 Good morning, John. So at this point, it's pretty easy to not know what to think. And maybe there's a little bit of like internet sociology mechanics to that. Like people will say, here's a good idea and then very soon afterwards there will be another sort of movement of no, that's a bad idea. Followed, of course, by me and the rest of the world throwing up our hands and saying, well, I guess we'll never know. There's also something really normal about this because of course we won't ever know. Like when it comes to big, hard problems, we're never like even if we solve them really successfully, we won't have solved them in the best possible way. There's just too many ways to do it. But the thing that grinds my gears about all this is how devoid of data and analysis these conversations tend to be. They tend to focus mostly on how the arguments make people feel. Which I get, this is how rhetoric works, but it's nice to have data to support what you're saying. I'm being too abstract here and I don't need to be. So we have known for the entire 41 years of my existence that climate change is going to impose some pretty devastating instability on our world. And yes, there are still people who, through greed or bias or ignorance, don't think that that's a thing, but we know they're wrong. What we don't know, though, is what exactly to do about it. On a personal level, I don't know what I should do about it. More complicatedly, I don't know what you should do about it. And if we're being honest with ourselves, none of us know what we would do if we were the only person in the world with power to decrease the impacts of climate change in such a way that it would have the least amount of negative impacts on existing people and have the most positive impact on people of the future. But let's just stick to ourselves. There have been some conversations about what people should do individually to interface with the climate crisis. And we've probably all seen that thing going around that's like, it doesn't matter what individuals do, because 90% of the emissions are done by 50 companies or something like that. Which is a nonsense thought, right? Because if those companies just closed up shop and none of them ever did anything again, billions of people would die. Like, you do still have to put gasoline into the truck that brings the food to the store. Like, at least that. And also the tractors and also the energy used to heat and cool homes so that you don't die. So that you get it. You get this. So that's a fun, sticky idea that resolves any one of their personal responsibility. It feels good. It resonates with people. It doesn't make any sense. But there is a more compelling version of this idea that goes something like, look, we've got to give up on this personal responsibility stuff, because this needs to not be individual solutions. It needs to be system-wide solutions. And focusing on individuals is distracting us from putting pressure on governments and corporations to make the actual changes that will have actual impacts. And that idea, I would guess, really resonates with you. It really resonates with me. It's logically consistent. It makes a lot of sense. I have no idea if it's true though. And research shows that it's not. It turns out, one of the most important ways that we show that something is an emergency is by acting like it's an emergency. If we are not actually acting like there is a problem, our brains have a hard time remembering that there is a problem. And also, the people around us have fewer opportunities to see that there are people acting as if there is a crisis. Social scientists have studied this, and they've found that people taking individual action leads to more pushes for policy change, not less. The original idea is that if you focus more on individual action, there will be less push for policy change. It turns out to be the opposite of that. As social psychologists Leo Hackel and Greg Sparkman said in their 2018 article, people don't spring into action because they see smoke. They spring into action because they see others rushing in with water. So taking action has effects on people around you. It also has effects on you. It emphasizes within an individual that these things matter. What science is showing is that taking individual action never results in people being more lenient on systems. It does the opposite. It empowers the people taking the action and their neighbors to push for more systemic change. So the good news is, we do have hard-working people doing research to tell us whether or not the things that we read on the internet are wrong. The bad news is that if the tweet makes us feel good, we don't tend to spend a lot of time doing a bunch of research to tell us whether or not it actually is good. John, I'll see you on Tuesday.