 So, the topic of the day is Biodiversity. When we talk about Biodiversity, what is it do you remember when we talk about the word Biodiversity? What do you remember? Can somebody say Biodiversity in the in the tone of the word? What do you remember? We louder. Variety of species, okay? Anybody else? Okay, okay, okay, okay. Biodiversity encompasses the whole world, plant, animals. So, we will be able to identify some normal human being, we'll know some, try to say 30-40 plants, animals, we will be knowing some 30-40 animals and the last time we ever learned about plants and animals is when we were in very small in school, lion, tiger, we were thought maybe people like your professor or your teacher Karthi here will know more because he was working in a forest department and he teaches environment to you all. And we are colleagues, we work in the environment wing of the Dravodamunetra Kalakam party in Tamil Nadu for those of you who don't know. So, what happens is when we talk about biodiversity, biodiversity is thousands and thousands of species of various kinds, let it be even amoeba, let it be bacteria, let it be a virus. In virus, there are thousands of viruses, some are inert, some are active and when there is a loss of biodiversity, when there is climate change, when there are issues related to global warming, some viruses become active and today scientists say even COVID-19 is a virus which was probably in the northern hemisphere and because of global warming when the ice starts to melt, when there is a melting of the ice there, inert viruses which are inside, take for example we keep some food in the fridge, what happens is it doesn't decay, we take it and leave the meat, chicken or mutton or some something fresh we leave it there, what happens it starts decaying, that's when nature takes over. Same way, inert viruses they become active. So, that is a general belief and lots of magazines like Nature, they have reported articles, they say so global warming is not only a threat where water tables rise, where we have more floods, where we have issues related to food production but also such kind of viruses may erupt. There are thousands of viruses like COVID-19 which may erupt and which may be dangerous to mankind. So, it's our duty to ensure we don't destroy biodiversity. So before conserving biodiversity, before going into taking care of biodiversity, let us first see what's biodiversity. So, biodiversity, again there are, we talk about animals, we talk about plants, all these, we have in plants you have shrubs, you have creepers, you have trees like this and then trees if you go and do, they're all very well documented. If you see the neem tree in India it's called Asatika indika, like this every species has been named very well especially by the Englishers, by the people from UK, they are the ones, the Europeans are very good in documentation, very very good in documentation whereas we South Asians we have a problem in documenting, you try telling somebody something in an office or a colleague, even as a student, we don't want to take notes are right, we generally say, ah, I understand, even if you tell a co-worker take a note now they say, no no I understand I roam but no it's not possible to roam but actually, but they are very very good in documenting things, they have done immense documentation. So when we talk about their documentation skills, they are the one who gave names, region specific names, names to animals. So we know it's a buffalo, we know it's a cow, but what kind of a cow? Within a cow there are two different species, one is the bass indicus, another is the bass tortoise. So bass indicus is the one with the hump and the hump and the horn and all this, which is found in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, parts of Africa. If you see European cattle, it wouldn't have big hump or it wouldn't have horn, there will be 17 basic differences. The best thing about understanding Bayada is anything related to nature should, conservation of nature should be inside to, inside to, inside to is a Latin term, excited to is excited to inside to two different terms. One is the food we consume, the plants we grow, the trees we have, the cattle livestock, let it be dogs, let it be cats, let it be cows, horses, anything exotic is always a problem because thousands of years they've evolved so well all these species to a particular region and that region suits them very well for them to live and thrive there. You bring a Persian cat here, it finds it very difficult. We go and bring a dog from some other country, we go and bring a cow from some other country, for example a cold country in, in Northern Europe, we bring it to India and for our climatic condition, the problem with that cow is, for example, it cannot use its tail to chase away the flies on the cow. It doesn't have that ability, it has only 18 bones there, whereas a cattle livestock found in India, Pakistan has 21 bones and it can wish its tail and chase away the flies or the mosquito sitting on the cow. What happens? We may think, so what's the issue? Mosquito will never, can't we have a mosquito free? No, it's not possible in livestock. For human beings, yes, we can try a mosquito free room, a mosquito free house we can try, but for human beings, it's very difficult. Imagine not being able to do this when a mosquito comes or not do this with our hands. That kind of human being, what kind of trouble that human being will have because of mosquitoes. We know dengue can spread, we know malaria can spread. Same wake house will get disease. So what happens? Such kind of, this is what we need to understand in nature. Take for example in Orissa, there was a lake called Chilka Lake. Some of you from Orissa may know Chilka Lake. In Chilka Lake, there was a particular breed of buffalo called the Chilka Buffalo. What happens there? Suddenly some genius comes up with an idea and says, we are going to stop letting the buffaloes into the lake. Until then, daily the Chilka Buffalo is very unique. They go to graze in the night. There will be some grass and food found in the lake in the nighttime. It's not that it is not that in the daytime. They are used to evolve in such a way. They are not, they became nocturnal. They go and they graze in the night and come back in the morning for 4.35. Then the farmers graze the milk and they sell the milk. Suddenly some genius says, no, this goes against conservation of nature, conservation of the lake. So ban it. After a few years, the lake becomes a dead lake. People suddenly start wondering why it's becoming a dead lake, bad smell, it's filthy. The fishes in the lake are all dead. Then somebody comes up with a study and says, the reason was until unless the buffaloes were let inside, the buffalo dung helped the fish live. It was food for the fish and the ecosystem was proper. Then they come to a conclusion, sorry, we will go back to the old route, allow the buffaloes to go and graze. Like this, take for example, even in a house we plant trees, we grow food. We should always ensure that we grow local food. Local, some food, it's called a food mile today. They talk about food mile. Take for example, an apple from Washington. It's traveled 9,000 to 10,000 miles by air or by ship, or by ship to, for us to consume. So what happens when that happens? Our local apples found in Palani Hills, found in Kodekanal, found in Pativirimbati near Kodekanal. Those apples, they lose the market. And the food we eat always needs to have a nutritive value, which will be found only if it is a local food. What we need for a person who lives in Chennai, 30, 40 kilometers around Chennai, the food grown is the best food actually for him or her to have. The reason is the nutrition we need will be found in that soil in that food, not from an apple from Washington or an orange from Australia. If you need oranges, the best oranges are whatever available locally. So that's why the best kind of food is go for seasonal food, which comes up in that particular season. Other than the seasonal food is very important. Mango season, eat lots of mangoes. Jackfruit season, eat jackfruit like this every season, whatever, that's why seasonal fruits give you what you need during that season. They give you nutrients, they replace nutrients, they give you immunity during that season. What kind of, if it's a cold season, you take more of orange juice or lemon juice and all these things. Vitamin C ensures you don't get cold, you have much better, our anti-bodies are better, our immunity levels are high. So this kind of always thinking about local things is the most important part of biodiversity. Let me, what happens? Imagine the food mile of Dengaradu, the amount of travel this food took to come from Washington. Imagine the cost of fuel and fuel is again environmentally, it is bad for us. So when we consume something like that, we consume more fuel, we ruin the local farmer. The best choice would be if there is no apple in Tamil Nadu, the second best choice would be Kashmir apple or Himachal Shimla apple, something which is found within our region. So that's why people say, not necessary, you love to eat apples at all, eat pear, berika. So what is found in this region will actually have a better value than what is, take for example, drumstick leaves. Drumstick is one of the most healthiest food available today in the world. It is 20 times better than an apple. Like this, there is a documentary, you can simply do a Google, the effects of drumstick leaves, how to consume them, take it as a soup, take it as a vegetable. In 1960s or 70s, Cuba had a very bad problem of very, very bad issue of malnutrition. At the time, it was Fiddle Castro, a great ruler of Cuba who was ruling and they decided, what is the best food to ensure children are well nourished and children are better, that is no protein deficiency, that is no zinc deficiency, not magnesium deficiency, how to make children more nourished, more healthier. And after a big research, they come to a conclusion, that is a plant called Moringa, especially the Moringa found in Tamil Nadu, which is the best available to immediately give very good nutrition to children and women, women especially who are pregnant, who are lactating, who are feeding the children. So, lots of Moringa seedlings and saplings are flown over, airlifted to Cuba, and they bring in a policy that every home should have one Moringa tree. And they print pamphlets, the health department conducts meetings and tell them how to consume Moringa. So, actually, I would suggest for Cuba, Moringa may not be the right solution because that is not an inside to plant for them. But for us, it is an inside to plant. For Cuba, it's an inside to plant, but desperate conditions need measures like that to help. It is like war. It's like firefighting. When you're firefighting, you have to first ensure the fire is doved off. The fire is stopped and then you can sit and do a research on why what happened, why did the fire occur, where did we go wrong and all that. So, Cuba did this for the 10, 12 years and the nutrition levels went up exceptionally very well. Cuba has one of the finest health systems in the world today. Tamil Nadu has 330 doctors per 1000, per lakh. Cuba has 150, the highest in the world. That's why when there was lots of people dying in Italy during COVID, Cuba sent doctors and nurses to Italy to take care of the people that even in Europe where the health standards are very high, social indexes, social parameters are very, very high. They didn't have enough doctors, but Cuba could a communist country, a small country was able to send doctors because they invested in social welfare schemes and not other things like which other countries tend to do. So, coming back to biodiversity, we talk about animal biodiversity. Within animal biodiversity, there are domestic species and there are wild animals. Domestic, we know like cows, sheeps, horses, dogs, even dogs actually come under livestock. But we consider that a pet animal, but there is no there is nothing called a pet animal. Dogs are also they come under livestock, they have a purpose. Dogs had a purpose, except in the last 30, 40 years. If you see in villages, dogs were kept to guard the sheep flock, to guard the cows in the cow pen. And sometimes dogs were used for hunting for food. We have very nice breeds of hounds in Tamil Nadu called the Chipipari, the Kuambai. All these things are very good hunters. They go, they catch hold of, you know, they see a chicken or a peacock, they go and see a rabbit, they go and catch it by the neck. And you can't even find the place where it is bit the rabbit. The rabbit will be dead. It'll catch it and come and drop it near the person having it. So that's the kind of dogs, most of the hounds in nature. So if you see in Europe, dogs were used for sledges to walk in when there's lots of snow, they had sledges and they used to sit on it and like a bullock cart or a horse cart dogs were used to pull walk. So then slowly after we became urbanized, dogs and cats became pet animals. Instead of having a purpose, they've just became companion animals or they became pet animals. And that's where we started having them as companions, especially in nations very, or you call highly developed nations where people are single up to an age of 40, 42, 45, they're single. They don't have a family, parents, it's not like in our culture, we, we tend to live with parents, mother-in-law, father-in-law, we tend to live as a family mostly. But now even we are shifting, like we go to ID companies, we work, we get transferred. So now you all become an ISIP officer, you will, you wouldn't, you can't stay with your parents, your parents will be in a place and you are going to be in some place transferred, maybe some other state, you're going to be in some other state also. So all these things happen today. But 30, 40 years back, we used to live as a family. And at that time, all this had a, we didn't need companion animals, we had companions, human beings we had, we had parents, we had grandparents, we had aunts, we had uncles, we had in-laws, everything we had. So, but today when we change, especially single person, let it be male or a female, companion animals are a very, very important part of being happy, getting connected to them. And I know many people who call a dog a son or a daughter, and they're so connected to it, and that's nothing wrong in it. So, this is one part of animals. Another is domesticated animals, which have a purpose. Adilavandha Patam, what will happen is most of those animals, breeding is decided by the human being. What we do, we see, it's called selective breeding. We see a particular horse. If you know about horse races, you would have seen. What happens is actually sometimes diversity is lost there. We talk about biodiversity. But when you go for selective breeding, sometimes the, there are two kinds of actually, when we talk about diversity, we talk about land diversity, we talk about animal diversity, we talk about ecosystem diversity and all this. Ecosystemally, there are lots of diversities. But take for example, you go to a desert region. That is a particular kind of an ecosystem. On the desert region, finding water will be difficult. The trees there will be more of palm-based or Achesia-based. In arid or semi-arid zones, you'll have more of Achesia-based trees. You go to Tar, you can, there will be a, there will be a different kind of Achesia there. And there, there are some camels in, in Rajasthan region, Rajasthan Gujarat desert region. You can find some camels there. And those camels are so adapted to living in the desert. If you bring that desert and that camel and leave it in a very cold place like, for example, Jammu, Kashmir or Shimla or Kulu, they cannot manage that. They are so used to extreme heat in the daytime and extreme cold in the night, but they're not used to snow or something. They slip. They cannot adapt. So it's like bringing our aged parents and letting them in a house with Italian marbles. I know many of you know what happens is they get an accident, they fall down, they break the text. Mostly in the toilets is where today elders above 50, above 60, most of the accidents happen because of, they're so used to something else in their native places, villages where the, the, it's rough and easy to handle. But here what happens, it's very soft. Like we are, we get adapted to flooring style, our legs are adapted to something. Same thing with animals which have been living there for thousands of years. So when we transfer its place, it becomes excited to conservation. And that is why circus zoo are all not the right way to conserve an animal. Any animal, any species should be, will take us for example. We are, we are from Tamil Nadu. Okay. In Chennai, we are here. We are used to a kind of food from morning. We get up, we drink tea or coffee. Breakfast, we want idli, vada, pongal, puri, chutney, all these things. It's a basic need for us. Okay. We go to some other place. One week we can manage. 10 days we can manage. 11th day we start searching for our food. Because that's our body says, I want, I want, I want that, I want the taste of sambar. I want the taste. Same thing for somebody from Punjab and then they need their food. Somebody from Gujarat, they need their food. That is what you are so used to. So making a Gujarati, eat daily idli. One, one day, two days, three days. Today in Delhi, I know many families they make idli or dosa once in a week. That's like me making chapati once in a week. But you can't live the same food because your body is so used to food is a culture. Food is a culture. Every insularly we've seen Kali Patam na. They, we eat something what we require to live there in that particular temperature and that particular thing, what we need we eat. You go to Rajasthan, you go to the desert. People eat lots of ragi. They drink lots of curd. Lots of curd is consumed there. They're vegetarians. And what happens is because they're vegetarians, they need animal protein in some form. Non-vegetarian eating people, they eat meat. Meat is daily consumed with this ragi, round balls of ragi. So the reason is they walk almost 100, 120 kilometers, 130 kilometers daily in the desert with their camel or their cattle. That is a cattle called Nari cattle in Rajasthan. That cattle is so used to living only in the forest. We bring that cattle and keep it here in Chennai or Pambattur or Madurai or some other place. They can't survive. They need that extreme cold in the nights and extreme heat in the daytime for them to live like they've been living for long. So this is what we need to understand while understanding biodiversity. Trying to shift human beings or plants or animals. Anything into another region would be XI2 and XI2 mostly has been a failure. It's never been a success in anything in any kind of growth. XI2 has been a failure. Insight was always been a success. That's why when we talk about plants, when we talk about agriculture, when we talk about farming, best is to use native seeds. Best is to use local seeds. The best is to, that's where local seeds thrive well. They're a better success like fish into water. They thrive in that region particularly very well because for thousands of years we've been having this diversity. So when we talk about biodiversity, there are two kinds of diversity within the diversity we are talking about. One is intraspecies diversity another is intraspecies diversity. See we are all human beings. We are all homo sapiens. We are all probably all of us are Indians here but just look at each other and take a group photo and see all of us will have unique features. There'll be a difference. One person's nose will be big, another person's eyes will be smaller, another person's color will be different, hair color will be different, eye color will be different, the structure of the hands, legs everything we can find 10 basic 15-20 differences we'll have, eyes we'll have, nose we'll have, mouth we'll have, ears but there'll be so many differences between us that is called as intraspecies diversity. Diversity within. Take from today whenever you go out observe neem trees lots of neem trees you can see in the roads. 10 different neem trees will have 10 different kinds of diversity. One neem tree bottom will be dark green the leaves will be very very dark, another will be light green, another will be the box will be very strong, the tree will be strong, another will be very fragile, it will break well. If you look at the nuts of the neem tree when they are flowering or when they are giving out seeds one will be round, another will be longer. One fruit will be tastier and there you can see lots of birds eating there, other there'll be some seeds but if you take and eat it you will know it'll be bitter, very bitter and there you will not be attracting birds there. So all these things nature teaches us that that is the diversity within the species. So intraspecies diversity is okay there is a cow, there is a horse, there is a dog, there is a donkey, this is intraspecies everything is an animal but they are different different animals, one has okay this has four legs that has four legs that doesn't mean they both are the same but within the cow species there are 40-50 species within our country itself. In Tamil Nadu you have five six different species of cows okay that is a difference between the breeds within the cow there are different breeds. Breed is different, a species is different. Final thing is within the breed within these species there will be intraspecies diversity. So there are two kinds of diversity always we'll have to remember intraspecies and intraspecies diversity. Okay so this is what we need to understand when we that's why we say everything is unique. When we talk about human beings we can't I think some of you would have seen a poster. I think it's Albert Einstein's quote or somebody you catch hold of an elephant a bird a fish a monkey 10 animals cows donkeys horses and say okay this is a tree which your animal can climb up this tree first and come back you won the race. So tell me which animal will perform very well obviously a monkey. A monkey will be the best tree climber so even we can't compete with that monkey. So how would fish or an elephant compete with that monkey? So this is what we need to basically understand even within human beings everybody has a unique talent which we need to either our mentors or teachers or parents should find out what is it uniqueness. Everybody has one unique thing for sure there is no doubt about it and they have to support us and bring it out or we should find out what is what makes us so happy. What is it we really like to do instead of peer pressure or somebody saying what to do what is it we really like to do and if we do that with passion it'll take this places one day for sure that is absolutely no doubt about the problem is lots of lots of us we have from an age we like many things we want to do something and today career is always seen based on money. Money eventually will come to us it will it will surely come to us that is absolutely no doubt but if we move with passion not necessary to work for money passion will take us places and eventually money will money is only a secondary byproduct of life money is not the first thing in life what do we need to do is move with passion towards what we what we love in life eventually it comes people who go on to acting they don't go on to acting to become actors to make money actually they love acting they love to showcase the feelings of an actor let it be a drama artist or a cinema artist people who go to sing a Raghavan did not plan to make crores of rupees money when he came to what do you call to create music his music was with passion Alaira just music was with passion we loved his music we wanted more so people started paying him more for us to hear his music and that's why he made money so his idea and life when he had a harmonium one just one harmonium box in a small village in near taini at that time panavaram was his village near taini at that time making money was not his idea at all making music was his idea that was his only passion and he kept on doing what he loved the best and that took him places that that is possible for everybody in this world everybody in this world when we do something passionately we are sure to come up to a to a peak as number one in that particular field one day or the other and at that time money will follow money will come running behind us chasing is saying take me take me take me it'll show certainly surely come there is absolutely no doubt about it problem is when we start working for money life becomes stressful very very stressful and that is where we lose many of our real characters we create lots of inhibitions and that puts a stress on us to to see the neighbor see the see that person this person and we start working to prove to somebody else what we are we really don't have to prove by the car or the house we own to somebody most of it is only to make somebody else happy not as happy we for Deepavali we invite somebody and next Deepavali when we invite a group of people to our house we want to ensure that the house is done in a different way just to showcase see here I can afford to do this I have done my wardrobe is changed my all the my room is the interiors are done very well my curtains are changed my car is changed for what to why are we living to see the basically the world is designed to make us unhappy it's getting little philosophical but the world is designed to make us unhappy that is why we have advertisements sometimes saying oh if you go to Europe and see they say oh my god you're so fair you need to tan use the screen okay the same company uni lever does this in Europe the same company hindustan lever in India they come and say oh my god you're so dark you need to become beautiful you need to become fair use me fair and lowly product same company this is so some they have to ensure we are not happy with this the another deodorant company did you sniff your arms for what should I sniff my arms for it's my headache I'll take care what are you what's your worry yeah then they give you a feeling that our arms us or having a bad order a bad smell use mine so this is the whole idea of you see any advertisement it is all designed the world is designed to make us unhappy if you're happy then you wouldn't go for limitless consumption I have a phone okay I have a particular model of phone the new phone comes then what I start feeling I start feeling that oh my god my phone is outdated three years I see monosha h then we start finding reason some more it's hanging now it's a gb is not enough we find somebody who's bought the other phone wants to boast to us something and they say yeah this is superb this is awesome the clarity is so good the music is so beautiful something to make us feel low and make that product after two years that product is also going to be going to feel feel bad outdated low so this is how life is designed to make us unhappy and then this because of this unhappiness we go for more and more more accumulation of unwanted material stuff which is absolutely no value in life after particular as small children we would have wanted many things we would have got some today it will be lying in some places and just as a memory in some cupboard or some place in our houses which is absolutely no value at all so what really matters is as small children working of a memory we had today what kind of a memory are we happy somewhere some place does that really make us happy so that is where if you see most of the people who make big money they after a particular age particular time they're not very happy with what they have made and they go into social work some take up environmental work some see even the identity you get when you work for such causes we have an organization in my district in Thirpur district called Vanathakal Thirpur it's a group of hundred hundred and twenty people all big business people big people who work on planting trees in Thirpur district until now 1150,000 trees have been planted with the success rate of 95 percent so what happens after seeing that people start others other districts start doing this so coming back to biodiversity and then I'll connect there so why biodiversity needs to be protected not because okay some people may have such a love towards nature such a love towards some would love to hear the cuckoo sing some would love to see a peacock play some would love to see a nightingale make some make noises some would like to identify birds like our Salli Mali for example Salli have you heard of Salli Mali Salli Mali is one of India's top rated bird man he found this organization in his name in Anagati near Coimbatore called Saikon Salli Mali Salli Mali Center Salli Mali is one of top is one of the world's top man in birds and he is an expert at birds and every region has unique birds like we have documented the birds in our region in my area that is a racing system called when we talk about ecosystems that is ecosystems are unique to every region so we as we travel in a train or a car especially in a country like India you start from Kanyakumari and go up to Jammu Thavi in Jammu Kashmir we will see all kinds of ecosystems it's a beautiful travel where we can see every kind for Kerala what do we remember coconut rice and slush water talk about Tamil Nadu what come immediately comes to mind the shore temple in Mahabalipuram these hecos in Mahabalipuram or something like this this is what is what comes to our mind so the ancient Tamil literature that is a literature called Tulkapiam three thousand years old what happens in that Tamil literature Aindhinaigal means what they are talking about five genetic divisions of land they talk about five they talk about mountains they talk about mountains and rivers they talk about forests they it's called Kuranginalai Maratham that's the most important part is they talk about deserts so that is a question always comes up Tamil people lived in southernmost tip of India how should they talk about deserts in that particular when they talk about Aindhinaigal five genetic divisions of land so that has lots of other reasons which we will not go on to know so when we talk about conservation of biodiversity first we need to understand ecosystems we need to understand what animal what plants what flora what fauna what what kind of even bacteria everything has a purpose they live there for a purpose so when we talk about agriculture with an ecosystem what happens is in agriculture today we have something called a pesticide you ask a farmer in Tamil they'll say Poojkuli Poojmarathar Chuttingna Alla Settukaira that's not the whole idea at all they're supposed to kill the pest there because the pests have a better they have a purpose it's we who have invaded the pests or the snake living area and not vice versa so what happens we go and kill them actually you're supposed to only use a pest repellent that means Poochivarity in Tamil that means you have to chase away the pest to ensure your crop is not eaten away but once your crop is done the fish should come back to that land because they eat other pests which are actually harmful to a farmer take for example honey bees you know honey beans what we remember is only one thing very sweet beautiful honey we all love honey everybody those of you who ever tried eating honey directly from a beehive cut then they put it in your hands and we lick it and eat it we love it and if any of you have even tried to chew and eat that beehive cutpane they'll slice and give it today it's available in the market also you get slices of beehives in a bottle very very nicely packed and it comes from foreign countries also from such beehives are according to scientists if today 2021 14th of November the entire honey bees are destroyed due to nature or whatever reasons three years down the line entire mankind will cease to exist three years down the line the reason is honey bees are the only reason for food production honey bees are the only reason for food production 95 97 percentage of our food production comes from honey bees okay how we plant rice okay we know in nature we know to produce something on offspring let it be human beings, elephants any animal plant that there needs to be a male of the species a female of the species this we all of us know okay so we know human beings how we produce we know animals how they produce okay plants within a plant there will be a male and a female so when you plant paddy when you plant sunflower when there is a there's a coconut tree in the coconut tree in the flowering stage there will be both the female and the male this honey bee they go and sit suck the flower they take nectar they go and sit in the next first they go and sit in the male or female first the female then they go and sit in the male and they are the ones who create this in fact they make all the plants pregnant if not for honey bees we have done for it's called cross pollination so what happens sometimes if you see in in American farms or American kind of monocropping pattern where you plant thousands of acres of sunflower so what they do they go and catch both the flowers they they let laborers there and both this side of the flower and that side of the flower is rubbed together for cross pollination to take place that's also not very successful only way to ensure that is food production any food any food your your after you see remember it is because of honey bees so when we destroy honey bees why do honey bees live in trees the honey bees mostly live in trees in cities sometimes rarely we can see in some buildings where human beings cannot access honey bees there are two kinds of honey bees specifically two wines one is the Malandena Solvanga found in the forest bigger ones they're quite dangerous 10 or 12 biters then we will be in trouble and the smaller ones the domestic versions where we we have seen it in houses we have seen it in farms we have seen the neem trees and particular with when the honey hive is found in a particular tree it has that particular flavor if it's during mango season and the honey hive is found in mango trees it has the flavor of mangoes if the honey honey bees go and take nectar from the neem trees then you know it's called they say to the villages of Venputian that means it comes from neem and you have a flavor of neem essence in the honey so whichever if you have honey is in the saffron for the saffron planting regions then you have saffron essence in it so this is the basic idea of a honey bee honey so what they do they come they collect honey when they're collecting honey they ensure cross pollination by ensuring cross pollination they ensure that the food production system in the world happens and we don't pay them anything just imagine what we pay to somebody who takes the food packs it and makes it as a brand and gives to us somebody who cooks it and serves it serves it as a food in the restaurant we pay them so much but we don't pay anything to the honey bees who ensure there is food in our table this is this is biodiversity this is how the world functions so without biodiversity without nature the world will cease to exist and sadly unfortunately we are taught so many so many things in school in colleges but we are never thought about all these things in school or college this is the saddest part of that is why we are so insensitive we don't care a damn and when we see a honey bee hive first thing that comes to mind is take a stone and throw it on it and make a hole in it and feel extremely happy about it wow I've done something great today we are destroying our food system but that's all actually small things compared to what large scale corporates and large scale unethical things are done so honey bees lives in trees trees are in forest forest needs to be protected forest cover needs to be increased most of you year should be in your early 20s right 20 maximum 25, 26, 21 at least 20, 22 years younger than I am but I used to talk 10 years before in schools and colleges I used to tell them in Tamil and English you will die and you will go to any place in your life the world will fall that means when you all come up there wouldn't be any place left the world may be destroyed there'll be cities are sinking the list of cities sinking in India highest is Bombay Mumbai Chennai Vizag Kochen all these cities are by 2030 not long away nine years away when you are in your mid 30s I am told half of Chennai city will water will come in half of Chennai city Ananagar may be saved because it's quite far away from the sea so I just saw a report an environmentalist showed me a map that is a map actually I'll share it with your with your Karthik En or your other staff I'll share it with them you can just put it there and if you keep on moving the years it'll show you which part of Chennai or Chennai is going to get submerged or Mumbai is going to get submerged Vizag is going to say it'll just keep on moving it'll be so scary like a movie and it's going to happen and the only way to stop it today is only way to stop it today is to think stop halt anything in the name of unwanted development and go for massive tree planting ban plastics and this is the only way to move forward and unfortunately even today what are we doing destroying hundreds of thousands of acres of land in especially in northern India and in a few states for mining for for mostly for mining and for petrochemical exploration we are destroying thousands of acres sadly so-called lots of environmental groups working very genuine groups so if you want to read more about environment of course you have a very nice staff who's written a book on environment for IS, IPS, UPAC aspirants try a magazine called Down to Earth it comes from an institution called Center for Science and Environment in Delhi it's run by one Mrs Sunitha she's an excellent lady it was started by Anil Agarwal and after Mr Anil Agarwal Sunitha has taken over Sunitha Narayan Narayan, N-A-R-A-I-N she took over the center and they do X ask to job on what's happening in India on rivers, on pollution, on forests, on forest rides and all these things and sadly we also have a notion people living in the forests all these tribals they are the ones destroying the forest they are bad people they are destroying the forest they are gods and goddesses i'm telling you thousands of years they are the ones who protected the forest who kept the forest clean and worst case out of 100,000s one or two may be bad people who felled one sandalwood tree or something equal to it one or two in 100,000s of people and remember they don't have a big value for money they live in the forest they're happy there are so many people in India who are livestock keepers living in the forest you go to Andhiur near E-Road you can see a people called Lingaids they live with their cattle inside the forest and they take the cows and they go and stay inside the forest for three months four months with the forest they have absolutely no issue daily they graze and because of grazing and the cow dung being falls on the ground there it actually leads to very good support for the trees there and unwanted plants like Lantana camera it's an invasive alien species so such plants are eaten away they are cleared and it's a much better place when there is cattle rearing then without anything at all so let us come to a conclusion it is people from outside the so-called civilized world who went inside the forest who destroy the forest who exploit the forest and not the people who have been living inside the forest for thousands of years it is we today who are the cause for all this and not they they have been in fact there is a small temple in some hill what happens suddenly it becomes famous thousands of flocks of people from outside take Sabarimala for example people were praying there they were there happily today from Uttar Pradesh people go to Sabarimala for what please pray to Lord Ayyappa sitting there at home at least that western gods will be saved take I know so many mountains temples like this in mountains small temple five years back only the locals used to go cut a chicken or cut a sheep or cut a goat and eat food and happily when they when they start back there will be only some what do you call some rice marshals lying there even chicken or meat pieces bones they will not throw there because that will attract wild animals and that will be dangerous for them they will clear everything tie it they will dig a pit for four or five feet dump it inside put some leaves there to ensure the smell doesn't emanate from it and close it and they'll come back but today what happened you go there and see after a small festival yearly one day festival there it's become a big event hundreds of buses bikes cars vans it became a tourist spot and when you up to the leave you see the amount of plastic filth that they have dumped there who's the cause not the people who were living in the forest it is we so-called civilized people Panta bottle Pepsi bottle Coke bottle Lace ships in and out whatever we can collect from outside we take it there dump it and come out so it is we who destroy such things and not the people who are living in the forest they 50 60 years back if we both go into a forest and cut some trees the forest people will come and surround you and say what are you doing why are you cutting the tree but today if you go and cut ask Karthi your professor he will say nobody will come and ask you out of fear that these guys probably know somebody higher up probably these guys have bribed somebody and that is why they're coming and cutting something let us not the forest people who are living there in the forest have lost the feeling that the forest belong to them we have alienated them from the forest so badly we call them terrorists we call them communists we call them what sort of names to kick them out of the place because we need to exploit you go to Chattashkar you go to Odisha there was a development so-called development for the development the government granted license to some company I think it's a Korean company I forgot the names I'm 10 15 years back that Korean company came to with huge machineries to destroy the forest for mining the men were protesting the men were badly thrashed by the police and men were called terrorists okay next the woman went they said that through the children of the front they from from a baby infant baby to a 10 7 year old 2 year old 3 year old they went and put the children in the front the world media came up it became a huge issue the plant was stopped the project was stopped the woman said no this is our livelihood and we are not cutting anything there the forest people who live there they only collect seeds like some some it's called small produce and they don't cut anything they don't destroy anything they collect seeds they collect something and they sell and they make a living and they're very happy living there and when you go and tell them I'll give you 10 lakhs 15 lakhs there is a program in the ministry which gives them 15 lakhs per family and says you moved to the forest you come to civilized land for what see we have nobody to go and tell them you're living uncivilized life all your all all all these years come out what happens is they get the money they don't know what to do with money and that most of the money they get and the houses only thing remaining is the house they get money they go and throw all the money on capital goods they don't know what to do they go to a showroom they buy a 40 inch tv they go and buy a car they go and buy a bike none of them is going to give them any revenue it's only going to make them spend you buy a tv every every month 300 rupees you're supposed to recharge you go and buy a bike or a car you need fuel so what happens is that 15 lakh rupees or 10 lakh rupees is over within two three months they become drunkers and people who are living like kings and queens and said a forest has their own are made as made as daily the agendas daily coolies where they hang their heads in shame and they go to work somewhere so education providing them education there starting your school is fine right that's the best thing to do that is absolutely no doubt but going and telling them you're not supposed to live in a place where they have lived for 2000 years 3000 years and checking them out of the place because we need to do mining there is not the right way ethically second that is the biggest destruction of biodiversity that's where we destroy biodiversity we ruin the biodiversity we ruin their livelihood and what are we going to do another 20 30 years we don't even know like I was saying before I used to say to younger children to younger people that we are working for you we are hoping to leave a better world for you but today I'm telling you we are not working for you anymore we are working for us even we in 10 years time 12 years time we don't know if we will have a place to live because that is where climate change is taking us see people talking about Chennai floods people talking about Mumbai floods we failed to roam or something the annual average rainfall of Tamil Nadu or Maharashtra or India's almost remained the same the last 200 years there is no much difference but why floods today major reason is the most major reason is seasonal rainfall has replaced flood has replaced cyclones what happens is we you Tamil Nadu gets around 1,000 millimeters of rain but today that used to come in stages this month so much this month so much monsoon season a little higher but today what happens suddenly there is a downpour that is because of climate change that climate change is the major reason for us to have flooding like this one second plastics most of the drainages if you I think some of you would have seen photographs of google and see most of the drainages are blocked it's full of plastics so how how will water flow and imagine Chennai is only two meters above mean sea level just six feet seven feet above the sea level where will the water drain entire water to drain in Chennai you have only six feet where will it go so there is more and more development more development more development that is all this is going to go so what we need is basically very good effluent treatment systems we need water treatment systems we need that water to be reused somewhere else again or all this should be taken to a single point cleaned and used for some other industrial purpose instead of simply going and dumping the whole not only Chennai any city in the world has the same problem we saw floods in Texas we saw floods in California we keep seeing floods all over we saw floods in China all this is because of climate change city and living governments it's not going to help talking about environment talking about environmental policies by the government should become a pressy when when we are more interested in caste politics and religious politics the government will talk about that the political party will talk about that when we are when we ask questions what have you done for environment as this government increased forest cover at least by one or two percent in its five years of governance if we start posting such questions to the government then the government the political parties will start answering all that we are constantly bombarded with unwanted information in whatsapp and facebook to keep us busy we have we have enemies supposedly we have enemies because of religion we have enemies because of caste we have enemies because of that side is pakistan is coming to attack us we have problem no pakistan pakistan attacking and we dying out of from a scale of zero to a hundred maybe only one or two but ecological destruction and climate change we dying and ending up losing everything we have in a scale of zero to a hundred maybe 90 so which is the bigger danger to so same thing is going to happen to pakistan too we're not going to feel happy about when pakistan is being destroyed by nature or india is being destroyed by nature at that time geographical boundaries or passports or your religious identity is nothing is going to matter it's a common problem for all the 290 nations in the world and those nations islands like Maldives or Mauritius are going to be worst affected and the worst part in biodiversity destruction is it is the elite it is the rich it is the mega 2 3 percent 4 percent of any population in the country who destroy all that it is not the common man like us it is not the amad me but the person who suffers the most because of biodiversity destruction is the common man especially the poor poorest of the poor poorest of the poor is the one who gets affected by biodiversity for example that is flits have you ever seen anybody go on an Audi or a mark and stand in a queue and collect some food no why they can afford to sit at home sit safely at home and get home cooked food it is the people who live in the fringe of the society who are the worst affected when it comes to destruction of environment and they were nowhere responsible for their state it is the elite it is the 3 4 percent who keep on accumulating doubling their wealth in one or two years are the reason for their the suffering of the common man so what we need to think before implementing because you're all be people out of this when you're successful you will be somewhere sitting somewhere where you can implement policies where your signature can make a difference between life and death so at that time think don't think about what your political bosses say or what your superior say think if this is going to be good for nature for consideration of biodiversity for the common man because of green politics and social justice politics always go together that's the most important thing and saying I will not understand politics is another dangerous thing to do of course none of you here can say this because all your all your studies is about politics only about politics and policies and programs which you need to analyze and go so green politics and social justice politics go together so slowly I think it's happening in India I am the secretary of the environmental wing of a party in Tamil Nadu the DMK which is the ruling party today and I'm happy to say for the first time in India I recognized political party started an environmental wing and named me as its first secretary of the party in the state and the environmental policies we brought in in the manifesto and after having come to power has been appreciated by many even from the UNEP and all this for example our honorable chief minister said 30 percent of the state land will be converted into forest cover it's only 24 to 25 percentage today in Tamil Nadu so we are aiming for another five to six percentage to make it to make Tamil Nadu a green state and first time in India a state government has come out with a minister for environment and climate change so ministry for climate change it's available in the union level government of India level not in the state level for state level we have brought in a minister for environment and climate change so this is not actually enough the reason is Tamil Nadu alone or Telangana alone or Maharashtra alone or Gujarat alone cannot make a difference it has to be a national level thing it needs to be a national level policy where we need to have something like we need to implement United Nations convention on biological diversity I want you all to Google and read about UNCBD United Nations convention on biological diversity it was started in the year 1992 probably when some of you were born so it's called the Rio summit it was Prime Minister Narashim Rao the then Prime Minister of India who went to Rio and he signed the green accord the Rio summit's basic idea is to protect the world from destruction because of nature because of destruction of biodiversity so conservation of biodiversity was the major theme and the Rio summit the it was called the green summit and it was held in a place in Brazil called I think Rio that way it's called the Rio summit Rio is a I think a city or a capital of Brazil so Rio summit 1992 in 2001 or 2000 it became UNCBD it comes under UNEP United Nations environment program so in UNCBD every alternate year there is a conference of parties conference of parties I know you understand conference of parties like all of you okay so the signatory countries which signed the UNCBD they meet every alternate year and they discuss on what's happening they discuss how to move forward how to implement the convention how to ensure global warming is brought down how these things are done by the by the conference of parties meeting fortunately I was a part of COP 10 in Nagoya Japan in 2010 I was there in Nagoya it happened in Nagoya and 2012 again I was India was the host of the UNCBD conference of parties in Hyderabad I was also part of the same meeting again in Hyderabad we had a conference we had a meeting it was attended by and sadly the sad part is America has not signed the treaty USA refuses to sign that treaty because of the emissions levels have to be brought down and USA says we will not do it there they have not been doing it Europe is actually a little bit more sensitive when it comes to environment because of the big coastline and small countries USA has a huge size and they say nothing will come to us some coastlines get destroyed no no issues we will take care we have bigger issues so we have bigger area of land almost three times bigger than India so Europe is a little bit more sensitive the last meeting now also there was an intergovernmental meeting in Glasgow and Scotland so get connected to such websites and pages and social media UNEP UNCBD intergovernmental panel on climate change so climate change is going to be the most important part of biodiversity conservation of biodiversity more destruction of biodiversity is going to lead to more issues in climate change and that is going to be a death knell for mankind so to protect us not for the love of nature not for the love of trees not for the love of bees butterflies anything to protect us let us for us to live and for the at least for that feeling let us love and nurture nature only then we will have a place for us to live as a see every species wants to the idea of any species even take covid virus it wants to live right it wants to thrive it doesn't want to die out that's why it jumped from her to me from me to her from her to you when she's cured and she's fine then it jumps to you any species the idea of a species always wants to multiply that's the whole idea of any species any living thing it's nature if any living thing does not want to multiply does not want to it'll become extinct so that's why some cultures like for example not culture some countries developed countries like singapore where there is a population is coming down the government gets worried the government says you have more children we will give you tax the bates we will give you a weed warning now housing loans learned we will give you lesser percentage of interest we will wave your car taxes you can have your in singapore driving a car is very expensive because of taxes because of tolls not because of buying the car it's almost three times a car is costlier in singapore than any other nation in the in that region so the government is so worried that the population is coming down any healthy population growth should be 2.2 or 2.6 even actually Tamil Nadu population is entire south india population is actually coming down that that itself is a indicator what happens is in developed societies there is late marriage and people say one child is enough and all this so that's where when you there is development we start having lesser children and some don't opt to not to get married and some get married and say we don't want children so this is only possible in human beings any other thing in nature they always want to multiply they want there that that species to let it be bacteria amoeba virus any animal they want to multiply so when they want to multiply they ensure that that is a conducive ecosystem for them to multiply and love so if you see chicken as a farmer i've seen many times chicken when you have it in your your backyard chicken especially at homes and farms this season if you feed the chicken less food when it starts to laying eggs they'll give you 10 to 12 legs 13 eggs 14 eggs and stop that's all next season what you do feed the chicken very well we'll take boxes we'll put cow dung inside and we'll keep it just a paper inside and dump it down lots of termites will get into the newspaper and go into the cow dung and the cow dung will become completely termites and chickens love to eat termites because it's so healthy for them they they eat with the four to six weeks they become so big and they and when they start laying eggs for the next time they'll keep 25 eggs 30 eggs so nature tells the the body that the female of the chicken that okay today you have food to take care of so many reproduce more this is nature you can see this everywhere you try to quell something let it be a race human beings let it be a plant you try to finish off something it will try to sprout out so you go on sometimes you have seen a tree being cut like this and from that tree you'll have thousands of spouts thousands of plants coming out it may survive not survive what it is trying to tell you is you can't cut me off I will survive I will come back this this is what nature is trying to tell us so to protect all of us for us to have a place to live we need to protect biodiversity we need to protect environment and we need to be more sensitive towards what we do and when you're all policymakers I wish you're all more sensitive and when and you take care of the country and the world because there is no difference when we care about environment there is no difference between language race religion country nothing matters it's it's the same so it's all the 112 111 countries needs to be protected and every country needs to have more forest more forest cover less of plastics all these things need to be followed so it's been wonderful to have met you all thank you very much I just look into the questions and answer them thank you very much so wherever I go that question is bound to come to me so Sella Kumar Kangayam Bulls what do I think I think you should log into www.kangayambulls.com a website our organization maintains Serapati Kangayam Cattle Research Foundation website for more details yes Kangayam is one of the one of the breeds of Tamil Nadu found in western Tamil Nadu the districts of Coimbatore parts of Nilgiri Tirupur E road Namakal Salem and then the districts so Kangayam is a breed known for its beauty of form majestic looks like a English governor said by beauty of form one of the best Cattles in the world have bulls in the world have ever seen was said by an English governor from Scotland so Kangayam is a breed of cattle in which we have been working for the last 10 12 years conservation of Kangayam cattle and more details on its work can be found in the website economic prosperity is a must there is no doubt about it but economic prosperity is something we ought to worry about when we have a place to live when we are going to it is like being penny wise and pound foolish so when we are going to lose everything what we have our home our our our ecosystem the place we are living everything is going to be destroyed money cannot save us like I was saying sometime back richest man in India and the poorest man in India if there is going to be nature's fury is going to buy there is no doubt about it wherever you live whatever you own all your wealth all your gold all your silver all your property cannot save us this we have seen in the past we've seen civilizations being destroyed let it be Indus Valley civilization because of we tinkered with nature nature is a great leveler it will teach you what it will teach us is there is it doesn't matter what car your car we own what is the education we have what money we have for to nature two people are going in standing near the sea tsunami comes what difference does it make he's a poor fisherman or he's the richest man in India absolutely nothing it's going to take both the guys inside so nature so what we need to when we talk about economic development okay economic development but GDP and GNP is not the only basis for a growth of a nation Bhutan has a very nice system of of quantifying this what Bhutan does is they have something called gross national happiness so are you really happy so to be happy money only money will not make us happy economic and economic growth for whom is the basic question is the common man is is becoming richer no if you see doing covert we saw only two three companies in India became extremely rich and in the last six seven years two or three companies have become have doubled their total wealth or triple their total wealth for what what's a what's our idea to go and accumulate all the wealth in the top three are four percent and the rest 96 percent living of living of what so the basic idea is that GDP based model or GNP based model is necessary when everything else is perfect but in the not so perfect world where we are going to lose our lands lose our homes lose our lose everything and we are going to stick when after we are dead like they say I think somebody said alexander the great said after I'm dead leave me and let me let me hands open let people know I conquered half the world or most of the world and when I died I had nothing in my hands so you have to understand this basic thing and let live at least the next generation we're talking about they need a place we don't own this earth we only borrowed from our children and we are supposed to give it back to them so that's how like trustees of the earth is what we are supposed to live so let's not confuse environmental degradation and economic prosperity so when this is when we talking about inside to conservation and excite to conservation so basically animals have any species for that matter have adapted well and they've established themselves in that particular region and and why should we change that and bring in an animal from some other place and let it evolve for thousands of years another thing which species thrives the best in a particular region is what has been doing well there and we cannot say the same thing will happen here for example holstentration jerseys frisprone cows from germany or europe those cows you bring it here they don't reproduce second time a cow supposed to reproduce for 15 to 16 times in its lifetime 17 times in its lifetime but frisian jerseys second time they don't reproduce third time they're a failure then what happens that farmer sells the cow of first slaughter that's a for a farmer a cow which cannot reproduce cannot give him milk so absolutely there is no use of that species here so trying to grow silver oak in tamil is not going to be a success so grow local trees we have thousands of local trees here fantastic trees and every tree has a purpose so grow those trees if you want to grow timber you want to grow flower of flowering trees you want to grow what do you call herbal trees you want to make timber farming a business for all that there are local trees where you can grow instead of growing silver oak you can grow sandalwood here you can grow red sandals here red sandals you can make big money of course there are some problem theft is there but in red sandals tamil and andra is the best place to grow red sandals so this kind of local species thrive very well which has been proven track record so why to go and bring in something else and try something which is not going to work here which is going to be very difficult and trying to bring in holst and frisian making it an air conditioned atmosphere like this and having the cows inside is what makes them actually happy actually only in this weather condition this climatic condition holst and frisian jerseys cysperon does well holstern is the name of a place in germany like we say cpp partie chippy parry is the name of a place okay we cut our concoarch cattle it's a name of a village in gujarat we talk about tar palker cattle it's the name of a place in rajasthan near rajasthan but today it's in pakistan we talk about sahi wal it's the name of a district in pakistan sahi wal cattle we talk about gir it's the name of a place in gujarat talk about kanji amit is the name of a place in tarpodistik so any cattle names, livestock names will mostly be, talk about German shepherds from Germany. So I see the problem is, yes, we get carried away. Sometimes we are happy with something exotic, but it's very difficult and they also don't actually do very well here. Our dogs or our cows can simply let and please let to roam around. They'll be very, very happy. But these need special care, special food, special attention and the lifespan also comes down and reproduction also there is a problem. And they're getting adapted to local things will take thousands of years, evolution will take thousands of years. Okay, take for example, we take Jallikattu in Tamil Nadu. We take the, in Andhra Pradesh, if you see, there are some races with big stone, the Ongol cattle, they're tied to the stone, we call it Chekriya and they pull. In Punjab, you have the rural Olympics. Like this, there are different examples of livestock or cattle being used for a purpose. So what happens? The best performer, okay, the best performer there is, they go and find out in Jallikattu, in this particular Jallikattu, this bull won lots of prizes. This bull did very well. Nobody could go and catch the bull by the hump. Okay, in regular race, this particular two fellows, they run very well and they keep on winning races. So people go and find out these two were born to which bull and which cow. Then they go behind that bull and the cow, which farmer has, then they go and say, okay, when my cow is in heat, shall I bring my cow to your bull for mating? The farmer says, yes. Okay, that's what is selective breeding. Okay, dogs. Dogs, what we do, this dog got the champion award this time in Kotekanal dog show. This dog got the champion award in Utti dog show. This dog is certified, Kerala Club of India certified, got first prize in Vizag show. Then what we do, we catch all of the female and the male, we breed them and we get even better species. Horse is same thing. This horse won the Bangalore Derby. This horse won the Pune Derby. Okay, so get all of the horse, make that horse's father, this is what is selective breeding. You go on to the characteristics of its father, its mother and which race it won, what it did. Actually, the traits of livestock is very well documented in Kangyam cattle. I have books on it. With 40, 50 cows, they talk about one cow. They say, this cow does not drink when you mix it with some mixture or food. It only likes water. What happens? That cows, daughters, all daughters offsprings, they follow the same thing. It's called Pachitani Madhu. That's Pachitani that you drink. If you mix it with some mixture, you don't drink it. It's a habit we've seen. Another is called Tondu Madhu. You go and keep a bucket of milk. It will kick the bucket. Same thing the cows, daughter also will do. If you don't know, by seeing it, it learnt it. Like what they say in human beings is in transactional analysis. They say by adult, parent, child, by watching some people learn or it's a genetic trait we don't know. But it does the same. So this is where selective breeding happens as a Vanda. That is troublesome. This is good. So this is generally done. See, even in human beings, we had a system in the king's time, we had a system where the woman can select the man. What's it called? It was called. Even in Ramayana, we have seen Sita Devi, she selected Lord Rama because Lord Rama took the bow. It's like this. It is not the strongest of the species. But at those times, it was needed a strong man to protect the kingdom or the family, the wife, the children. Those days, thief used to come, burglars used to come, people used to block here. Today it's not like that. Today what we see is, okay, he's a doctor. Oh, wow. He's a doctor from, he's a top guy, a very nice heart surgeon. Okay, she's also an anesthesia to the heart. So we'll get them both married. Does this happen or not? So it's like this. It's also called, I would call it selective breeding. So it's not to make fun. But I'm just saying, people always aspire, right? Nothing wrong in it. What we want in life to aspire and move up in life is human nature. But animals cannot aspire. So in domesticated animals, human beings do that. But in nature, what happens is take, for example, elephants. What elephants do is when a female elephant is in heat and that herd, if there are some male elephants, which are probably brothers or father of the female elephants, that male elephant is chased away. And a different male elephant from a different herd is brought into this herd for mating purpose. Okay. While coming, there will be two, three males there in that herd. And the female elephants, the heat, that the female elephant is in heat will be known to the male elephant. It's known to all the male species in animals. What happens when it's in heat? Those male elephants fight with each other. And the strongest one there wins and comes and joins this herd. And they mate with this female elephant. And then after some time, it's again packed off by the go. And then the herd other male, which was chased away, is again brought back into this herd. So this is nature. This nature is very, very clever to ensure there is no inbreeding. Because inbreeding, what happens is inbreeding, you start losing the strength of, yeah, it starts becoming weaker. The gene starts becoming weaker. So that's the whole idea of selective breeding. In selective breeding, what we do, take, for example, sheep. I have some scientific numbers of sheep. When I have sheep, every three years, I replace the male sheep in that herd. Because after three years, that sheep's kids, some female will be in that herd. I don't want this male sheep mating with the female of, which is its progne. And that will approach me. What will happen is it will lead to trouble. So what happens, we will pack up, we will sell the sheep or we will exchange it from another farmer 10 kilometers away, we will give this sheep, male sheep to that guy and take another one from that guy. So this is, it's also part of the culture where livestock was given during weddings. During weddings also, in all over, all pastoral culture in South Asia, in Gujarat, you go to, in Gujarat, they are called the Rabares. You go to Rajasthan, you see the Raikas. In Karnataka, you can see the Kurumbas. In Andhra, you can see the Dekani herders. In Tamil Nadu, most of the communities in Western Tamil Nadu, in Southern Tamil Nadu, in Eastern Tamil Nadu, you can see where livestock is given as a gift during wedding or childbirth to the girl's side of the family. When they give, only the female will be given, not the male. The male is supposed to come from that side of the family, the boy's side of the family, because if you send a male bull or a male sheep with it, what happens is then there is inbreeding. So that's another unique way of livestock is given. And livestock was seen as wealth. That's why in Tamil, the word, not only in Tamil, most of the South Asian languages, if you go and find a word for cow, in Tamil it's called Maad. And most of these words will mean wealth. In Gujarati, in Rajasthani, in Marathi, in Telugu, in Canada, in Malayalam, I don't know, at least 12, 14, Odia, all these languages, if you go and find a word for cow, there will be wealth associated with it, because it was seen as wealth, maybe not today, once it was seen as wealth. So livestock plays a very important role in giving us a very good income. Especially women, especially women in India, livestock is successful, especially in India, because only because of women. When women are removed from livestock rearing in villages, livestock is immediately sold. I know families where the woman had to go to a foreign country, daughter is there, daughter-in-law is there, she is pregnant, she is going to deliver, they won't stay with their daughter-in-law for six months for some time. Immediately the first thing the family did was sell the livestock in that week, Shandy. Let it be cow, let it be buffalo, let it be sheep. Men cannot handle livestock, only commercial livestock production men can handle. Industrialist livestock production like a poultry, like a poultry farm and all that. It is backyard poultry, it is buffaloes at home, buffaloes at farm, cows at farm. So only the women who handle it. This is when it's a family. In India, 45 to 50 percent of the livestock is handled by women and it's a very big source of income for them. It's a huge source of income for them. I know many families where they had two, three buffaloes. The lady lost her husband or she was like they both separated. She had two children. She had buffaloes, she had cows, she reared them, she milked them, sold milk, went to work, took care of the children. Today children are doctors, children are nurses, children are engineers, children advocates all because of livestock. So this is what is wealth. The meaning of wealth is this. It creates little wealth and ensures, it also gives you much needed animal protein. Children, I know lovely boys and girls who say we had so much of milk at home. Butter ghee was simply a part of our food morning. We eat something in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening. Butter ghee was part of our life and those children are so healthy. Let it be men and women. They're so healthy and animal protein is very much required for human growth. So somebody tells you be a vegetarian. It's good. It's their option. But when they say, when they go and tell people who cannot afford to be vegetarians, who's being vegetarian, telling people don't eat meat, eat broccoli instead is actually the crime on humanity. You can't afford broccoli. Broccoli is Rs. 200, Rs. 300, Rs. 400, Rs. a kilo. And you can't buy for somebody who goes to work, a woman goes to work for Rs. 250, Rs. 300 daily. You can't go and tell her, give broccoli to your children. She buys beef, she buys mutton, she buys chicken. Food is their own culture. We have no business to go and poke our nose into somebody's food habit and say, I don't like, we don't like, don't eat. Mind your business. Anybody's business for that matter. We have absolutely no right to go and preach. India is the only country in the world we have people preaching about food. No other country in the world does this. Today, vegans have come up world over and they are a little source of trouble. But even then they don't come and tell you, there are Indian vegans only come and tell you, become a vegan. Don't even drink milk. Don't even, that's okay. I respect you. It's your feeling. But don't come and tell me what to do, how to feed my children because animal protein is very much needed for brain growth. There is no animal protein. That's why if you see Brahmins, those who don't eat meat, they eat lots of milk. They drink lots of curd. They drink lots of sugar, milk-based sweets. That's the reason. North India, if you go and see, lots of milk-based sweets will be there in Gujarat in Rajasthan. The reason is, they don't eat meat. Southern India, lots of, we eat 97, 98% eat meat. So food is a part of each one's culture and we have absolutely no business going and telling them what to eat to how to eat. So Jallikattu basically is again, like I said, finding out the strength, the steadiness of the breed. It can be traced to Indus valley civilization, Harappan civilization. For 4,000, 500 years old, Indus seals are found in Harappan civilization. It was basically, it's called bull baiting, B-A-I-T-A-N-G. The term Jallikattu originated in 16th century when Ayakrolas were ruling Madurai. Before that it was called Airtalvital. That means hugging the bull or baiting. It's called the bull taming is actually a wrong word. Bull baiting, B-A-I-T-A-N-G would be the right word. So catching hold of the hump of the bull and 30 to 60 seconds or one or 60 seconds or two minutes maximum, you have to catch on to the bull from a particular point to another particular point, Vadi Vassal. Vadi Vassal is a gate which the bull comes inside. So there are many kinds of Jallikattu. One is Vadi Vassal kind, another is Manjivarate. Another is three, four kinds found in mostly in southern parts of Tamil Nadu and little in the northern parts of Tamil Nadu. So there are five breeds of Catalan Tamil Nadu out of which Pulikulam and Umbulachari are the most used breeds for Jallikattu. Pulikulam is from Sivagangai district of Tamil Nadu, also found in Madurai district and Umbulachari is found in the districts of Tanjavur, Thiruvarur, Nagapatinam, parts of Kadalur districts, composite Tanjavur district has a breed called Umbulachari. Kangium may be used one or two percent in Jallikattu because Kangium, the hump is too big. So it's easier to catch on to the hump and Pulikulam is not completely domesticated yet. It is still, it has some wild characters because of the herd instinct it has. It is still maintained in a herd, herd way, not like Kangium where it is there in the farm or in a bin. So this is about Jallikattu. You can visit our website www.kangiumbull.com and download a book called Wealth of Yoke. It's in PDF format, Wealth of Yoke, Mele Chinnam Kolepadadu is the idea. In Tamil Nadu there is a proverb called Mele Chinnam Kolepadadu. So that's the same title has been used for the book Wealth of Yoke and in fact we have just finished working on a book on Jallikattu completely documented very well and apologies it's my mistake. It's waiting for my forward and for the last 10 days I've been having it with me in my office table and in my car and I've still not written the forward yet. Once the forward is ready we are waiting, we will be releasing the book by the Honorable Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and that book should be an eye-opener. It will be a complete documentation on the past, present, up to Jallikattu protest what happened, how it went and all that. So it will be very useful for anybody wanting to know about Jallikattu in English. You know that book will be launched very soon by Senapathy Kangeyam Capital Research Foundation. What I told them was it's very very difficult to make everybody realize understand something and take them together move forward. That's very difficult. Even elections you can't do that. Thirty-five percent, thirty-six percent, thirty-seven percent determine the outcome of an election. We have seen in 2014, 19, 21 everything. So the next sixty-five percent is actually against the government. This is what is happening, right? Okay. So what we need to do is basically it is the policy makers who need to be sensitive, sensible and tell the people this is only good for you. I know just keep quiet. Don't be dancing around saying we need development. We need ports in Northern Chennai. We need a harbor. We need port. Nothing is necessary. We know what is necessary. Just keep quiet. Who has to say this is the government? So the government has to have enough sense, enough sensitivity not to fall into the developmental trap, fake developmental trap. Of course development is necessary. Absolutely no doubt on it. But look at European countries today, especially the Scandinavian countries. All the dirty work is sent to countries like us. All the environmentally bad things are sent to us. They don't do it anymore. Norway and Denmark are sitting in creating electricity out of windmills. Why aren't they starting? They're having nuclear electricity production. Why have they given up? Because they know it's a failure. They know it's dangerous. They know that cost isn't only three percent of India's electricity is from nuclear plants. But what's the cost we invested their way? So what we need to basically understand is the government has to say we go to a doctor, nice doctor. We decide he's a nice doctor. And we go until the doctor, I have an issue. Give me tablets or give me injections. The doctor is not supposed to listen to what we tell him to do to us. We are supposed to tell him the issue. He will diagnose. He or she will diagnose. And then the doctor will decide, do we need medicines? Do we don't need medicines? Do we need antibiotics? Do we need to be admitted in the hospital? Do we need an operation like this? The government of the day should decide what is good for the people. It's very, very difficult, especially in a country like India, where there will be people to divert you. It's a basic nature of South Asians. We like to fight. We want an enemy far away. There's an actor called Bhagiraj in Tamil. He made lots of movies. He never had a villain from outside. He never used to have good, bad, never in his movies. It was always the situation which was showcased as the problem and how he overcame that. That is theme of all his movies, if you see. He never had one bad man, one good man, that villain, one hero. No, he was the hero. Yes, situation was the villain there. He showcased what was the real trouble in life. And the mother, the problem is we always want a villain. We love villains. We need some external. If somebody says Pakistan is all the cause for environmental damage, then we love to talk ill of Pakistan. What are we going to do? So, we need to work on it. And the most important thing is we cannot convince people. Even Kutundi movement, you think all Indians, all the people who are living in 548 different kingdoms in this Indian continent, subcontinent, went and told the British go to the country? No. 95% was minding its own business. Only always it is only the 2 to 3% which will take up a cause, go and fight for the cause. And that's why they are called as leaders. All the relatives of Mahatma Gandhi go for Dandi march? No. Probably even his own brother would not have gone. We don't know. So, that's why we call them Thalevarar leader. They have to think beyond. They have to think this petty issue should not be keeping them busy. They have to think for the next 100 years. That's what only those who think for the next 100 years can be called a statesman. So, what we need to do is basically we need to create more and more statesmen in this nation, which there is a very big vacuum today and not political leaders. So, if we create statesmen, then we really don't have to worry about the whole thing. It's their duty. They will take care of the whole thing. Thank you very much.