 So, are these plant-based burgers healthy or not? And the answer is, compared to what? Eating is kind of a zero-sum game, right? Every food has an opportunity cost. I mean, every time we put something in our mouth, right? It's a lost opportunity to put something even healthier in our mouth. So if you want to know if something is healthy, you have to compare it to what you'd be eating instead. So, for example, are eggs healthy, right? Compared to breakfast-linked sausage? Yes, but compared to oatmeal? Not even close, right? But look, I mean, sausage is considered a group one carcinogen. In other words, we know consumption of processed meat causes cancer. Each 50 grams serving a day— that's like a single breakfast-link— was linked to an 18% higher risk of colorectal cancer. So the risk of getting colorectal cancer, eating one link a day, is about the same as the increased risk of lung cancer you'd get breathing secondhand smoke all day, living with a smoking spouse. So, compared to sausage, eggs are a healthy book, compared to oatmeal, eggs are not. So when it comes to beyond meat and impossible burger, yeah, they may be better in that they have less saturated fat, but hey, you want less saturated fat? And plant-based meat alternatives are no match for unprocessed plant foods such as beans or lentils. A bean burrito, lentil soup, could certainly fill the same culinary niche as a lunchtime burger, but if you are going to have some kind of burger, it's easy to argue that the plant-based versions are healthier. There is a sodium issue, and it's not that much of any lower in saturated fat since they use coconut oil, which is basically just as bad as animal fat. There's not much advantage on that front. Though the total protein is similar across the board, does this matter? Is there any advantage to eating plant protein over animal protein? Let's look at the association between animal and plant protein intake and mortality. In the Twin Harvard cohorts, following more than 100,000 men and women over decades, after adjusting for other dietary and lifestyle factors, animal protein intake was associated with a higher risk of mortality, particularly dying from cardiovascular disease, whereas higher plant protein intake was associated with a lower all-cause mortality, meaning a lower risk of dying from all causes put together. So replacing animal protein of various origins with plant protein was associated with lower mortality, especially if you're replacing processed meat and egg protein, which were the worst. But when it comes to living a longer life, plant protein sources beat out each and every animal protein source, not just better than bacon and eggs, but better than burgers, chicken, turkey, fish, and dairy protein. Together with other studies, these findings support the importance of protein sources for the long-term health outcomes and suggest plants constitute a preferred protein source compared to animal foods. Why? Well, unlike animal protein, plant protein has not been associated with increased levels of the cancer-promoting growth hormone IGF-1, for example. Now, soy protein is similar enough to animal protein that at high enough doses, like eating two impossible burgers a day, you may bump your IGF-1. But the only reason we care about IGF-1 is cancer risk, and if anything, higher soy intake is associated with a decrease in risk of cancer. For example, a recent systematic review and meta-analysis found that soy protein intake was associated with a decreased risk in breast cancer mortality. We're talking a 12% reduction in breast cancer death associated with each 5-gram-a-day increase in soy protein intake. But the high soy groups in these studies were on the order of more than 16 grams a day associated with a whopping 62% lower risk of dying from breast cancer. More than 10 grams of soy protein a day may be good, associated with cutting breast cancer mortality risk nearly in half, and getting more than 16 grams a day may be better, which is like one impossible burger a day, but we simply don't know what happens at consumption levels far above that. Plant protein has also been linked to lower blood pressure, reduced LDL cholesterol, and improved insulin sensitivity. No wonder! Substitution of plant protein for animal protein has been related to a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, indeed 21 different studies. Following nearly a half million people in high animal protein intakes were associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes, where even just moderate plant protein intake was associated with a decreased risk of type 2 diabetes. Okay, but these were just observational studies. They all tried to control for other dietary and lifestyle effects, but you can't prove cause and effect until you put it to the test. The effect of replacing animal protein with plant protein on blood sugar control in diabetes, a systematic review of meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, even just switching out about a third of your protein from animal to plant sources yielded significant improvements in long-term blood sugar control and fasting blood sugars and insulin. You can do the same thing looking at cholesterol. Here's a systematic review of meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials on the effect of plant protein on blood fats, and indeed, swapping in plant protein for animal protein decreases LDL cholesterol, and this benefit occurs. Whether you start out at high cholesterol or low cholesterol, whether you're swapping out dairy or meat and eggs, and whether you're swapping in soy or other plant proteins, I mean, we've known about the beneficial effects on soy and cholesterol going back nearly 40 years, but other sources of plant protein can do it as well. Yeah, but we're not swapping beans for beef. I mean, these products are mostly just isolated plant proteins, mostly pea protein isolated in the case of beyond and concentrated soy protein, in the case of impossible. If you just isolate out the plant proteins themselves, are you still going to get benefits? Yes, surprisingly. Check it out. Interestingly, the researchers concluded that they did not find a significant difference between protein isolate products and whole food sources, suggesting that the cholesterol-lowering effects are at least in part attributable to the plant protein itself rather than just the associated nutrients. So it's not just because, you know, plant protein travels with fiber, or less saturated fat. Plant proteins break down into a different distribution of amino acids. So it's like if you give people arginine, and amino acid found more in plant foods, that alone can bring down people's cholesterol. And even plant protein concentrates used in these products aren't pure protein, retaining a few active compounds such as phytosterols and antioxidants, which also can have beneficial effects.