 Well, my dear students, the course is Labour Policy Pakistan and the topic of this very session is labour conditions, social structure and working conditions under industrial revolution. My dear students, in terms of social structure, the industrial revolution witnessed the triumph of a middle class of industrialists and businessmen over a landed class of nobility and gentry. Industrial revolution jabaya to feudal lords exist karte the middle class to businessmen on industrialists unki ye triumph jyothi wo industrial revolutions ke ziriye se feudal lords ke upar kaim hui. Ordinary working people found increased opportunities for employment in the new mills and factories, but these were often under strict working conditions with long hours of labour dominated by a pace set by machines. Yo labourer klas thi uske liye working opportunities aayi likin uske sasaad bade worst working conditions ka asam na une raham. Dear students, as late as the year 1900, most industrial workers in the United States still worked a 10 hours day and 12 hours in the steel industry yet earned from 20% to 40% less than the minimum deemed necessary for a decent life. However, by the students, most workers in textiles, which was by far the leading industry in terms of employment, were women and children. By the students, for the workers, for the labourers, industrial life during industrial revolution was a stony desert, which they had to make habitable by their own efforts. Also harsh working conditions were prevalent long before the industrial revolution took place. My dear students, pre-industrial society was very very static and often cruel. Child labour, dirty living conditions and long working hours were just as prevalent before the industrial revolution. Now let's move on to discuss what is middle class. As we know ke middle class jo hai iski triumph jo thi wo industrial revolution ke ziree se feudal lords ke upar hui. So let's move on to know what is middle class. The middle class is a class of people in the middle of a social hierarchy. Its usage has often been vague, whether defined in terms of occupation, income, education or social status. The definition by an author is often chosen for practical connotations. Writers on the left favor the lower status term working class, modern social theorists and especially economists have defined and redefined the term middle class in order to serve their particular social or political ends. To har bandhe ne apne saab se middle class ko define kiya gaya hai, aur basically middle class rich aur poor ke dharmayan wali class ko kate hi. My dear students, in modern American approach the term middle class is most often used as a self description by those which are below both the upper class and the true middle class, but above those in poverty. Dear students, this leads to considerable ambiguity over the meaning of the term middle class in American usage, socio, logist such as Dennis Gilbert and Joseph see this American self described middle class as the most populous class in the United States. Hope you have understood the topic. Thank you very much indeed.