 Good morning everybody. And welcome to day three of Genetic Genealogy Ireland 2015. So it's nice to see so many people getting up so early in the morning to come and listen to Jarrod Corcoran. Jarrod is the Irish representative for the International Society of Genetic Genealogy. He works very, very hard to promote genetic genealogy within Ireland, especially behind the scenes, lobbying government officials and a variety of local government personnel to actually promote genetic genealogy Ireland, especially within an Irish context. So it gives me great pleasure to introduce Jarrod and just make sure that the recording is on. That's fine. And he's going to give us an update on the state of genetic genealogy in Ireland today. Ladies and gentlemen, please give a warm welcome to Jarrod Corcoran. Thank you, Morris. And as this is an update, it's not a full lecture, so it'll be about 20 minutes. I'll go through it fairly quickly. The objective is to tell you what we're doing here, what we want to do, and what we're planning to do for next year. And one of our key focus areas is on Irish surnames. We have a poster out there on the wall, which you may want to look at. It's taken from the 1891 census. It's produced by ESRI, which is the leading mapping company. And this is a award-winning map where we map pretty much all of the births in Ireland in 1891, according to county and locality and so on and so forth. And we're working with ESRI to produce more analytical type maps on SNP analysis and so on and so forth. We've done quite a few drafts. They're not really ready for publication yet, so hopefully by next year's GGI 2016 we'll have something to show. This is the genealogy of Irish surnames. We do geographic analysis, SNP analysis, surname clouds, phylogenetic mapping, mapping surnames to the phylogenetic tree, mapping to the clans of Ireland, to the ancient clans, to the surnames and map. We also work with Alex Williamson on his big tree for next generation sequencing and mapping surnames onto that, doing surname mapping and surname origins. There's another poster which is outside, and this is all about Irish migrations. And on our interest board we have about over 8,000 topics now. Pretty much all of the academic papers which come out, we post them up there. Anything which is relevant to migrations into Ireland or out of Ireland, we post the major conclusions of them with a little bit of analysis. So it's going the ancient migrations into Ireland, out of Ireland, ancient DNA, which is accelerating. We heard from Dan Bradley that we will probably have 20 samples available in the next couple of years that they're sequencing from all of the major eras, from Neolithic, Bronze, Iron Age, Early Christian era. We look at the Bronze Age, which is a critical era. It was the Golden Age in Ireland when there was a lot of golden artifacts were actually found. But it was also a period of expansion. The Iron Age, Celtic migrations, Early Christian, and the migration or the wanderings of the Irish monastic movement out of Ireland all over Europe. Vikings, when the Vikings came in, the Norman migrations and the later Anglo-Saxon migrations. And again you can see all of this on the poster outside, and the Pinterest boards are updated on a daily basis. This year was a particularly rich year in terms of findings and understanding of Indo-European migrations. We had landmark studies from Brandt Eald, which showed the expansion of the microchondrial DNA H in particular during the middle-late Neolithic. We had the landmark papers from Reich Eald, which identified the steppe migrations from the east into Europe. So we had gone from having two major understanding of two major migrations, the Mesolithic and the Neolithic. And then we found the third one, which was the Bronze Age, Steppe's migration. There's been a lot of debate about the Anatolian or the steppe hypothesis. In fact, there's a major conference going on in Germany this week in Iana, and most of the leaders from genetics like Hack, Reich, Allentoft, Brandt will be there, leading archaeologists will be there, the leading linguists will be there, John Koch will be there, Lord Renfew. So hopefully this week there should be a lot of good debate about resolving between the Anatolian or the steppe hypothesis. And then, of course, the major study this year was the Allentoft study, which identified the Yamuna genetic signature, which was R1B. And of course we know that R1B is the absolute dominant signature which is found in Ireland. And we have done the major helper group in Ireland is L21, that's a branch. There are three main branches under P312, L21, U152 and DF27. And so we've done extensive analytics on the frequencies of these, the expansion, try to estimate, to match them to the archaeological finds and the linguistic evidence available. So all of this again is on the Pinterest site. And one of the things we'd like to do is we have, I'm taking this book here, which is the largest source, I suppose, of ancient genealogies in Ireland. It's a great book of genetic genealogy, which was produced in the 16th century by Macphurbish. And I've donated or lent my copy of it to the Genealogy Society of Ireland, who is just behind us here. And our plan is to get it digitized, indexed and put online, and then gradually to start mapping these ancient genealogies to the phylogenetic tree. As we saw from some of the previous presentations, the phylogenetic tree has expanded dramatically in the last year. We sometimes call it the snipped tsunami. And so we have a lot more data, which is available, to allow this mapping between the phylogenetic tree and the ancient genealogies. Of course, we will find that many of them won't match. Of course, you won't. Many of the genealogies were fabricated. But we will find that some of them do. And the process will be trying to determine which ones are good and which are bad. We have collected... Barciasco did a lot of work on ancient genealogies, or the chiefly pedigrees. And these are available. And again, we will look at indexing these and mapping them to the phylogenetic tree. This is an example of the latest phylogenetic tree for L21. It's very detailed. If you imagine, a couple of years ago, you would have had perhaps five major SNPs below the main L21. So now it's expanding every day. So we are getting a lot more detail. It's coming into the historic period for the SNPs which are named. And this should allow us to match them to known personages who are around in the historic period. And some of those which have already been identified are, for example, Eli O'Carroll, which is a SNP under the F21, the monster as we saw from Elizabeth and Finbar. Yesterday is C4466 and also the Dalcash L226, the Kennel Connell DF-25, Gallaudas, Gaelic, the Conneta M222, the Royal Stewart Line, which is under the F41, and the Dalrydyn Scotland. I would imagine we would make a lot more progress this year and we should have 20 or 30 more, I would expect by this time next year. One of the other projects I've been working on for this year is Epic Ireland. Two years ago we made a major submission to the Irish government to recommend that they develop a diaspora centre. There were several candidates around Ireland, one in the Darklands, another in Daliri, in Tullamore, in Cork, in Galway, etc. Eventually the government backed out of the project. However, all is not lost. A major entrepreneur stepped forward. This was Neville Istfeld, he is the ex-Chairman of Coca-Cola. He bought a landmark building in Dublin, which is called the CHQ building. It's one of the largest Georgian buildings in Dublin. It's an absolutely beautiful building. It was the location where the largest banquet was ever held in Ireland. It was for the returning Crimean soldiers. The project is to build a digital diaspora centre there. There will be no traditional artefacts, there will be only digital artefacts. There will be high tech. For the speakers we have organised to visit to this tomorrow, Epic Ireland won't be ready, but we will get a preview from it from the guy who is building it, Michael Coulomane. The final thing, we see that sequencing genetics is becoming commoditised, it's becoming cheaper, the cost is coming down. The bottleneck now is in the data and in the big data analytics. So I've spent a lot of time with IBM Watson to experiment. The results so far have not been great. We still have a lot more work to do. I've also engaged with the Insight Centre for Data Analytics, which is a group funded by the Irish government. They have about 80 million in funding and about 200 PhDs, and they're focused entirely on big data analytics. So I see that we have the 20 minutes are up, and that's a quick update, and I'll be happy to take a couple of questions. Thanks very much, Gerry. It is absolutely fantastic to have you as our representative, because you work so hard to get a lot of the... Well, to move us into the future, really. I'm really enthusiastic about visiting the Epic Ireland Centre tomorrow on a fabulous day out, because I think that could very well be a future venue for an even larger genetic genealogy in the conference. So that will be something that we will hopefully explore with the management of the Epic Ireland Centre. Do you have any particular thoughts on that yourself? Yeah, well, we did propose to do on-the-spot testing, and we're thinking of using Oxford Nanopore when it becomes ready for market, so that someone could come in, do a test, and by the time they finish the visit, they would have their results. We are not there yet. We are not there yet. However, that's the idea. Gerry, because all this stuff in the background, we only hear about it at these conferences. So I'm a Halloran, and M222 got a lot of snips down the line at the track, and then when looking at a lot of the surnames that are connected with that back in time, like the Y12, Y25, it all looks uproar. So I'm kind of curious as to how M222 got characterised as well. It appears that the history of the Elrads came down at least from Donagall, and essentially the names. From whom? It came from counting Donagall down to the Galway area, so they migrated into the Canock area, but why is the M22 characterised as Canock? Yeah, I'm not expert on that. However, from what I've seen so far, it would appear that it came from the Canock area, or the Canock, and expanded further north from there. The National Geographic did a sampling of mail. They tested 100 people, and they found the absolute highest frequency of M222 was in mail. So that's more on the Canock side. I think there's a lot of work to be done. It's kind of dangerous to be assigning clans or tribes to snips at the moment. However, we are doing the initial work on that. I think this is all very, very exciting. I think we forget genetic genealogy is such a fast-moving field that when you talk about having your DNA tested as you come into the building and get the results as you go out of the building, that is a realistic... That will come. It will probably take a few more years, but someone has to do the work to make it happen, right? So we will try to... So for Epic Island, it will start with traditional genealogy when it opens in May of next year, but we are talking about introducing genetic genealogy. And that's where people like the main Irish Heritage Centre who have provided a template for cooperation between heritage centres, traditional genealogy and genetic genealogy. That's the sort of place where you could say, here's the template. We will educate you on how to set up your own particular project in your own particular area. So it's really exciting. We're going to have a really exciting couple of years ahead of us in genetic genealogy. Just a question about Epic Island. Is that going to be run as a commercial? Yes, it is commercial. They have invested a lot of money. They bought the building for 10 million, they're investing with my director 10 million into it. Once they... After the crash, the property crash, it was 11 days, so they opened up, previously invested 50 million in it and we sold for 10, right? So they... They did the barricade with it and they're investing in it. It should be a good... One of the most effusive things is the deliberation of names among the... They're very complicated. The design and so on. They've been mindful. So, I started training some of them to correlate them, I believe. Is that true? There are several... The academic community uses the S notation, as you know. The ISOC... I think I'm referring up to date, three. There are several options available. And the... The Muzo team in the end-up state produced an additive for the forensic genealogy community and they are mindful who have produced their... Yes, the location is confusing. It's... It's not perfect at all but there are a lot of people working hard at that time. I know that Alex is no longer doing it myself. We'll have a much better idea of the situation in November when we attend the family treaty in a conference in Houston but not only is there a confusion of snips, there's a confusion of sniff names as well, with a variety of different people naming snips and no particular international standard available currently. So, yeah, the situation is confusing. The best organization to do it is ISOC. It's not a commercial organization. I worked in the telecommunications industry and if we hit that naming standard, we're going to be able to connect with them. We absolutely need these names. So, I'm going to have to cut it there because we have Linda Kern speaking to us now on DNA for Beginners. So, I'm going to announce that and then try to get people in here. But please, can you show your appreciation for Gerard Corker and Alex?