 Their ancient hummingbirds, not the type that we see today. Notice that was done in 2003. In 2004, we found a 35 million-year-old local a legacy from the northern Caucasus. Two fossils were there. And the stem lineage of the modern hummingbirds are found because they first show a modified elbow. This joint with the humerus on its head is very important because this allows hummingbirds to fly up and down, back and forth, upside down even. And the most important thing is they hover. And hovering is the way they do their feeding. And it's the most important. It's about the only bird that really does that in regular time. 30 million years ago from Germany, there were two fossils found. And they were named. And if you notice in the Latin, the first name, it means the hummingbird. And the last name means unexpected. Because they did not expect to ever find any fossils of this sort. And they were very lucky to get it. Fossil is very hard to make and so on and so forth. The joint is important. That's the sign that it's really there. Another complete fossil was found in France in 2008. So these are all the first decade of this century. Here's what the fossil looks like. As you can see, it's not an easy thing to figure out what's going on there. You can see pieces of the wing, pieces of the bill. And people that work on this thing can get pretty good at identifying things. But for us just looking at it, I don't think we'd even know that was a fossil and that someone told us that. Now the modern hummingbirds evolve. And one of the key people that I'm following or that we're all following now is this Jimmy McGuire out in California's Caltech. And he is at a big team of people have time calibrated the phylogeny based upon nuclear substitution rates. He published in April, 2014, lesson a decade ago, and they had examined 284 hummingbird species using the systems of figuring out their ages. And so they did several things. First, they confirmed that there were crowned species and dated them, and especially dated when they arrived in South America. Now, this is sort of interesting the way it works. And he had to sort of work this thing out. If the first fossils for 48 million years ago in Europe when they split and 22 million years ago, the common ancestors reached South America by leaving Europe. Now, how did they do it? The best definition that anyone has come up with including Jimmy McGuire is that the birds that lived in Europe for some reason left Europe, crossed over Asia, crossed the Bering Street to Alaska and then came down to South America to radiate into nine to six lineages. Now, this is only a guess. Unfortunately, there's no fossils between the early ones and their birds arrival in South America. But we think that is the most likely way that they got there. What we want to check on is the causes of rapid evolution. They are evolving faster than almost any other species. 10.6 billion years ago, the Andes Mountains rose in South America. Well, so what? What they do is they have a lot of nookstone crannies in little places where a species can have a few people, a few birds in this pocket or in this thing and they will start evolving at a different rate at a long enough time and they'll become a new species. As the Andes created all of this thing, certainly the number of species noted that come from the Andean area of South America is especially strong. Now, there's another thing that happens. It's called co-evolution. And what happens here is the hummingbirds love nectar and they love getting it. And only certain plants have the kind of nectar that they would like. It's deep in the hot of the flowering plant and they have to get down and get it. So the bills of the hummingbirds are designed to do that. But in return, as the birds are evolving, the plants are also evolving to produce more nectar for them. And so they help spread the flower, the flowers are spread by the action of the hummingbirds and you'll see more of that later on. 10 million years ago, some drought resistant ancestors, when they were in South America, they were pretty well in the lowlands to begin with. But these more drought resistant ones, like the mountain shims and the bean clades, we colonized in North America, they had come through there and now they came back and they make up some of the birds that we know in central and North America. Many other birds came across when the Panamatae and Ismis was formed. They only got 3.6 to 2.6 million years ago. Now here's another phylogeny and this is just involved hummingbirds. What you see here at the bottom line in Brown is the millions of years before now and you can see at the very left, the 22 million years ago when they arrived in South America, that's when we start looking. And whenever there's a dot, there's two lines that go to the right and those are tracing species. So here's 189, 184 species are all shown on this chart. Now the topaz is one of the early ones to do it, followed by a lot more that are hermits that are in red. Then this man goes and you see a few black dots in there and then on up the line and we're going to show you pictures eventually most of these different clades as they call them. He invited the word and it's a very good way of grouping it. They aren't species, they're just groups of things. And notice the red ones that have the brilliant stand, the Andean clade as he would call it. See how many birds are in there? That's because of the rise of the mountains and other things. And you thought we'd never show a picture of a hummingbird. Well, we certainly like to. And here are three of the different clades. The green hermit in the upper left here, you can see the bill and you can see the kind of flower it works on. It's developed a curved bill and the flower has developed the same kind of curving so that it can go down deep into the heart of the flower and get as a big nectar area. The bottom one here, the ruby taupe has, some people consider it's the most beautiful birds, bird there is in the hummingbird family. That's up to debate, but nonetheless, it is pretty. And back when they, in the end of the 19th century, when people were putting white plumes from the grass in their hair and on their hats, they also had little stuffed ruby tropasses that they used as sort of a little button or a little handful of things that they put clipped on the front of their vest or their chair. And that was not a good idea, but they didn't, the ruby tropes survived all of that. The blossom crown was a bird that we had in the Santa Marta areas, and you see it's got still a different kind of a bird and you see how they're feeding on the thing. So whether they're curved bills, straight bills, short or long, they all dig in and get at the height of the flowers. Now, an interesting feature of hummingbirds was discovered. Tetrapod dinosaurs from whom birds descended do not have sweet receptors. Thus, all avian DNA does not contain a gene that codes for a functioning sweet receptor. Most vertebrates though, perceive both sweet and savory tastes and they have a family of receptor genes called T1Rs. The savory flavors are detected by the T1R1 to R3, the sweet by the T1R2 to the T1R3. In 2014 to long go, Maude Baldwin, while a grad student at Harvard analyzed the genomes of 10 species of birds and found they had no T1R2 gene, no sweet receptor. But she did a second experiment and this time she looked at a chicken, a hummingbird and a swift. And indeed she found that there were, hummingbirds did have this receptor for sweets. Their savory receptors responded to sugar. 19 amino acids had been substituted in their T1R3 receptor. They had evolved the capacity to recognize carbohydrates. Today, hummingbirds consume nectar several times in body weight each day. Now, something that happens as a sort of interaction between the bird and the plant is pollination because as the hummingbird goes for the nectar and the nectar is here at the base of the pistol and down low in the plant. So it has to have this long bill or long tongue and long tongue that's going to reach down beneath the reproductive parts of the flower and get to the nectar where it usually is in most flowers. And, but in the meantime, it will brush off and against the stamen. And then the tip of the stamen in the anther is where the pollination opportunity occurs because the pollen sits here on the anther. So hummingbirds often have as they move their bill down into the base of the flower there, they will also get pollen grains along their bill and carry that from plant to plant flower to flower. So they're pollinating while they're gathering nectar. The plants get a benefit, the hummingbird gets a benefit. And they love, they have very good perception for red and they are very often seen feeding on hummingbirds on red flowers. But interestingly enough, just a little add in here, there are some butterflies that also help pollinate when they're gathering nectar. And there is a flame azalea down in the Appalachian mountains in the central part of our country where these long anther, see where the pollen is out here at the tip of the anther because these large butterflies are getting into the flower, they're passing by these long pistols and stamens and they are actually collecting pollen on the wings. And they're just the right size to be able to capture some of the pollen at the same time as they seek the nectar through their tongue. And here's another fritillary that it has that same capability. But another piece of research that's been done in 2015 was done by Alejandro Rico-Gruvera and Margaret Rebecca. They were at the University of Connecticut and they were examining how a hummingbird's tongue actually operates. And they discovered that it is not a capillary tube. Think of sucking things up through a straw. That's not the way it happens, but it's a fluid trap. And the tongue protrudes out towards the nectar. And as it does, the tongue opens up and there are these grooves on the edge of the open tongue that actually trap the nectar in them. The tongue is then withdrawn. You can see the tubes here. The tongue is then withdrawn. You can see it going into the nectar. Here it opens up and these trapping of the nectar, they pull it back in through the bill. And as they do, the bill squeezes out the nectar and then the tongue flips back out and goes back to get more. So it's a fascinating process where it is not capillary action. And a very fast process. And they can do as many as 18 times in a second. Now, how much nectar do they get? These wings flap up to 90 times per second and their hot rates may exceed 1200. My video is gone. Here we go. Okay, and the drinking hummingbird can lick its tongue into a foul up to 18 times a second. As I said, they consume their own body weight. A three gram hummingbird drinks has been known to drink 43 grams of sugar water in a day. And they consume half their body weight in bugs and nectar feeding often every 10, 15 minutes, visiting maybe one to 2000 flowers a day. Why don't they get diabetes? It just is extraordinary. Much of the sugar though that they quickly absorb, they actually don't absorb it. It goes directly to the muscles to fuel that constant buzz of the wings and that rapid heartbeat. And the other sugars though wind up in the liver where they're supercharged enzymes that process them into fat. And that is very important for those hummingbirds that migrate. And Bob will tell you more about that later. And as soon as they take off they start burning those fat stores that they have. And the ruby-throated hummingbird has a 600 mile flight over the Caribbean. And it really must store an enormous amount of fat to be able to do that. Now, as I said, they also include insects in their diet and watch in the upper right here in this video. The bill comes down in the lower bill drops at an angle. And you can see it here in the pictures down below the bill is straight and then it suddenly bends here. And this obviously must allow them to have greater area in which they can entrap insects. Another feature that hummingbirds have is iridescence. This is not a pigment issue. These are structural colors. It means they're reflected by microscopic structural features of the feather surface. Structural coloration is iridescence and it varies because of the change of light incidents. The gorget, often this throat area here is due to, the iridescence there is due to large stacks of melasomes in the feather bobules. They're arranged in layers separated by keratin. And it depends, the color that you see depends both on that Venetian blind effect of the arrangement of the bobbycules and the V-shaped angular arrangement on the opposite sides of the bob of these bobbycules. Watch this video and you'll see on the left the different hummingbird species that will be illustrated. This is how ruby-throated hummingbird. And notice as it turns and is able to capture the light, it turns from red and then going out of the light. Here's the second, this is a violet ground wood nymph. I'm sorry, green ground brown, brilliant. Notice the color on the brow. This is the female. Now, here's the ground wood nymph, just exotic bird. Look at the shade of blue and green. And this is the male green crown, brilliant. Now, look at how that blue sudden patch suddenly opens up and look at what happens but the female sees is this fiery-throated hummingbird. Wouldn't you be excited to see that? It is just absolutely amazing. You can see the habitat that it's in. And the last one is the telemenca. It's been recently split from the... Sorry. The next issue, let's see if we can... The next issue we wanna look at is courtship. You may have seen the Ruby-throated hummingbird in your yard doing his courtship. He'll start and he'll dive down, going 40, 50 miles an hour. He is the tail emits noise and he gets down here to the lower portion where the female is sitting. And at that point, she gets at an angle where that color of his throat, that iridescence appears and he's reaching his maximal speed, then he goes up and he'll come down again. And she is positioned so that she gets to see that fantastic throat there at that moment. It's really quite dramatic. Now, torpa is a hibernation state that allows these hummingbirds to conserve energy by slowing down their metabolism, heartbeat and respiration rate at night when the temperatures drop. When it's cold, they can reduce their metabolic rate as much as 95%. Some hummingbirds have been able to adjust to living high in the Andes with this capability. The Andean hill star is one of those species, consumes up to 50 times less energy by reducing its core temperature to a level barely able to support life at night. Here are some pictures of hummingbirds sleeping or in torpa. I've never seen it. I really would love to see this someday. Isn't that amazing? Now we're gonna start down our personal memory lane with these 10 species. And as Bob said, the formation of the Andes occurred when the continental crust and the ocean crust met and pushed up the mountains. You can see by this particularly the right hand piece that the Andes are amazingly distributed in South America. Up here in Columbia, you have a three pronged branching. Three ranges actually of mountains. Three ranges of the Andes in Columbia. Now the giant hummingbird, you would not remember it better, but it's a clade by itself. It's the only way to handle this spirit. It's huge. See it's eight inches long and weighs 7.7 grams. That's less than most sparrows, but it's still huge for a thing. It's called a, it's clade is Patagonia. And it's found not alone in Patagonia, the southernmost part of Mexico, the southernmost part of South America, but it also is found up in the high areas, the paramount and the mountain areas of the most several of the Andes ranges. I have this bird, so it is fairly widespread. It has another thing. Notice it's sitting. We said birds always feed by hovering, but this bird flies at much slower flaps at much slower rates. And it loves to sit down and eat this way, almost like a regular kind of a bird by doing it. So it's, it's an interesting bird to see and the one that is here, this is another one. Now here is, can you hear this video? I'll talk over it a little bit. The very small, the smallest hummingbird. Times a second, they can be three weeks and past since the hummingbird eggs were laid and she's now feeding them this nectar, just the lichen on the edge of the nest. Notice that the females and the young birds are very bland colored. It's only the bright colors are usually in the male. That's according to outfit. He gets dressed up, but the female does most of the work. She builds the nest, feeds the young, kind of everything. He's going off to find another day. Now the next species we'd like to talk about is one that is up in that paramount way up high. We were at 12,000 feet. Isn't that glorious habitat? And in this habitat is this espaligia, a plant that is favored by this particular hummingbird. There's a national park up there. And here is this wonderful, Buffy helmet crest hummingbird. It's a species you can see that has a gorget here that is not visible over here just because of the angle of the light. But the female may eat as many 2000 insects a day and it will range up to 17,000 feet. This was a very exciting day that we found this bird. Another bird that we loved was the streametail. The streametail is a bird from Jamaica. And as you can see, if you go into Montego Bay, into Rocklands, you may find this particular hummingbird perching on your finger and feeding from a little bottle of sugar water. It is the most exciting experience. Robert Sutton was the famous on the fall just there on the island. And he showed us great many of these birds and actually helped David Attenborough film them for their meeting. Here we have crowned woodnips at the Eldorage Lodge in Santa Marta. We're there, this is a mountainous mass on the northern edge of Columbia. And late in the day, they were in feeding to get enough energy to spend the night. You can see how dark it was in that last picture. And that's because it was almost dark. But the reason that these birds can show all this iridescence is if you have a light behind us, like a spotlight or an overhead light and you, the camera and then the bird and if they're completely in line, that allows the iridescence to show. And that's what's happening in this picture in front of you. We, next day we, during siesta, we left the door open and one came in and it was in front of our big window when we were so fortunate to be able to have this close up view of this crowned woodnip. You want to see Dana catching the thing. We had a big house and it took a little while for her to grab it and catch it, but it was fun. We visited San Francisco, a town not far from Bogota. And I've never seen a woman who really had managed to turn her a yard into a hummingbird sanctuary. This was extraordinary. I think we had 10 species of hummingbird sea between her red flowers and her multifarious hummingbird feeders. It was quite exciting. So try and visit San Francisco if you go to Columbia. Okay, the sword bill hummingbird now is has the longest bill. We're doing some of the extremes in there. And you can tell the bill is 10 centimeters long. If you take your second figure from the knuckle to the end of it, that's 10 centimeters. And that's the length of a bill. They're huge to see it. And one of the things that makes it interesting is they can do very well. They certainly can get into very long tube-like flowers and they have little trouble down here with the typical bird feeder, but they can do pretty well. But one of the things that they use as an example is they evolved at 10.1 million years ago. And these three flowers or plants that have high nectar producing things evolved at exactly the same time. And if continue to co-evolution, both are helped by working together to produce more flowers and more nectar for birds. The booted racquetail, another favorite one of mine is called booted racquetail because they claim that this area here with these puffy white feathers are boots. And that's the source of that word. And the racquetail, just an absolutely exquisite humming bird. I'll never forget how lucky I was to see it when we were at Machu Picchu, just a very spectacular humming bird and loves these tubular flowers. Now, another bird seems to be another video going at the same, here we are in Peru. Here we are with this. And these are marvelous spatula tails in Peru. I don't know how to get rid of this. And Steve Fleming on for this episode about one of my favorite topics. Notice the four-tail feathers of this marvelous spatula tail. Now, here we have the... Oh, sorry, Bob. If you can hear me over the background noise, the Rufus Hummingbird is a North American bird in fact, it has the longest migration route in this Northwestern United States up through coastal Canada and even up to Alaska. And it migrates down to the Central America area near Mexico City and to the south. It flies about 25 miles per hour, which is typical for hummingbirds. It's generated by your internal process. I can't do it. I think it's this too degenerative adversarial. Okay. This hummingbird comes up along the coast of the Pacific coast and goes all the way up, as I said, to Alaska. And it comes back down through Colorado and the more Indian group. Some recent people have been seeing the timing there coming up because they seem to be late. The flowers are blooming that they need for nectar and they haven't even arrived yet. So the Rufus Hummingbird is going to have to adjust the stage because the climate change has sort of altered the timing of the flowers and the birds have got to adjust. Rufus Hummingbird is our hummingbird. It breeds in the east and two thirds of the United States. So we all know it. So I'll take a little couple of minutes and talk about it. It weighs three grams, which is a typical hummingbird weight. And it's a south of the Gulf of Mexico, the most part. Now, how it migrates has been debated by people. Somehow the light, they see a change in light or maybe they see a change in their food. So when the food starts drying up, maybe they know it's time to leave. But either way, it's affected basically by light. The males feel leave first and they go all by themselves, south or north, depending on which way they're going. The females, 12 of them a day later follow along in the same area. Five days after that, they all fly by. A average 23 hours per day, which seems rather odd, but what they do in a day is that they're migrating. They'll have a big meal at the early on. They'll fly for a few hours and then they'll stop and for the night. We use these references here. All of this, I'd be happy to share with any of you. And we certainly wanna conclude by saying, we hope you've enjoyed our tour of all these wonderful beaches of hummingbirds and this friendly tour of 10 special birds we've enjoyed. We wanna give special thanks to David for inviting us to the York County Audubon for hosting us and to all of you for watching. My email is there and over here if you have any feedback, please feel free to contact me at Dana.box1939 at gmail.com. We'd love any of your comments. Thank you so much, Dana and Bob. That was one wonderful pictures there and so much information. I'd like to start by mentioning that the program, Dana, if you could stop the screen share. What I was going to say is that the program has been recorded. My apologies for missing. Thank you, likewise. So we're gonna get into some great. Okay, I'm gonna. The program has been recorded and will be available on our website. What's that Dana? Sorry, I've been having more trouble with that. Now we're fine. Okay, good. Great. There was a ton of information in there. So if you'd like to look at the program again, it will be available on our website. We do have some questions that I'd like to jump to. First about the bee hummingbird. Is that only in Cuba? It is an endemic to Cuba. And it's interesting. We were there in 2000 and we were watching Paul Basich give a talk about it. And he was there just earlier this year, last year. And they now are actually feeding from feeders. There are people who have set up areas where you can go and watch it. It's amazing what they've done so that you can see that bee hummingbird which didn't exist when we were there, what? Well, 14 years ago, yeah. Yes, and the hummingbird, the bee had originally come north where the Panama area being land, they could move north. So they came up to our area and then went over to Cuba. So they made several trips. Most of the, in fact, all of the hummingbirds that are on the islands probably moved from the Northwest onto the Caribbean islands. None of them evolved there. They sort of worked it that way. And the bee hummingbird is a perfect example. We have several questions about how to best invite and hummingbirds to one's yard. I think that first you should make it as natural as possible. Many of the red flowering plants, beebomb, there are a whole series of plants that some salvia, some agnostic that people can plant to attract them to have as a natural food and also feeders. We try and make sure that our feeder is bear proof, i.e. get it up for those of you that have to worry about bears, get them up high, raise them up there artificially if you need to to get that clearance. But the summertime is just a delight to be able to have them come into your own feeders. Natural food and feed and your feed is there. If you have the feeders up early as the birds are coming in, they may decide they're going to nest nearby, which is perfect. That's what we have up in New Hampshire. And we work it that way. Long about the end of June, the hummingbirds have arrived, the males are there, and they're even doing the courting action that loop the data showed on the thing. You can actually hear sort of a boom or wow, a noise as the bird comes down trying to entice the females to partner with them. And that goes on. All you have to do is have the feeders out before the hummingbirds get here and you have a good chance of getting some. Yep. And some basics for if someone's new to feeding hummingbirds. The feeders themselves are red, but the liquid does not need to be, nor should it be colored. I do not use any coloring. I make my own bright straight from sugar water. I use a cup of water to a quarter cup of sugar so you don't need colored liquid. There are also some extraordinarily wonderful hummingbird feeders. I first saw them in Arizona with is a suction cup and you can put it right on your window and they come right up to the window. That is really deep. It's like having a test tube that can stick on the window and have a little hole at the open end of the thing and the birds come up if they got a place to stand or if they can't, they'll just hover in front of that thing and feed off the thing. And that's foolproof, very easy to do. Now you worry about red. The hummingbirds have a filter in their eye that we do not have and they can see more colors than we can see and red is a very attractive color to them. And so because their eyes are picking it up better than ours, they are drawn to red. That's why the feeders are often colored red. And sometimes when you're sitting there watching them with a red shirt on as data and I are right now, they would come over and just hover right around us because they're drawn to red. So red is important. I had a Moomoo on with big red flowers on it one day and stepped out onto our deck and the hummingbirds were coming up to me to the red flowers on the Moomoo. But an important thing with a hummingbird is to be sure to wash them, clean them thoroughly at least once a week, particularly in the warm weather. Yes. And what comments do you have on having more than one feeder to allow for competing hummingbirds and how should they position, be positioned, how close to one another? I will have two feeders on maybe 30 feet apart in my cabin. And then I may have two of these tubular feeders, just on windows or on a stake, even in between. And I'll have many wildflowers or many flowers that are attractive to them. And in fact, I'm just ordered some bulbs from called Crocosmere, I think they're called beautiful red flowers that are very attractive for them. There is a bulb that you plant. And now I might add this feature. If the male hummingbird gets a feeder that way, it becomes his territory like that. And so he will shoo away birds, especially hummingbirds that are not related to him particularly and he'll sit on a branch, maybe 20 feet from the feeder. And as soon as a rogue hummingbird comes in, he'll chase it away. So two feeders sometimes will allow more activity to go on. And that's the way we find, they don't work the two feeders together, they work them separately and sometimes birds will go to one or another and they learn to use their feeder as their primary source of nectar. In the Southwest in Arizona, people may have 15 or 20 feeders up along the back of their house, particularly in some of these places that feature a hummingbird and encourage people to come and see their hummingbirds. So more the merrier. And in addition to your comment about keeping them beyond the reach of bears, are there any other comments you'd make about what height or location in a yard or proximity to your house or deck? Any recommendations at all? I think that another thing that you will find, we find two other species of birds are going to the hummingbird feeders. One, Baltimore Orioles will come in, particularly in the early portion in May, June, because they don't have enough natural food that they've found yet. And then all some along my downy hummingbird has turned into, I mean, my downy woodpecker has turned into a hummingbird. He's been drinking the nectar water. I do not know what is happening to hummingbirds in my yard, but and to woodpeckers, downy woodpeckers and hummingbirds both going to the same fear. I think that you wanna have them up off the ground enough so that they're not attractive to anything that may want to feed on them. By putting them on the end of the house as we do up there, we don't have the problem of animals, particularly coming up like a chipmunk or a squirrel or something of that sort. They will wash the birds going in, but they have no desire. We only have one kind of an animal and it works at night and he's very small and he comes out and drinks it. Do you know what it is? A flying squirrel? Flying squirrels are the only things we're seeing that really go after them. And of course, they can do it. They can jump and land right near the feeder and we convince it'll be full at sunset and the morning it'll be almost dry. And that's the only thing that can have done it. Also, there are little cups that you hang. I hang from the hook and then the feeder from the cup because that keeps ants out of you. They're attracted and late in the summer, we find the yellow jackets are coming into the feeders and there are some bee guards that they have that are in certain types of feeder. I was looking, there's a certain type of feeder that supposedly the bees can't reach down in with their proboscis as well as a honey bird can with its tongue. What do you use to clean, wash and clean the feeders? Is just dish soap acceptable? I think the answer is yes. As long as it's, you rinse them thoroughly. Right, and I have a little scrub brush that I use because mildew will set up if you don't keep watch on that and you wanna scrub off that mildew. Do you know what the normal arrival date is for hummingbirds in your county or what would you estimate? I know probably that the first week of May you're probably gonna start seeing them there for sure. And by mid-May, they ought to be in and we have them as migrants here in our yard in North Andover. We don't have enough woods. They really like more woods there and up at the cabin we're right in the woods on the edge of a lake. So we have them there but they're only passing through here in North Andover. One thing, if you keep the feeders open in the late fall you'll see the males leave, then the females and then the young and you say, well, that's the end of it. But if you leave your feeders up for a time, occasionally a migrant from the West will come in and be around and that's an amazing story to see. For example, a roof of hummingbird coming into your feeder in late October and so forth when all the ruby throats are down across in the Gulf. And that's good. If you were living down in the Southeast of the United States the again, the roof of hummingbird by going in the wrong direction occasionally as some of them will have gone down there and found feeders have learned to go back to those feeders and they come back every year to their feeders same birds come there. So they fly really from Northern Florida to Southern Alaska each time rather than going to South America. So I don't guarantee that you could do it but if you leave it out it might happen and it's certainly a thrill when you have one of these rare hummingbirds turning up at your feeder. Our ruby throats who visit us here where specifically do they migrate to in the winter? If they go down, we're right on the coast and remember they range all the way out to the Rocky Mountains. So I go down the coast and go into Florida and some will cross island hopping and so forth so that they can get across the area and others that from farther west will go to the Gulf and then go around the west side of the Gulf because they all want to end up on the southwest side of the Gulf of Mexico and they reverse the direction when they're coming up in the spring. It's a they've already well up into the lower Southern States now and because they move slowly but they'll get here and that's another sign that they're coming as they warm days will bring them along. Do you have, you mentioned before Dana that you might like to share an email if people have questions for you? Right and also if you have any comments about the presentation, we'd love to have them. We always are trying to improve it and trying in this one, we took an unusual, you know, Ben trying to talk about the recent research and then some of those species, it was interesting. We always have these great debates and discussions about how we're gonna make a presentation. So we're happy to have comments from people who've seen it and see what they like or don't like. We've probably done a two or three times with that half a dozen more showings probably coming along with other groups and so forth. So you could help us improve it and what should we do more? What should we do less? Is it too technical? You know, those sort of questions but I think the recent technology has so moved ahead of people's general knowledge about it. We thought that was the most important thing to emphasize and you can see what's happened in the last 20 years. 20 years ago, we would not have given this talk at all. We would have talked about the hummingbirds and showed pictures of the ones in South America and a few in North America but never all this detail that you're seeing tonight. I just saw on the chat a question. The email is Dana, d-a-n-a dot fox f-o-x, 1939, a good vintage year, at gmail.com. So Dana dot fox, 1939 at gmail.com. Thank you Dana. And the recording will be available within a couple of days, should be up on our website. Dana and Bob, thank you so much for joining us tonight. Wonderful to share some of your adventures and see some of the research highlights that you've shared with us. Thank you Bill ever so much and thank you to all of you listening tonight. It was great fun. Good night everyone. Good night.