 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course, Samasa in Paninian Grammar. This is the first course in this particular regard. We begin with the Mangala Charana which is Vishpesham Satchitanandam Vandeham Yoh Khylan Jagat Charikarthi Bari Bharati Sanjariharthi Lelaya Vishpesham Satchitanandam Vandeham Yoh Khylan Jagat Charikarthi Bari Bharati Sanjariharthi Lelaya After having studied the overall contents of this particular course in the previous lectures, let us now proceed in order to understand what is the theory of compound formation. What is it called? This theory of compound formation as stated by Panini in his own grammar and as also explicated by the grammatical tradition that studied Panini in grammar is called Samartha theory. The sutra in the Ashtadhyayi which explains this particular theory is 2.1.1 also Samartha Padavidhi. This is the sutra and in fact we shall be referring to this sutra and also the great commentary called the Vyakarana Mahabhasya that is written on this particular sutra also known as Samarthanmika. You will find information about this in the references added at the end of the lecture. It is equally important to note that the Samartha theory is based on the Karaka theory. So in a nutshell we can say that the theory of compound formation is a combination of both Karaka theory as first input in combination with the Samartha theory to produce an output and this output then becomes an input for the Karaka theory again. So to repeat the theory of compound formation stated in the Panini in grammar can be described to be a combination of both Karaka theory as first input in combination with the Samartha theory to produce an output for the Karaka theory. What it implies is the following. This means that the input for the process of compounding is a sentence. Karaka theory is the base for this theory of compound formation and Karaka theory entails the process of sentence formation and so sentence is the input for this process of compounding as explained in the Panini and grammatical tradition. What it means is that a compound is formed in the sentential context. So the theory of compound formation requires the sentential context as the background and it is always the case that the compound is always reliant and falls back upon the sentence which can also explain the same meaning. This is a by default process and this by default process is also described and also is established in a way when we also note down exceptions which means that there are some compounds whose meaning cannot be explained in terms of the sentence having more or less same components. That becomes an exception which goes to prove that the compound can be explained using the components in it in terms of a sentence. This goes to show once again that the input for the process of compounding is a sentence and this theory of compound formation requires the sentential context. This is extremely important and extremely fundamental. So this was about the input, sentence being the input. What is the output of the theory of compound formation? The output of the process of compounding is a Pratipadika. What is a Pratipadika? Pratipadika is a nominal root word. So the overall process of compounding results in the formation or the generation of a Pratipadika. This Pratipadika then becomes an input of a sentence which means that there are suffixes which are added to this particular Pratipadika and that takes us to the realm of the Karaka theory. And that is why we said that the theory of compound formation is based on the Karaka theory first as an input in combination with the Samartha theory and then the output would be a Pratipadika which then becomes an input for a sentence, in other words the Karaka theory. Now we can also continue forming the compounds in this same manner. So when the output, Samartha or compound becomes a Pratipadika which also becomes an input for the sentence, then that sentence can also become an input for the next level of compounding. This is possible and then the output of this particular process would be again like before a Pratipadika and then this Pratipadika becomes an input for the next level of sentence which is part of the realm and this Pratipadika becomes an input for the next level of sentence which is also the realm of the Karaka theory. And then once again such a sentence could also become an input for next level of compounding and this process can continue recursively, theoretically unending, depends on the intention or the cognitive process of the speaker and also the hearer. Let us take the examples to illustrate this particular theory in as brief a manner as possible. So if we have the first sentence, the man of the king goes. There are five words which are part of this particular sentence and these words are interrelated and obviously they are also linked with the action indicated by the verb goes, the action of going. Now this particular sentence, this particular sentence meaning can become an input and then we can say that the king man goes. This word king man represents the man of the king element in the previous sentence. So man of the king which is part of the sentence becomes an input for the process of compounding or the theory of compound formation and king man is the output that is generated. Remember this is still part of the meaning. Now this king man then becomes an input for the sentence and we use the word in the sentence the king man goes. If we observe closely we also notice that both the sentences, the man of the king goes and the king man goes, they convey one and the same meaning. These meanings are more or less equal. The only difference in the meaning is that of its constituents being stated separately and linked in one case and merged in another case. Now this king man as a meaning can become input for another level of sentence meaning and then we can have the great king man goes. So in this particular sentence meaning we have added the element namely the great and then this can further become the input of the process of compounding and the output generated would be the great king man and now great king man will act as one meaning unit and that is why it is shown with a hyphen in between and both g and k stated to be in capital letters. Now this can further become an input for further level of compounding and then we can also have the sentence the servant ordered by the great man of the king goes and then this particular sentence can become an input and the output would be the great king man ordered servant goes. So great king man ordered would be another meaning compound that can be formed from the input that we received earlier which was an output of the earlier input. So in this way the process can continue. Now remember that we are talking about the meaning. Now how do we represent these meanings in terms of Sanskrit sentences? Let us study that. So here are the examples of Samasa. The first sentence is Radhnya Purusho Gacchati. Here Radhnya and Purushaha these two words are shown in blue ink. To indicate that they are interlinked and they become as part of the sentence become the input for the process of compounding and then with the help of the rule based system we put them in the process of compounding and generate the output in the form of Rajapurushar and this output in the form of a Pratipadika then becomes an input to generate this particular sentence where this output Rajapurushar is attached with by a particular suffix and Rajapurushar then becomes Rajapurusho Gacchati that sentence is generated. So the compound that is the output of Radhnya Purushaha is Rajapurushar which is an input to this sentence Rajapurusho Gacchati. So here Radhnya Purusho Gacchati there is the theory of sentence formation that plays an important role of an input and the Pratipadika is generated and then this Pratipadika becomes an input for the Karaka theory to be applied over here as part of the sentence formation. Now this particular sentence can also become an input for further compounding. So when we have the next level of sentences called Paramo Rajapurusho Gacchati the great king man goes Paramo Rajapurusho Gacchati. Now this Paramo Rajapurusho which is part of the sentence becomes an input of the process of compounding or the theory of compound formation and then the output compound is generated in the form of Paramo Rajapurusha. This is a Pratipadika and then this becomes an input for the sentence formation and so this becomes an input for the Karaka theory and then we add a suffix after this Pratipadika Paramo Rajapurusha and then it becomes Paramo Rajapurusho Gacchati. Once again Paramo Rajapurusho this was the input where Paramo is a separate word Rajapurusho is the separate word Rajapurusho is in fact a compound which is formed out of Radneppurusha and so now here Rajapurusho is acting as one word Samasa but now we have Paramo Rajapurusho interlinked words and then this input to the process of compounding generates the output Paramo Rajapurusho. Further this can also undergo the same process as earlier and if you have now the sentence Paramo Rajapurusha Adishtah Seva Kogacchati. So the servant who is ordered by the man of the great king or the great man of the king when this is the input which is a sentence of course then the theory of compounding processes this and generates the output in the form of Paramo Rajapurusha Adishtah Seva Kogacchati. Paramo Rajapurusha Adishtah Seva Kogacchati. So this is the output this is the input. So here we had four words as input and the resultant form is the third three word sentence. Now if we look at the size of the compound we notice that this size has gradually been increasing. So here we had two words as the component and we get this one word as the output with two components. Now here also theoretically there are two words which are components but we can also have two internal components visible. Then we have Paramo Rajapurusha. So obviously this particular compound consists of three components and then Paramo Rajapurusha and Adishtah they get compounded and we have four components Paramo, Rajapurusha and Adishtah. Now there is scope for confusion over here because Paramo is placed immediately before Raja so one may think that Paramo is semantically linked with Raja which need not be the case and which is not the case in this particular case. Paramo is linked with Purusha because that is how we started. So based on the meanings that we already noted down we can also bracket these compounds in the sentences in order to show the structure with which these compounds are formed. So here we can bracket the compound Raja Purusha first then Paramo Raja Purusha and then Adishtah. In Paramo Raja Purusha we can have Paramo separately first Raja Purusha as a compound and then we can have Paramo and Raja Purusha and obviously in Raja Purusha we have one bracketing. So this scheme of bracketing will also tell us about the internal structure of the compound. So this process of compounding in this particular manner becomes very complex and very challenging to process, very challenging to process for a human being as well and what to speak of the machine of course based on the human experience the compounding process can be also processed through the machine. Let us put this entire discussion in the form of an equation. So here we have input in the form of a sentence which is made up of three words. W1, W2 and W3 and the plus sign indicates that these W1, 2 and 3 they are interrelated. Now these W's in their term are made up of R1 and T1. So R stands for the root and T stands for the termination. So R1 plus T1 is what this W1 is made up of, R2 and T2 is what this W2 is made up of and R3 and T3 is what this W3 is made up of. Now one of these brackets R1 plus T1 one bracket R2 plus T2 second bracket and R3 plus T3 third bracket indicating these three putters. Let us assume that W1 and W2 they become the input of the theory of compound formation. The primary reason being this plus sign that they are interrelated and then we generate the output in the form of Wx plus W3. So W1 and W2 they get merged into Wx and then this Wx becomes the word of which this Rx is the root. This R consists of R1 and R2 the merging of R1 as well as R2. So we have Rx plus Tx and R3 plus T3. R3 plus T3 is what makes W3 which is also input of this sentence which is there which remains untouched. But now this Rx is made up of R1 and R2 which are the roots of W1 and W2 respectively. And so they get merged into Rx that is the idea and Tx is the termination that remains there and R3 plus T3 is also there. So this is what is the output of the process of compounding shown in the form of an equation. This is the explanation of the equation. So input is in the form of a sentence which is made up of W1 plus W2 and W3 and this W1 is made up of R1 plus T1. W2 is made up of R2 plus T2 and W3 is made up of R3 plus T3. Now we have a sentence Radhne Purushogachati. So there are three words this is W1 this is W2 and this is W3. Now we can write this particular sentence in the format of R1 plus T1 etc in the following manner. So we have Rajan plus Gnas. Now we use the Panimian terminology plus Purusha plus Su plus Gamma plus T. And now the output is generated in the form of Wx plus W3. So this Rajan and this Purusha they are merged into Rx. So we have Rajapurusha over here to which is added Tx namely Su over here. And so we have Rajapurushogachati which can be written as Rajapurusha plus Su and R3 plus T3 remains as it is Gamma plus T. So Rajapurusha plus Su, Su stands for Tx and this Su is a Vibhakti and Rajapurusha is the Pratipadika to which this Su is added. And then this Rajapurusha becomes an input for the sentence formation namely Rajapurushogachati. We also note that Gnas in Rajan plus Gnas and Su in Purusha plus Su are considered to be the heads of the units as far as the system of rules stated by Panimian. Primarily because these are Pratyayas or suffixes and it is suffix element which plays the role of the head as far as the meaning is concerned and also as far as the word formation is concerned and it is stated elsewhere as to why they are considered to be the head. We will not go into the details of that right now. But we note that they are the heads and because they are the heads the elements on the left hand side Rajan and Purusha they are linked to the respective Pratyayas Gnas and Su in that with bracket internally. And then this Gnas and Su, Gnas over here and Su over here they are linked to each other by the speaker. So we have these linkages Rajan is linked with Gnas, Purusha is linked with Su and then this Gnas and this Su they are further interlinked in this particular manner. And it is this interlinked which is what plays an important role of the input to the process of compound formation. Now the Gnas and Su suffixes they are linked to each other by the speaker and thereby are linked to meanings of these two independent words also known as Padarthas. So when we talk of interlinkages of meanings what we actually mean is the interlinkage between the heads that is this Gnas and this Su. However these are the heads so obviously the subordinate elements namely Rajan and Purusha they are interlinked to these head elements and so then this Gnas and this Su they get interlinked and that is what is the interlinkage between the two Padarthas. So when these two Padarthas get interlinked we also say that the Padas are also interlinked and thereby are linked two words namely the Padas. So we can say that the interlinked meanings they act as input and the interlinked words also act as the input. Then the process of compounding the theory of compound formation merges these meanings together. So these meanings are merged together and one meaning output is generated. I repeat these meanings of interlinked words they are merged together and one meaning output is generated. This is also known as Samasartha the meaning of the compound and correspondingly the words are also merged together the interlinked words they are also merged together and one word output is generated which is also known as Samasa. So merging together which is highlighted over here in blue color is extremely important. In fact it is this which is what is referred to as the process of compounding as we shall study later on. This is the explanation of the equation stated earlier. Now this output merged one unit of meaning becomes part of the sentence meaning. Similarly correspondingly this output merged one unit of word also becomes part of the sentence and this output merged unit of word becomes a nominal root also known as Pratipadika and to this Pratipadika is added a termination called Sup which makes it eligible to be used in a sentence. So we have studied the core aspect of the theory of compound formation in Sanskrit. We have also noted down the Samartha theory and also the Karaka theory and the interrelation between them and also what is an input of the theory of compound formation or the process of compounding and what is an output. Next we note down some important features of compound and we also note down what is not done. This we shall do in the next lecture and then we shall also start studying the meaning of the term Samasa in light of the discussion that we have done so far. These are the referred texts. These are all the primary sources referred to. Thank you for your patience.