 Hi friends, I am Arpita Karva and welcome to my YouTube channel. In today's video, we are going to discuss influential ideas of Mikhail Bhaktan, the Russian philosopher, literary critic and semi-authean. Bhaktan's concept has revolutionized the fields such as literary theory, cultural studies and even linguistics. Today, we'll delve into his key ideas including dialogism, heteroglossia, chronotype, carnival and we are going to explore these significance in understanding language, literature and human interaction and of course its importance with respect to UTC red. It has been noticeable to end that there have been repeated questions on this topic, for example, match the following on terms and concepts given by Bhaktan. In December 2023, two questions in the same shift were asked from Mikhail Bhaktan. So let's get to catch these low-hanging fruits so that none of you miss this question in the upcoming exam. If you are new to this channel then please hit the subscribe button and press the bell icon so that you never miss an update. We are proud to share that we are India's largest growing YouTube channel in the field of UTC net exam preparation, right now having the maximum number of subscribers. So let's start with who was Mikhail Bhaktan? Mikhail Bhaktan was born in November 16 1895 in Moscow. He was a thinker who focused on the dynamic aspects of language and discourse. He explored dialogism which is the interaction of different voices and conversation and he challenged the traditional notion of language as a monologue. Wait a minute, what is monologue? Let me explain that. A monologue is a speech or presentation given by a single individual typically expressing their thoughts, feelings and ideas without interruption from others. Unlike a dialogue which involves an exchange between two or more people, monologue is a one-sided communication where one person speaks while other listen. Can you cite an example of monologue from literature in the comments section? Let me give you a simple example from our real life. So there are times when we are extremely stressed out and we just call our best friend and you know just rant about the day and what all bad things were happening with us throughout the day. That is what is a monologue where we don't need the other person to fill fit in or to fill in the conversation. We just want to you know speak our hearts out and that exactly is what Bhaktan has spoken about in various of his texts. We are going to dive deeper into these topic of heteroglossia and you know dialogism and we'll understand them by relating it to our day-to-day examples but before that let us just understand what monologue is. Bhaktan's most famous concept is that of heteroglossia which highlights the coexistence of multiple languages and speech styles within a particular context enriching narratives and reflecting the complexity of human communication. He has also coined the term carnival which symbolizes laughter, parody and subversion of institutional power. It celebrates the diversity of voices and challenges established norms inviting us to question societal structures and hierarchies. So here were a few big bombastic terms. I know let me make them easy peasy lemon squeezy for you. Let's try and understand each of these terms in detail by looking not just as the dictionary definition but also trying to understand it from our day-to-day examples. Let us begin by understanding the term dialogism. So Bhaktan in 1920s and 30s proposed dialog as intrinsic to language. Now what is intrinsic? Intrinsic boleto something which belongs to things by its exact nature rather than being added or imposed from outside. Let me explain this by example. So if I say someone has a intrinsic talent for music it means that the musical ability is within somebody so it comes naturally to him or her without much effort. Now did you know that Bhaktan himself didn't use the term dialogism but it's actually associated with his work. Let's take an example of dialogism to understand this concept even more deeply. So dialogism can be seen in everyday conversation. When two or more people engage in a dialogue each participant brings their own unique experiences beliefs linguistic expressions to the conversation. As a result meaning emerged through the interaction and negotiation of these diverse perspectives. For instance in a discussion about a controversial topic like climate change individuals may exchange different viewpoints drawing upon their personal knowledge cultural background and values. Through this dialogue meanings are constructed and redefined highlighting the fluid nature of communication. Your fluid means something that is not just like water. Okay so that was dialogism. Now let's look at hetroglossia. So hetroglossia is another interesting term that Bhaktan came up with. It refers to the coexistence of multiple languages or speech styles within a particular context such as a novel or a conversation or a cultural setting. In simpler terms it's the presence of diverse voices of language interacting with each other. For example in a novel you might encounter characters from different social backgrounds speaking in distinct dialects or using varied vocabulary. These diverse linguistic elements contribute to the richness and complexity of the narrative reflecting the multi-faceted nature of human communication and experience. Bhaktan proposes that novels are the prime example of what he calls as hetroglossia. Now hetroglossia is simultaneity of many levels of dialogue and language. What is simultaneity? It means a lot of things happening at the same time. So in a novel we see many voices simultaneously existing. Bhaktan gives examples of novels of Dostoevsky where many voices are given equal importance thereby showing the novel as a site of struggle, carnival and subversion. Now we shall discuss carnival as we move ahead in the video so don't worry. In these novels working class discourses women language and language of ethnic minorities are all represented alongside that of the dominant one. Even if these other voices do not overthrow the dominant one their very existence suggests that the main voice is not overwhelming or unchallenged. Also in the case of novel every novel refers to other works, other discourses. The novel is a genre that gives space very consciously to other works. This is what we know as intertextuality. Now Bhaktan was particularly fond of novels. Later there were critics like Julia Cristiva that built on this concept of intertextuality. Now before we move on to the next point here is something that I want to share. If you are preparing for UGC net paper one or paper two English MA entrance, PhD entrance, PGT TGT or any other competitive exam related to English literature I have an amazing news for you. We proud to announce that we are the only institute in India that teaches through animated videos. Our videos are designed using 3D graphics and animation which enhances the visual appeal of the student so that they are able to retain these complicated summaries of novels, plays and poems very easily and they are able to recall it efficiently during the exam. In our online course we provide you with topic wise video lessons with rich animations covering all these topics in a step by step manner which works even when you have not done any previous preparation. We cover all these topics writers in our online course. The detail list of these writers that are covered in our online course is available free of cost on our website arpithakarba.com. You can even download this free list and start preparing for these exams by your own. The link of our website and all the courses are given in the description box below. You can check out the course details from our website and even watch free demo lectures in attempt free demo mock test before you decide to enroll in a course. For more information related to the courses we offer feel free to shoot your queries on the whatsapp number displayed on your screen right now and me and my team will be more than happy to assist you. Now let's move on to the next term which was popularized by bhaktan and that term is chronotype. Now chronotype comes from a greek word which means time space. It is a term usually used in mathematics so you must be wondering what does this mean in literature. So according to bhaktan chronotype in literature is about how time and space connect in a story. Basically in a novel places and moments are linked together in a plot. These connections are called chronotypes and they keep showing up in the story structure. Chronotypes are in just settings they shape the story's type and help us understand the characters. Important fact bhaktan first talked about this idea in his essay from 1937 known as forms of time and of chronotype in the novel. Remember this work this might be the question in next net exam. Now let's look at another word which is carnival. Have you heard this word before? According to Oxford dictionary a carnival is a public festival usually one that happens at a regular time each year that involves music dancing in the street for people wear bright colored clothes something similar to the carnivals that are shown in movies. According to bhaktan a carnival messes with the usual style and atmosphere through humor and chaos. It's like breaking the rules and turning everything upside down. Daily routines in regular order are forgotten during a carnival. Here is an example to help you understand better. Think of celebrating holy. You don't work or study you eat whatever you like and play as much as you want to. But on normal days you stick to a strict routine. So during festivals like holy you break away from your daily routine. This is nothing but a real life example of carnival. Another interesting fact bhaktan's idea of carnival started in his book problems of Dostoevsky's poetics and was later expanded in Rabeas and his world. Bhaktan studied how literature can flip common things upside down. He looked at Rabeas work to understand the concept of the carnival where normal stuff gets turned around. The carnival is all about laughing, making fun and focusing on things that are usually seen as ugly or low. These aspects mess with the usual way of thinking and can't be neatly organized. Salmat Rushdie also plays with this idea in his writing. Rushdie takes serious topics like nationalism and identity and makes them seem less serious. For example in Midnight Children Rushdie's character Salim thinks he caused the India Bangladesh war by just imagining it. Rushdie turns a significant event into something casual. Okay let's say daydreaming or with a carnival twist. So friends that brings us to the conclusion of today's video lecture. This video is of great importance for all future UGC net aspirants as literary theory is a major part of the paper too and questions from theorists and the key ideas is bound to be asked every year. I am quite eager to know how you felt about this video. Did you like it? Not like it? Did you find it helpful? Please share your views in the comments below. Also if you have any questions and doubts or if you want me to make a video on any other topic then feel free to put that in the comments section below. I look forward to reconnecting with you in our next session. Until then embrace the joy of learning, nurture your passion for literature and stay connected to arpitakarva.com. And as I always say that's it from my side for this video lecture. I'll meet you very soon in the next video lecture till the time we meet next. Happy learning, keep loving literature and stay tuned to arpitakarva.com