay, okay. So basically we have to make, we can choose this, we can have this opportunity to beautify the river banks before the levee so that actually can incorporate the urban forestry element. Okay, there are of course garland such as urban water management by our Department of Irrigation in Malaysia, as well as the water harvesting garland. So basically as conclusion, I think in order to make the flood control effective in urban area, we have to combine both the engineering and the non-enjuring approach, including the opportunity to introduce the forestry in urban area. With that, thank you so much.