 So welcome everybody. It's obviously nice hardware tests if you have the first talk in the room But I hope we will manage it's I think as I told you for you not perhaps not so important, but I hope I can Give you some hints how to explain other people what free software makes and I just prepared this talk all large parts of this talks to Explain people in my Institute or what I'm just doing or I could explain my mother How what I'm doing or my grandmother is living or no, but just to to explain people what you're doing and so I Will give some short outline in the first part I will tell you that What's the connection to free beer as I told you there is no free beer served in this talk, sorry and Then I want to tell you something about knowledge because I think there are many similarities Especially with Wikipedia to what we are doing this code. They are doing this knowledge in general and then I would like to tell you something about the power I see behind the Distribution we are building and why we are doing a good job to serve our users and Finally some summary Well, what about free beer? I Learned that I have to explain to people not Working the field of informatic that the term code is not really clear And so it is in general a rule for converting a piece of information into another form of Representation and there are examples for instance the DNA it wasn't interesting a sample for my colleagues because they are basically biologists and computer source code and several other things so to stick to the example with a code Invented by nature the DNA here's some example genetic code Whatever it means on the genetic code is a set of rules by which information is encoded in genetic material so The DNA and is translated into proteins by living cells. Oh, this is in translation mechanism, which is complicated whatever and You need some research to understand this code. It is not obvious in the first moment And it is interpreted by biological replication mechanisms and it needs Technological invention to change it. It's really hard to change the genetic codes. It's was not possible 20 years ago Then we have the executable code. It is not invented by nature, but invented by men and You have some executable code from Executable which it says just hello world's a classic example and here you have the machine code It is a system of instructions and data executed directly by computers central processing unit And this is the lowest level of presentation of a computer program It is intended to be interpreted by computers not by men and It's hard to understand and sometimes this is even forbidden to interpret or Try to what to do what this code does and forbidden by law because if you have some proper Software it is not sometimes not allowed to inspect this code It's a comparison to genetic code. This is a little bit weak, but you have some similarities Then we have the second Way of code the source code Which is a collection of statements or declaration which is written in human language human readable language and The source code allows the programmer to communicate with the computer using a self number of instructions and so computer source code you know it is Easy to read by men, but the problem is you don't have the Code always and so the interesting thing is we have two hardly readable the forms of codes the DNA and the machine code the DNA code is hidden by Somebody else you have no influence, but there are people who hide the knowledge of this Machine code how to read it they hide it But but this is actually a problem because why should we hide some knowledge? Mankind has invented before So some interesting thing about code. I found this some measuring because I was not really aware that An average software project without detailed inspection runs about five percent error rate So this is one buck per 20 lines of code. This was really interesting for me and well in in nature sometimes Errors do some good some evolution a process, but this is in most cases not the case for for Software code another interesting number is the space shuttle project once one buck per 400,000 lines of code and This results in a cost of one thousand dollar per line of code. It's really interesting and I think these are numbers which should make us clear that that code is something Which had high value. It is really you have to pay for this code in some point in time Some other thing I would like to present you is About arrows in code. This is a classical quoting of Donald E. Knuth In my book book I offer rewards for the first person who finds a particular error in software I similarly pay for arrows in the tech and metaphor programs Reward was doubling every year. I started it at 2.56 Dollar it's a one hexadecimal dollar Then it went to five point twelve and so on until it reached Certain amount and doubled there has been no error reported in tech since 1994 or 1995 and It says well, there are some rumors about the further buck and he will inspect it at some time Probably it is solved is a little bit old quote from 2001. What I want to say is there are people who are Really feel responsible for their code. I don't want to want to assume that if some Proprietary software company would do the same for their software if they would really make so much money because well if if other people would pay for for Windows arrows they would probably not make the fortune they currently are making so Furthermore, I want to explain the difference between heart and software because sometimes there is some misunderstanding because I think if a vendor or Wendy Buy a certain piece of hardware. They can wait it. They can bite on it. They can throw up it or whatever they can do so Both of them are able to check the where they are able to evaluate what they are really buying So the Wendy has a certain certain rights. He has some ownership. He owns a chair. He just bought and He can even alterates a chair can move it and he can even say the chair without any problem and nobody would think about it that it's a problem to sell it and duplication of the chair is not really worth the effort because the manufacturer of such as this chair is probably much more Does it much more easy than I would do it? So I would not think about duplicating this chair What about software is it really aware so does software has a bait or it is checkable It is really checkable for the people who are buying the software Whatever and which rights does buyer of software really have He has in most cases only the right to use It's not the owner of the software and Many cases he has not the right to change the software and Sometimes he's not even not allowed to sell the software So because he has not really had only the license to use it and it's not the owner It's a duplication of software on the other hand is really easy But it's prevented by technical means artificial means added added to the software which are not internal and not needed for the functionality of the software but On the market place as I said you can evaluate Is the where okay? It is fresh and it's okay and that's what it should do and Also, how old it is so you can't obtain from a software how old is the code you are buying have you formerly bought the same code Which is somebody vacation only so it might be that some software is just stinking if you are buying it So what means free of charge? There are three Insistence of free you can call free software as informed free download Download the binary code here. This means this is a so-called free beer download You have just the right to consume the software and not if you have not the right to do anything with the software Then just use it. This is not really much in our opinion There is another type of software where you can even have a look at the source code But only looking at it No modification is allowed and no Further distribution of this code is allowed and Then is that what we call free software? In free software you have the right to change the software and to redistribute the software So where where's the catch? Why where's the catch if I say free? I don't have to pay money People always wonder if you say well, there's no money involved. This doesn't happen these days and But there is money involved because if you think of the cause of a Linux distribution For instance this calculation was done in 2001 for Red Hat Linux 7.1 and Debian might be at these days have ten times of the lines of code of this calculation and this estimation showed that there is one billion dollar needed to develop this Linux distribution as it is and measured in the terms of the US dollars at the state in the year 2000 and it includes 30 million physical source lines of code and It would require 8,000 person years for development time if you apply the cocom model and This means In a in a Linux distribution, even if it doesn't cost you any money You can download it for free is a lot of money involved and and somebody has to pay it finally So it's not that she said these people are working for nothing So the crux thing is the usage is free and the money is something else so people always There's a problem is the English language free means free of charge and freedom and whatever other languages are better in this case We mean freedom in the sense of free speech and Free speech requires time to prepare which means time is money So here here is some cost you have to pay and it needs also competence So you need skill developers who spend it a lifetime to get the skills to work on this stuff So do you have the freedom to run the program? however, you wish You can help yourself to study the source code and Help your neighbor so give away the source code and help your community to publish and distribute modified versions So far for the for the code I want to explain What what I mean with freedom and there is a very similar and successful project to Wikipedia Which deals about free knowledge so just try I think everybody in this room has tried and Just look up your special field and Either you see it is good the article is good or the interesting thing is you can make it better And this is the important point So if you want to see how frequent Wikipedia edits are just look at this map There is a Wikipedia vision and it's graphs there on the world Wikipedia is edited you have seen here. There was a move. This is the English Wikipedia and I could even switch to to the Spanish version, but if Unfortunately, I cannot see it, but you should keep in mind this Wikipedia vision I can do Presentation the presentation file contains a link to this. This is really amazing if you show people How many people are working actually on these articles? This is now for three minutes ago, and this is also three minutes ago Whatever article it might be so I found this graph very interesting further interesting things are that scientific Articles Sometimes are required to be accompanied by Wikipedia article. This is publication from nature news Who want their authors? Also Publish a Wikipedia article if they want to be in the on a biology This is on a biology some biology newspaper or my biology paper and You have to provide the Wikipedia article which is publicly understandable and covers the topic of your Scientific paper. I think this is a very valuable effort and and If more papers would care for this the quality of Wikipedia would increase even more I think Then we have some open access effort The open access platform aims to meet a growing demand for information to various target groups It is about an unrestricted and toll-free online access to scientific scholarly knowledge and information and it's very topical and Forward-looking issue and mobile and the movement for which enjoys great support worldwide I know it from in Germany and especially in the Helmholtz Association and Max Planck Society They actively supports this effort of open access and it should be even wider known in the scientific world in my opinion So I also want to do a small excursion Into distribution of art serves artworks In my opinion an artist deserves enough reward for this work to be motivated to continue and enhance this creative work This is for sure. He has also to pay for his food He wants to eat or whatever and he make want to have a good life and This enables him to do further artworks The digital rights management just reserves the rights of the recording industry and not Especially specifically the rights of an artist So the the DRM makes Makes sure that the recording industry becomes rich But we want to increase the chances for the artist who is not contracted by recording industry to also make an income So in principle, I think There is a big need for for better laws who reflect this new reality The fact that Artworks artworks are quite frequently in a digital form Which makes it very easy to copy whatever Has to be somehow applied in in law and but I personally don't know the solution But I hope that some lawyer will cope with this stuff That's a very simple example. I Myself entertain some some photographing and so and I put my most favorites favorite Pictures and Wikipedia and this is one of mine and the interesting thing is that I have seen this people are using the images In cases where I do not really like it to advertising in some for some stuff But but I ignore it but this picture was taken by a recording company who's doing Recording from the Arona arena of Verona medicine Italy and They Seld me for 40 euros for for using the cover the first time and then every second time I asked only for 20 euros So I have made about 160 euros just because because I published this image if it would be safe in my my Homeplace I wouldn't have this this money. So it's fine for me There's no harm done in contrary I have an additional backup of this image and people are using it and are fine with it So this is my opinion a simple example. I'm in the good situation that that I don't Do not need this money for for my life because it's just a hobby of mine So if if I would be a real photographer, I would probably work a little bit harder A bit a little bit more prominent example is science fiction also a corridor of He has published his works as open with a creative commons license as open e-box and he Do's not try to prevent people from reading this book But just publishes and the success is that most readers will be attracted by the free copy Reading the free copy are happy about this and then afterwards buying the buying the book and Interesting is also the thing that 11 official translation exists But there are even more Unofficial translation with this which is good to publish the spread the book all over the world and the Creative commons license just allows this There also the Brazilian also Paulo Coleo is applying a similar model I admit the role of e-books is not really clear to me, but It makes digit copies of books much more interesting So a change will happen in the classical publishing and in bookstores definitely And it is in my opinion a big opportunity for authors to gain more popularity to And to stay independent from from publishers so the whole effort is probably very Interesting for authors even which if they are not so Widely known but probably not so good for for the publishers There's even the the open hardware effort. I'm not really sure How this will end but there is some some car project is run by River Simple and This hydrogen fuel car is a working Demonstration has been done in June 2009 The production is planned in 2013 and It is developed by teams at Cranford and Oxford universities The design is open source. They store the complete design on a wiki site online And any small manufacturer could take this design and change it and build their own version of the car I've shown so in my opinion, I have no really made up my mind if it's a chance is for success or whatever, but I think what we can notice is that it's a change in Spreading the information and this is important point my opinion information is not Should not be hidden anymore, but mankind should work together to to make better products when I will come to the last point the power of the distribution and I come also back to The sense I see in software because a user wants especially is a sustainable functionality of the software I frequently have heard my colleagues running Windows whatever if if any new version of any new program is Delivered they always want back the old version Because they are used to it and they just want is a sustainable functionality They do not really care about the name of the program if you replace World whatever by open office or so they would probably not even Realize as long as all the buttons are in the same places and the text can be written and so and so The demand interesting thing for people is that the functionality of the program is fine and functionality is in principle the program itself and the service you get for the program and Reasonable amount of course is acceptable for for every user because I think users Catch the idea that's even free software might cause something whatever and if the program is safe is free of charge More money for services left so you can ask a service company to adapt to software for your personal issues and so Open sources get perhaps if the idea is applied even more contributors The more users you have the more contributors to this software you might have and so the quality increases with a number of users Provided they have understood the principle and report bugs in the software so getting the facts was in an effort of Microsoft I really like this advertising they Made in a German newspaper and probably all over the world and in my opinion This shows what Gandhi has says first they ignore you then they loaded you then they fight you and then you win And this image was from 2003 and so I think we are one phase three and this point because this is clearly clearly a fight against free software and Linux and Now we are in year 2009 and you can even apply as open source desktop strategy director at Microsoft But I think the application is over. It was in February 2009 And you can't apply for this job, but I think it's interesting with even Microsoft Has job offers for this kind of jobs and I found also in another quote We are an important Microsoft representative says At some point almost all of our products will have open source in them And if my SQL or Linux do a better job for you, of course, you should use those products So even if in those companies is some change happening I'm not sure how honest they mean the things but there is some pressure from free software and This pressure is also noticed by those who think they try to do the other way of software so for fun I have a bet running with my colleagues where I predicted that in 17 years other windows will be free software or Not the leading operating system anymore. I think I have really good chances I do that's only if I have really good chances. I think I think it will be there. I should have done this bet 10 years ago where I told my colleagues. I don't understand why novel which is one in our Institute Invent their own operating system. They have this novel Operating system these net this network system and and five years later this Novel became or started turning into a Linux company and now it defines themselves in Linux company Because it just makes no sense to invent something which is just there and is free and well, it doesn't really matter if I personally say this but There is quite important person who has the knowledge of the other side I admit I have never really used windows and have no idea of the code But if a programmer worked 11 years for Microsoft and afterwards find out after he left Microsoft that Something is wrong in this development model. He knows both sides in contrast to me and Somebody who knows really both sides has in my opinion a certain value in this opinion and he I just quoting some Some sentence he said in a newspaper for instance property software is holding us back as a society and Writing propriety software made Microsoft one of the most successful companies all of all time It's a model this time to fail because it doesn't let software programmers cooperate and contribute and thus differs ever innovation I've heard the opinion that that innovation is only possible in Propriety software because innovation is has to be sailed somehow and if you Let it Publish for free then competitor can the competitor can Take over these ideas and make other products, but I think this is just wrong and this person is Support this point and He also said as long as Microsoft and its propriety model terminates We will live in the dark ages of computing Formerly in the first times of computing there was no Propriety software software was delivered as source code and then some clever people thought we can take some money and then Started Microsoft becoming those famous The free software community is producing technically superior to products through an open collaborative Development model and people think of Wikipedia as an encyclopedia and not primary software But it's an excellent case study of this coming revolution as I said also in my talk We have some similar similarities between Wikipedia and source code in principle both is knowledge also source code is knowledge and These are development moments and to continue with the quotes even Apple through away their proprietary kernel and replace it with a free one yes, why shouldn't they it there they can take it and There is no reason why they they should develop an operating system if if it is just there And he said free software undermines Microsoft profit margins even if Microsoft were to adopt Linux This is the idea well like novel and Apple did I Think there is there is some some interesting idea if Microsoft would adopt Linux and I'm I'm keen on seeing in the future, but we will see I Worked on next on text engines for five years at Microsoft and worked my book using open office This is impressive. I think because Open office. I'm don't use it personally. I'm using tech, but it is just a good Piece of software and and makes much more people coming to free software than perhaps any other software If Microsoft 20 years ago built windows in an open way Linux would exist wouldn't exist and millions of programmers would be improving it Rather than competing it Well, in my opinion, this is not particular the case because if only one free software free system Has its Existence we wouldn't have BSD. We wouldn't have heard we wouldn't have Other free operating system. So I think even if windows would have been built on an open way also Linux would exist and my personal Opinion about the success of Linux is not for instance the technical superiority Superity about BSD But that it has a really really good Organization so Linus Thomas is just a Person who was able to attract many many people and those people are working together And he was able to form a community and this is the main problem by is Especially new Linux is that Successful Microsoft is manning a leaking ship and the only thing they can do is just try to pump pump water faster Yes, they're doing it with their New windows version and we will see What happened but as I said in 17 years The biggest difference between Windows and Linux is if the free software contains thousands of applications Installer installable with one click and managed as one set and this is Specifically this is the thing I want to come in the end of my talk Because the power of Linux is not only the Linux kernel it's a distribution with the applications around so I want to talk about those people who actually Adapting adopting the free software idea from the producer side In my opinion there is some tendency that the number two or three in the market released their product as free software For instance if you think about novel Excuse me Netscape who knows the room Netscape This is the old guys. I'm sorry the new guys don't don't know Netscape Now it's called firefox and is the fact was that Netscape was the most prominent web browser This was at times when Bill Gates was saying that the internet browser is an unimportant piece of software and then they changed their mind because they noticed and They pressed internet explorer into the market. It's unfair method. They were That's problems with law, but this this is not what I wanted to take to tell you I just want to say the Usage of Netscape decreased more and more and they realized that they will not have any success anymore and to release their software And then we are two years more or less silence because people had to work on this code on this Well this property a proprietary model tends to Have problems in the code and people had to fix these problems So and then arise firefox and gain in back and Has much success and similar it is with or you probably can't see Formerly star office is now open office star office was a German company Who has written an office suite which was competing with? Microsoft office and failed in competing and so they released their code and It is now taking over by Sun and Sun is working According to free software principles and open software and open office is a much larger success and star office was and would ever have been a similar example is the Interbase What it was programmed by Borland? It is now firebird in the base was a Relational data bank system as you know in PostgreSQL whatever was quite good developed with transactions and so on and The same problem. They were not there. They realized that they can't Compete with with the competitors on the market and so they released their code and it is now Continue to be developed as firebird and you have a lot of other examples of this. So in my opinion is a strong reason to release their code for a proprietary company if they realize that they can't compete anymore and Now the question is what I Try to know to prove that this proprietary mother has problems because Who is really sure that this is his data are safe if you look at this example of interbase it was released and Yeah, unfortunately, it's not very good to lease to read After half a year of this release after half a year Inspecting by free software programmers. They detected the back door Which allowed or I read it here allowed a backdoor password has been hidden in Borland's enterprise popular Interbase database software for at least seven years Potentially and exposing tens of thousands of private databases of corporations and government agencies to unauthorize Access and manipulation over the internet Say experts so it took half a year to Detect a problem in this database which was hidden in proprietary codes and nobody is sure Who was using interbase if his data are safe So imagine other databases they could have these problems. Nobody can prove nobody knows but Who was running a proprietary software is really sure that his data are safe So finally for the distribution Well, I tried to grab for the distribution is this small part only is called Linux this little penguin is a Linux but everything around Is also free software and this is a really really cool thing that are people going there and building all this stuff in the distribution and if you Have some business solution you want to buy it like Susie or redhead, whatever You buy it as a user and insert on your computer and you are fine And this is the cost you have as a user yet. This is probably less than the propriety system, whatever the difference in Debian is We we try not to say something that we just work together to one distributions Every every developer is also a user of the distribution And so I try to grab this and you don't have to pay money money to to use Debian Just because the Debian community says every every single developer has an advantage if he is working on this and so we We give our time instead of our money to to build this distribution and Thinking about this lot of software Debian hands has 20,000 or even even more software packages new users are Sometimes not really happy There is a rumor that Debian is only for administrator because it's complicated. This is not true anymore But people stick on this rumors and in my opinion It is good to have some some internal structure in Debian because if you take all this software We want to read all this description. You may become very confused as a user and you get very scrambled if you see this huge amount of data Or the programs and so my idea is that we should Apply some sub structure in Debian and those for instance I'm in this business with Debian problems. We are making some for for schools some focus inside Debian and some some for for medicine perhaps others to make the user to take the hand of the user and lead him to the distributions and find some way to To enable the user to find the software he want to get in my opinion. This is next step we should even more increase in the future to Dedicate certain parts inside Debian to specific users So finally I want to give some some hints for people were probably not in this room. Sorry, but it was intended for Debian Open Day, so I Think these people should ask There are propriety software vendor vendor if they really like a dongle or complicated registering procedures and If there are not other possible ways to to work with their software without artificial means to to prevent me from using the software for free and The only thing which might prevent those software Producers is that people might lose their trust If the company has some skilled programmers if they look at the rotten code if people looked at the Netscape codes It was terrible. I told you about the back door of the interbase There were things inside the code which should not really published so then a further idea is You should not really think about what your competitor might win if you release your code Ask was your own effective win might be if you release your code you get support by the community you get Extra developers for free. Is there any company who wouldn't? like to hire developers who cost them no no any money not any money So I think it is important that these people understand To save the effort they make to hide the knowledge Even even building DRM systems is make some effort cost money. You could save this money and Finally Many people I learned to know when I reported about free software We're thinking that that I would be a person who tries to be to try to make the world a better place I think that is not actually the case It's not such that I'm a specifically nice person because I share my code. I Just learned that is really effective because my work runs Better if I share my code and if I can use other people's code, but it might pay Perhaps be that people consider myself to be a little bit more nice and this is also okay So free software is not to make the world a better place But it's just a way to give information to those people whom I would want to use it And I think this is an important piece We When I had a similar talk in Edinburgh, I was asked why don't you go to for instance Africa and Give them the code Sorry, this is not my duty. I did you code is there people can take it I will not go there and advertise the code and whatever I just produce a code and everybody is free to take it and Even if it makes some effort for them to take it so that's all of the talk these lights are online and The fun of the thing it sees these images in the background will be presented in the day after the And the evening after the day trip as a completely not software related fun trip. The only connection is I Was on all these places because people wanted to hear talk of mine and I had some chance to Tourism and so if you want to see it and like it Just be there. Thank you for your time