 Welcome. I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Sandhi in Panimian Grammar. We are currently studying Hal Sandhi or Consonant Sandhi. This means the Sandhi that takes place of a Hal or a Consonant. The term Hal is a Pratyahar and it is formed with the marker L coming at the end of the 14th Sutra together with the beginning letter H which comes at the beginning of the 5th Sutra amongst the Pratyahar Sutras thereby capturing all the sounds in between H and L and also H which amounts to all consonants because in the first four Sutras in the Pratyahara Sutras we have all vowels also known as Ach and we have already studied Ach Sandhi before. We stated that Hal Sandhi can be classified under two heads Ekasthanika Ekadesha and also Ekasthanika Dvyadesha. Ekasthanika Ekadesha is one substitute event replaced by one substitute and Ekasthanika Dvyadesha is one substitute event replaced by two substitutes. Ekasthanika Ekadesha can be further classified into two Purva Nimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha and Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. Purva Nimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha can be diagrammatically explained in this particular fashion when you have B plus A in close proximity or in the Samhita mode where B comes immediately before A and in the environment of B which appears before or Purva A gets substituted by C. So, this is Purva, this is the Purva Nimitta, this is Ekasthanika and this is Ekadesha. That is why this substitute can be stated to be Purva Nimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. B plus A is the substitute event is the input and the output generated is C plus B. So, B plus C whereas Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha can be described in this particular way where we have A plus B in close proximity or in the Samhita mode where A comes before B and B comes immediately after A and in the environment of B coming immediately after A is substituted by C. So, this is Purva, Purva and Nimitta. So, this is Purva Nimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. So, A plus B is the input and C plus B is the output and we noted that these are the instances of the Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. So, let us concentrate on the first one which is is stated by the sutra, 8, 4, 40. This sutra consists of three words, stoho, six slash one of stu, stu composed of sir and two, two meaning tabarga that is the, the, the, the and n, and so stu means in place of stu. Shtuna is three slash one of shtu which is composed of sir and two, two means tabarga and tabarga means sir, sir, sir, sir, sir and here. Shtuna means in association with or in combination of stu and then we have stuho which is one slash one of stu. Once again sir and two, two means tabarga that is sir, sir, sir, sir, here. So, stuho means substitute stu. All this put together the meaning of sto, stuna, stuho which affects the, which brings about the stuttva sandhi is the following. In the close proximity of sounds samhitayam, in the combination of shtu, sir and chhu that is sir and chavarga that is sir and chachajajaya. This is the meaning of shtuna. In place of stu, stoho that is in place of sir and two that is tabarga that is tathadadhana substitute sir and chhu that is chavarga that is chachajajaya. This is the meaning of sto, stuna, stuho. I repeat in the close proximity of sounds samhitayam in the combination of stu, stuna in place of stu, stuho substitute sir and chhu, stuho. There is correspondence relation or also known as yatha sankhe relation in this particular sutra. In this case, according to the paninian grammatical tradition, yatha sankhe relation exists between sthani or kari and aadesha or kariya. This is very important. Sthani and kariya and aadesha or kariya, they share this yatha sankhe relationship. Yatha sankhe relation does not exist between nimitta and sthani or kariya and nimitta and aadesha or kariya. This is very crucial. So, when we have sthu plus sir, sthu is the nimitta and there is no yatha sankhe. It could be anything. And now this sir which is sthani or kariya has got yatha sankhe relationship with shah which is the kariya or the aadesha. So, sthu plus sir is the input and the output generated is sthu plus sir always. Similarly, sthu plus na is the input and the output generated is sthu plus yam. Na is the fifth consonant in the third class and so in its place is substituted the fifth consonant in the chur class that is yam. Similarly, if you have sir plus chhu where the order is reversed even in that case sir gets substituted by shur in the environment of sthu. Tha gets substituted by chur in the environment of sthu. Remember, tha is the first in its class. So, it is substituted by chur which is first in its class. Tha plus sthu and the output is jha plus sthu. Tha is the third consonant in the class and so in its place comes jha which is the third consonant in the chur class. The sutra uses the word shchuna which is very peculiar. This case indicates the environment for the substitution to take place. But it neither indicates only the left hand side environment as we have seen before nor only the right hand side environment which also we have seen before. It indicates both left as well as right hand environments for the substitution to take place. So, sthu will be both left hand as well as right hand side environment for sthu to take place. So, we have sthu plus sthu where sthu is the left hand side environment and sthu is the kargi or the sthani and then 8 4 40 will apply and the substitute will be sthu in place of sthu and so the output returned would be sthu plus sthu. Sthu plus sthu is the input, sthu plus sthu is the output. This is the purva nimitta ka ekasthanika ekadesha and also if you have sthu plus sthu where sthu is the nimitta of sthu, sthu is para. So, this is para nimitta and then this sthu which is the kargi or the sthani will be replaced by sthu which is the kargi or the aadesha. So, we have sthu plus sthu and sthu will be substituted by sthu and the output returned would be sthu plus sthu. So, this is the para nimitta ka ekasthanika ekadesha. Here are the template examples. First we take the para nimitta ka ekasthanika ekadesha where we have sthu plus sthu is the input and 8 4 40 applies and the output generated is sthu plus sthu. Then we have sthu plus sthu as the input where sthu is the para nimitta and then this sthu is substituted by sthu. Similarly, sthu plus sthu as the input and sthu is substituted by sthu. So, the returned output is sthu plus sthu. In case of sthu plus sthu as the input, the returned output is sthu plus sthu. Coming back to sthu plus sthu, we have sthu as the sthani or the kargi in the environment of sthu, right hand environment and now 8 4 40 applies and in place of this sthu is substituted. So, sthu plus sthu is the input and sthu plus sthu is the output. Similarly, sthu plus sthu is the input and sthu plus sthu is the output. And finally, sthu plus sthu is the input and 8 4 40 applies and returns the output in the form of sthu plus sthu. In all these cases, you must have noticed that the sthani or the kargi is sthu which corresponds to sthu only sthu. There is correspondence between the sthani or the kargi and the adesha or the kargi. But if you look at the nimitta, sthu, sthu, sthu, sthu etc, there is no one to one correspondence. In fact, sir is coming with all the combinations that are possible at least technically they are listed over here. And so the output would be once again in those varied environments. And then we have this kind of template example where we have all tathadadhana, 2 is followed by sure and then 8 4 40 applies. And then the output generated is cha cha ja ja ya plus sure. So, this is the sthani, this is the adesha. We can say that this is the set which is the sthani or the kargi and this set is the adesha or the kargi and therefore, there is the correspondence. This stha is substituted by cha which is in the first place, thha is substituted by cha, the is substituted by ja and the is substituted by ja and the is substituted by ya which is 5th. And similar is the case with the other environment. Tathadadhana will have sure as the right hand environment. So, also they will have cha cha ja ja and ya as the right hand environment and they will be substituted by their respective chavargarh, substituted in the right hand environment of sure and chavargarh. Let us look at these examples one by one. So, first let us take a look at the examples where sir is followed by sure and this is the input and the output is sure plus sure. So, we have haris plus shehti, haris and shehti. So, here we have sir at the end of the padar, haris shehti, sir at the end of the padar followed by another followed by sure at the beginning of the padar and so, stostanastu who applies 8, 4, 40 and then substitute this by sure. So, we have haris shehti that is haris shehti. This is sir occurring at the end of the padar and this sanny happens between two padars. Then we look at the sanny that happens within a compound where we have vachas followed by shehti where sir is immediately followed by sure and then we have stostanastu who applying which substitutes sir by sure. So, we have vachas and shehti when we join them together we get vachas shehti. Now, if we look at the scenario within a padar, so, bhuya plus shehti this is a taddhita pratyaya and so, here we have sir followed by sure and so, sir will become sure by the application of 8, 4, 40 and you will get the form bhuya shah, bhuya shas. Next we have examples where sir is immediately followed by sure and 8, 4, 40 applies and the output generated is sure plus sure. So, we have ramas plus sure very famous and very popular very frequent also ramas chah and here sir coming at the end of the padar followed by chah. So, sir is substituted by sure by the application of 8, 4, 40. So, we have ramas and chah ramas chah. Similarly, you will have krishna chah and so on harish chah and so on. So, many examples this is an example of sandhi in between two padars as part of the sentence. Let us now look at the sandhi within a compound nabhas plus chah this is the compound. So, samhita is obligatory. So, we have sir coming at the end of this word and chah coming at the beginning over here they are in the samhita mode. So, this is substituted by sure and so we have nabhas and chah that is nabhas chah by the application of 8, 4, 40. Similarly, you have urjas plus chana this is the tadhita suffix and so we have urjas plus chana. So, this sutra applies and substitutes by sure. So, we have urjas chana urjas chana. Then we have sir followed by chah here as an input and 6 and 8, 4, 40 applies and the output generated is sure plus chah. Example is payas plus chhatra and here we have the compound so samhita is obligatory. So, sir coming at the end of this word followed by chah at the beginning of this word and they are in the samhita mode. So, 8, 4, 40 applies and the output generated is payas chhatra that is payas chhatra. Now, if we look at the example in between two padhas we have payas and chhinatti sir coming at the end of the first padha chah coming at the beginning of this second padha. So, this sir will be substituted by by the application of 8, 4, 40. So, we have payas and chhinatti. So, we get payas chhinatti. You have similar words of this kind in Sanskrit. Now, we have sir plus j as the input and sure plus j as the output. So, we have masj plus r plus t and we are deriving the present tense form of the verbal root masj. So, masj plus r plus t and here we have sir followed by j and so sir is substituted by sure over here. So, we have masj plus j plus r plus t then this sure is changed to j and by the other rules and so we have masj plus r plus t that is masj t. Similarly, we have lasj plus r plus t and this sir is substituted by sure by the present rule 8, 4, 40. So, we have lasj j r t and then this sure is substituted by j. So, we have lasj j r t as the derived output. We must note here that examples for this combination are purely metalinguistic as is the case over here. Similarly, we can also say that also are not available the following combinations. Sir plus j and then they are converted into sure plus j. Similarly, sir plus here and the substitution is sure plus here. These are not available. Why these combinations are not possible? Sir plus j followed by sure plus j sir plus j followed by sure plus j and sure plus here followed by sure plus here. These combinations are not possible because at the end of a further, sir will get substituted by r 8, 266. Just as you have haris plus jayati, sir will be substituted by r. So, you will have harir jayati, harir jayati. Similar thing will happen with j also and also sir plus here is not possible. Now, let us look at the examples. We have seen the examples of sir being the kargi. Now, let us look at the examples where the tavarga or the tu is the kargi in the environment of stu. First, sir plus sure and we have sure plus sure as the output. So, here are two examples, sir plus sheeler. This is a compound. So, in this case, sir coming at the end of the further, sir will be substituted by the by 8 to 39. This the will be then substituted by j according to 8, 4, 40 and according to 8, 4, 40, 54, j will be substituted by j and such sheeler and then 8, 4, 63 will apply and will substitute this sure by sure. So, we will get the form such sheeler. So, the original input is the plus sure and then it gets transformed from the to the to the here actually 8, 4, 40 applies. Similarly, you can have that plus sure and here you have the substituted by the the substituted by j and just substituted by sure in the similar manner. And finally, you have sure substituted by sure. So, you get the form touch, chrtwa, touch, chrtwa. Then you have third followed by sure and the substitution finally is sure followed by sure although there is no direct such substitution. So, Agni math plus sharana. Here we have the example have a compound where third is substituted by the first then there is substituted by j by 8, 4, 40 then sure by sure then sure by sure and also sure by sure by the sutra 8, 4, 63 and then this is substituted by sure even this sure gets substituted by sure. So, we have Agni math sharana as the resultant form then we have the plus sure as the input and 8, 4, 40 applies and the output generated is sure plus sure. So, we have Ramad plus Shamsati where the is substituted by j and we get Ramaj Shamsati then j is substituted by Ch, Ramach Shamsati and then sure is substituted by Ch. So, we have Ramach Shamsati then we have now followed by sure and the output generated is here followed by sure. So, we have Sun plus Shambhu this is the example of the Sandhi between two others now is substituted by here. So, we have sign plus Shambhu and finally sure gets substituted by sure and we get the form Sai Shambhu. To summarize we studied the basics of the consonant Sandhi or the Hal Sandhi. We also studied the second part of the Chutva Sandhi which is Paranimittaka Ekasthanika Ekadesha. We noted down the template examples and studied the specific examples as well they were at different levels. In case of sum the combinations are not possible there the rule enjoys redundancy. Next we study the remaining examples of Chutva Sandhi in the next lecture. Thank you for your patience.