 And by that I mean the morphine and maybe down the road we'll even cover an article on set the hard stuff All right, so there's my tiny little thing What happens to be a mini me popping up in here? I'm going to do my best to ignore this thing, but counter control is an issue. So We've been dealing with this for a while. So I'm currently not going to attend to it in any way shape or form that I can possibly Tend to it. Is that working? Are you sure? You're looking out like it's not. I'm concerned All right, so All right, so anyway, let's try this again We're gonna switch gears a little bit today, we're gonna go over to some non-human stuff Which if you understand my background non-human stuff is kind of cool. I Love the AP. I love the AP with humans are you able without humans? I love our field because it allows us to look at other species and discover principles Discovered principles and all sorts of things that can then be generalized into other species And hopefully humans right if we get into the applied behavior analytic literature Which is mighty presumptuous applied behavior analysis doesn't have to be about humans. It's about solving problems using behavior analytic Techniques right and the science behind baby analysis. It's it's it's it doesn't have to be human Go look at this. There's an article over here somewhere Really cool stuff about non-humans, but applied work anyway So I'm getting off on a tangent because this is actually a really quick article to talk about So the article itself is the shepherd's seagull article From 1975 that would be evidence from rats that morphine tolerance is a learned response I'm sure he said it with that tongue as he wrote it Um No, wait a minute, that's cocaine that's a different article of morphine Sorry pizza. All right, so what do we got we got? Essentially seagull did something slightly different where he looked at What are the things that? conditioned during drug administration and What things lead to? Tolerance because the straight-up physiological interpretation of tolerance is that you take a drug It becomes you take a drug you take a drug each time you take a drug it becomes less and less effective He more and more the drug in order for it to be effective and get the high bubble bubble bubble and all these funny things But that completely ignores anything about the environment and anything about classical conditioning and shepherd's seagull was like oh hell No, we are going to listen to the environment We're gonna study this world and we're gonna find out if conditioning happens in the environment and the answer is yes It does so we are looking at rats Four groups. We're not gonna go through them all you have an article for that, but here's the thing So what the basic assumption was that the administration of the drug right while you're administering the drug in the immediate Impact that that drug has on your body is the unconditioned stimulus So if I put morphine if I inject some morphine, right? I don't know how to do that Maybe it's that way. I don't know never done it. So okay, so I'm gonna inject some morphine Have a syringe Interesting Such a kind response. So if I inject some morphine, all right It's not the injection the feeling here of the needle poke or whatever. That's the issue It's when the drug itself interacts with my physiology. That is an unconditioned stimulus so what seagull then says is that What about everything else that happened immediately prior to that for example? sticking the needle in or if I'm in the same location every single time The administration piece itself. That's an environmental stimulus. So I wonder what would happen if we Discover or I wouldn't he's wondering how much of that environment around the the US actually becomes a CS now We have to go into a completely sidestep literature here So bear with me for just a moment in order to understand what they're looking at We have to look at what the compensatory condition responses So a CR is just a condition response, right? But oftentimes with drugs and other types of stint and some other stimuli you get a Compensatory response and this article goes over a bunch of literature I'm not going to go over all of it But the point is is that it prepares the organism for what's about to come so compensatory response would be if I take A drug that increases my heart rate the compensatory response would be right before I administer the drug My heart rate would go down The you at or the you are the unconditioned response to the stimulus itself is the heart rate going up Okay, so that so that's normal, right? So the body prepares for that through the conditioning. Bye kid. See you Okay, thank you. Is that a warning? Okay, so now that she's bored her with CCR's and by that she actually likes CCR just not CCR's Credence clear water revival. By the way, that's the way I always remember these. I was like, these are really cool just like a band Even to this day every time I see CCR I immediately think of both the band and These effects and subsequently the seagull article and Then I think about the band and that the drug related themes and the music and it's all comes together They didn't choose these on accident. I don't think so anyway in 75 Get all those together man. It's where to go on. All right, you're back and you're battered never It's Avery too with an open water when you broke your water bottle Okay, you're gonna have to like I can fix that but you're gonna have to wait a little bit So it's spinning around 180 degrees. There you go. Oh, it's all posted. All right. I'll fix that later I have to talk about this article, sweetie Unless you want to Okay, so The compensatory condition response, right? So we're back to this whole and does the environment elicit a response that helps control for the Administration or the effects of the drug itself the answer is it does so let's look at what seagull was talking about though was are there What is it in the environment that does that so he's got rats not a bunch of them And we're gonna teach these rats to self-administer morphine or no, sorry, not self-administer. That's the other article He's gonna administer morphine and you test the analgesic response. You need me to shut that it's bothering you Hold on folks. I need to shut the door Or he'll shut the door and make the camera. Oh, I think we got around it. All right So we got four groups of rats. We don't really have to go through all the detail But here's what it is. So analgesic response, right? So if I take morphine All right, and I make this thing hot All right, so it's a hot plate and so I inject my morphine and then I wait some time And I wait a certain amount of time in order for their morphine to have an effect I put my paw on here and if this is hot then we would have the paw the The hot plate paw latency put the paw withdrawal latency response Whatever they call it. Here's the point. There's always the latent latency of the Pollock response So as my paw sits on this hot plate, it's gonna take me a little while ago. Oh, that's too much. I'm a pull Look my paw, right? I'm gonna do it again. So the time from the moment that you put me on the hot plate till I lick my paw hand whatever That is a measure of the effectiveness of the drug because this is hot Right, so I'm gonna pull my paw and rats when they pull it and something's hot They pull it off and they lick it and they put it back down and they lift this one They kind of do that back and forth. It's not just in rats other species to it, too It's really cool. So the the more effective the more effective that the drug is the longer they'll sit there Let's get a little warm man. So, you know that sort of thing, okay? Well what you find out is That if you continually get the rat to admit if you continually Continually administer the drug in the same environment under the same context and all these fun little things With all sorts of controls built in about whether or not they had experience with the hot plate whether not it was a cold plate And all these other things that you can read in the article you find out really quickly that the environment itself Helps Create tolerance so the environment predicts that this is gonna happen in the energy or it helps the organism learn that This is gonna happen and the analgesic response Decreases in other words the more I do these trials so do this and if I leave my hand on there for a while and before I lick it right to cool it off I put back on now to do this again in the next set of trials, right? I'm gonna pull off quicker even though it's the exact same amount of drug and They controlled for whether or not it was in the environment and the number of drug Administrations that they had and they did it they reversed this stuff in a sense They did it so they did it between subjects and they did it within subjects and the answer is really really straightforward that The answer the result of the study is really straightforward, but groundbreaking in that you Develop tolerance to a drug not just based on the drug itself You develop tolerance to drug based on environmental cues in this particular article We're literally talking about classical conditioning type cues CCRs CRs Whatever you want to look at depending on the stuff now. There's more detail obviously. This is a very short little thing but it was It's groundbreaking. It's really cool. It was 75 and it's led to some effects, right? Like you can actually design Interventions based on this type of information. Now, I am gonna put a little word of caution in here Caution, caution. We have developed interventions based on this stuff and they have not been highly effective So I don't want to send you off with this message. This is the way you solve drug tolerance You know, it's not the point. The point is is that when you look at Tolerance itself, there are lots of factors that are involved Segal identified one of those factors and we should probably be cognizant of that if we're trying to do applied work with regard to drug-seeking behavior in those things, okay, so it's not an end-all be all as the literature since has has Exposed and feel free to find some references. In fact, there's a couple references about in the Kerns at all study 2005 so currents at all 2005 take a look at that for some more information about why this Treatments based on this stuff don't completely work. So beside the point rats cool stuff Totally different effects with regard to drugs than what you might expect. So Don't do more