 This study found that preterm birth was associated with increased risks of early neonatal, late neonatal, and post-neonatal deaths in India. The study also showed that preterm birth was associated with higher risks of early neonatal, late neonatal, and post-neonatal deaths even when controlling for other factors such as maternal age, education, parity, and socioeconomic status. These results suggest that preterm birth should be considered a major contributor to infant mortality in India. This article was authored by Ajit Kumar Kanadjia, Kaushalendra Kumar, Ashish Kumar Upadya and others.