 Graphene is a single layer of carbon atoms arranged in a honeycomb lattice with each atom bonded to three other atoms. It has a unique combination of properties due to its atomic structure, including high conductivity, strength, flexibility, and transparency. Graphene can be modified by adding impurities or defects, which can alter its physical and chemical properties. These modifications can include corrugation, vacancy, adatum, and sp3 defects. Corrigated graphene has a rippled surface, while vacant sites have no atoms present, adatums are atoms added to the surface, and sp3 defects are three-dimensional defects. Each modification can affect the electrical, thermal, chemical, and mechanical properties of graphene. Modifications can be used to create materials with desired characteristics, such as supercapacitors, flexible electronics, and transparent electrodes. This article was authored by G. A. O. Young, Lee Hua Lee, Wing Bun Lee, and others.