 Tissue engineering and cell-based therapies offer promising solutions to treat bone defects caused by non-union or a vascular necrosis. These techniques involve the use of stem cells, biomaterials, growth factors, and mechanical stimulation to induce bone formation and repair. Stem cells, such as MSCs, ESCs, and IPSCs, can differentiate into osteoblasts and provide a scaffold for new bone formation. Biomaterials, such as ceramics, biopolymers, and composites, can be used to create a three-dimensional environment for stem cells to grow and proliferate. Growth factors and mechanical stimulation can further enhance the process of bone formation and repair. Clinically, these techniques have shown promise in treating non-union and AVN, but more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms behind these techniques and optimize them for maximum effectiveness. This article was authored by Jose R. Perez, Demetrius Gruppis, Demetrius Gruppis, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.