 Down the long path of history, trampling across centuries and continents, and the graves of kings and the necks of dictators, seeking always a way of life where the people have their freedom, believing, praying, fighting, dying. We came this way. The NBC University of the Air, a public service feature of the national broadcasting company and its affiliated stations, presents We Came This Way, a new historical series for our listeners at home and overseas. With Clinton Utley as narrator, we present Chapter 6, the story of Giuseppe Garibaldi, the hero of two worlds in We Came This Way. There's a flame that has been burning a thousand years, or maybe a thousand thousand, and no one has ever been able to put it out. Kings and emperors and tyrants and despots and demagogues and dictators have tried to extinguish it. It burns more fiercely today than ever before. It burned in the souls of the men who went to Spain to fight on the side of the loyalists in 1936. It burned in the men who joined the Chinese when they stood alone against the Japanese. It burned in Benito Juarez, in Costusco, in Lafayette, in George Washington, in Abraham Lincoln, in the souls of millions who, except the gods, shall be forever nameless. And it burned in the soul of Giuseppe Garibaldi. He is an outlaw and a coutron. He's a pirate who knows who'll follow him by the dregs of the human race. He's an early tongue politician, if that's what you mean, but Garibaldi is no blacker. That's the way they were talking about Garibaldi in the diplomatic circles of Europe in 1860. They raised a rabble of a thousand bandits and they stayed out of Genoa to intervene in the Sicilies, is that enough? And under whose authority? He is an anarchist. The people of the Sicilies, as the island of Sicily and the lower part of Italy were called in those days, had risen against their bourbon rulers. In 1860, Italy was a house divided against itself. Some parts were ruled by Austria, some with a pope, and some by local princes. For half a century, the people of the Sicilies had suffered oppression under the bourbons. They had been deprived not only of their civil rights, but also of their human rights. Why was not Garibaldi stopped? He sailed with his ships out of Genoa inside of everyone. Everyone knows he's a desperado. The Sicilians have every right to help. I say he should be stopped. But the rule of the bourbons in the Sicilies is degenerate. Why, what right does he dare intervene? Fortunately, there's a regular force of more than 20,000 troops on the island of Sicily to face him, and many more on the mainland. Ah, he has been a notorious rebel all his life. Rebel. Mark that word. And Mark Husevich, a Prussian minister representing one of the most autocratic royal courts of Europe. In Garibaldi, he saw danger. In Garibaldi, he recognized that eternal something which since the beginning of history has inspired men to rise against oppression. If dreaming of freedom is being a rebel, then Garibaldi was a rebel. Italy can be a rebel. He said that when he was 27 years old. He was a sea captain, a shore at Tagongrov, Russia, on the Black Sea. If we can row with the spirit of young Italy, then unity and liberty are ours. Over coffee cups in the Padre Cafe in Tagongrov, he and a young Genoese named Cunio planned their part in the coming maternity uprising in Italy. Garibaldi, understanding the scene, would undertake to win over the male content in the plate of Genoa. Mr. Serti, you'll work with me, Cunio. The soldiers are following me. What fortune did you have? None. Did I look back? Do they know why you are here? They suspect. Were the men of the fleet to join us? No. They feel like we do, but they will not cry. The soldiers like gaming on us do not hurt. And the next corner, you will come to the dead. I will come to the right. Agreed? Agreed. Genoa was alert with soldiering. Martini's invasion has failed. Garibaldi cruelly walked through the street to the home of a fruit seller. His cousin's woman made his way out of Genoa beneath, from there to Marseille. And there, for the first time, he saw his name in the newspaper. Deceptic Garibaldi, who was implicated as one of the leaders of the abortiva uprising, has been outlawed from Italy and condemned to be shot. The warrant was signed by Charles Alder, king of Cadenia. Garibaldi shipped out of Marseille as a seamen under the name of Deceptic Panne. For two years, he dodged from port to port, clearly alluding the agents of Charles Alder. In 1836, he sailed to South America to Rio de Janeiro in Brazil. Why are you Italian to change? We are prisoners of the Portuguese. Why? I'm not talking from the God. Send back there! Send back! Garibaldi watched his countrymen being brought ashore under heavy guards from the Portuguese vessel. The province of Rio Grande de Lisboa was in rebellion against the Portuguese rule of Brazil and the flame within Garibaldi blazed. In the new world, men were fighting oppression the same as in the old. And those who fought it were in chains. Or, like him, were fugitives on pain of death. The Italian refugees who were not in chains and the sympathizers with the new republic of Rio Grande de Lisboa provided him with a fishing vessel. We would fit it out as a private ear. We would arm it with all possible guns and we would name it Maxime. Garibaldi with a handful of men with his non-descript vessels sailed down the coast. Hail, home! Hail, home! That is the coasting vessel. Overholly! Aye, sir. Make all clear! The carrier to Cargill of Posse had never supplied it. Garibaldi captured it without difficulty. We will take this vessel in place of ours. Transfer all arms and supplies from the Maxime to the Louisa. Aye, sir. Make plans to the Louisa. And plan for home! They sunk from the finish. And with the flight of the new republic of Grande de Lisboa flying from the Maxime to the Louisa they sailed to the River Plata. Their enemy, the Empire of Brazil. Hail, captain Garibaldi. Two launches off the port bow. Garibaldi raised his long blast. They are flying no flag. Finger length. Aye, sir. Give them the signal of the republic of Rio Grande de Lisboa. Aye, sir. They're not replying, captain Garibaldi. Break the arms out of the chest and stand by for it. Aye, sir. The two policy launches gored down on the Louisa. They're full size and ornament now visible. Whether there had been free men on each boat suddenly they were 30. All heavily armed. The two precision boats gored down the long sides and let go of fissile out against the Louisa. Get a boat. Garibaldi, Leon, punches on the deck for an hour while the battle raged. The precision boats hauled her off the feet of their deck lifted with death. Aboard the Louisa they were all so dead and many wounded. In his intervals with the lilias with the bullet in his neck, Garibaldi directed the navigations of the Louisa. Still greater trials lay ahead. Louisa was lost. But Garibaldi would not die. In the thundering hurricane, he tried to save comrades floundering in the water with him. They shined before his eyes. With a few naked survivors, he reached the shore. You are Garibaldi? Well, thank heaven you are safe. We are marching on the port of Laguna. There's a Brazilian fleet at anchor in the lagoon. A Brazilian fleet? But we hope to capture the city anyway. I will bring you some food and clothes before I go on. We will go with you. We do? No, no, you are... We must not let the fleet escape. Come, my men! All of you! We will march on Laguna with the Republicans! And still bleeding, Garibaldi and his men joined the march. They stormed Laguna and took her. The Brazilian fleet surrendered and Garibaldi became his commander. They aboard his flagship, the Itabarita, Garibaldi sand the nearby hills with a long glass. Near the picturesque house, he spotted a young woman. Through his glass, he watched her. She was brave and gifted and courage in all the other things that he had yearned for. Load the gig! I'm going to charge! Alone, he made his way to the house where he had seen her. The place was empty. He walked from house to house, looking for her, but he found her nowhere. A native invited them to his house for coffee. And there she was. What is your name? I need to read that. I understand the Garibaldi. The statement Garibaldi had spread throughout the village. She stood there, her heart strolling in her throat. Frankly, the very hit extraordinary presence. A man of little height with broad shoulders and a square chest. A blonde, heavy mustache. A blonde beard ending in two points. A blonde wavy hair hanging down to his shoulders. Blue eyes, changing like the evening sky to barren. Thoughts went racing through her head. He stood there. He looked like a lion, a mountaineer that he took. In battle, she had heard, his eyes flashed and his blonde hair bristled like that of a lion. You said you liked her. I am sure. But he knew, as well as he did. But henceforth, they would belong to each other. He carried her off to his ship. They were married in Montevideo. They sent their honeymoon together and together, they committed their lives to the flames that burned within them both. Anita fought the sad Garibaldi in sea battle after sea battle. And when Garibaldi left the sea to command the guerrilla band ashore, she rode with him. Sometimes they rode alone. Sometimes with thousands. They carried their children with them on the road to their status. Sometimes they were separated. Sometimes seen. The real grandeur was being overrun by Anita. Grands had been scattered. Happy loss. Our fight can never be lost. But we must leave Rio Grande this year. We must leave. Yes. We will go to Montevideo. But we shall never give up. Our toxicity was riding high. But the flame that burned in Garibaldi burned in the souls of countless others in South America. The fight for Rio Grande's desire was lost. But the cause of freedom and liberty and justice was not lost. In Montevideo, Garibaldi learned the silence of Argentina was threatening Uruguay. And as he had committed his life, the fighting of oppression wherever he found it, he took up the sword against Argentina. Famous Italian legion of Redskirt. Italian patriot, adventurer, soldier's accordion would come to South America to search for and fight for that freedom which to them was greater than life itself. Inspiring Garibaldi. Redskirt for blood and sacrifice and freedom. Now, certainly that. A few men wearing red looked like many men, especially on the battlefield. And the color of red dances in the rifle-fighting enemy and makes them live. Are they not more visible on the battlefield? Yes. But the colors of in a Redskirt can be the retreat for height. And over Garibaldi's region of Redskirt posted a black flag with a volcano in the air. It is the symbol of Italy, mourning with that stateless flame of her heart. At the head of the Italian legion, with an impact aside, Garibaldi rode out to meet the enemy who were driving on Montevideo and overfell in force. Here we must pass the meeting here. You must go back to the village. Children are in good hands and much of the day. The enemy is closing in on us. My officers are waiting for me at San Antonio. You have stopped the enemy before it begins the month of the day. But this... I know Giuseppe, but I am going with you. Anita. Please. Then let us be going. General Gomez with seven squadrons of cavalry and a quart of infantry twice the size of Garibaldi's force bore down on the Italian legionnaires like a flood. The battle started back and forth. Garibaldi waited for each attack. Then counterattacked. Garibaldi's death were buried in a common grave atop a hill overlooking the battlefield. And over the grave, Garibaldi raised a cross with the words to the Italian legion and the native marine and cavalry. Montevideo was saved. But now a greater duty called him home. Once again, his people were rising. Again, the flame was blazing throughout Italy, throughout the peninsula the Italians were rising against their will. In Lombardy, Garibaldi raised an army of 3,000. With Anita at his side, he flung himself into the battle. The uprising was crushed and Garibaldi had to flee to Switzerland. But now the flame had stirred all Italy. The Romans set up a government of their own and words spread with the wind that Garibaldi was back. I demand the proclamation of a Roman republic. When it was reached Paris, then a French army was set against it. Sprinked by street, Garibaldi defended Rome. General Garibaldi, a message. I have no time to read. What did you come to stitch you on December? The assembly. Yes, yes, the members urgently require your presence at once. Garibaldi sprang to his horse, galloped across the Tiber and with his face drenched with sweat, his clothes covered with dust and blood presented himself to the assembly of the new Roman Republic. Only three choices are open to us. To surrender, to die fighting in the streets or to retreat to the mountains. We ask you, General Garibaldi, for your counsel. Surrender, I will not discuss. To die uselessly in the streets is folly. We will retreat. And take with us what is left of our government and army. Wherever we go, there Rome will be. Garibaldi walked out, mounted and rode back to his men fighting in the streets. We must fight our way out of Rome and marching to the wilderness. I offer you new battles and praise glory. I can give you no pain, no rest and food will have to be eaten when it can be found. Whosoever shrinks from these conditions let him remain here in Rome and surrender. Five thousand swore to follow him. Five thousand and Anita. Giuseppe, we will come back, Anita. We will come back. Where you go, Giuseppe? There I will go. But Anita was failing. With one devoted friend, Garibaldi carried her aboard a boat. But Garibaldi's force was shackled, his boat wrecked. He reached shore, carrying Anita in his arms. As he carried her into the house of a peasant, she died. You must bury her. I must go on. Alone, Garibaldi pressed on into the night. All that he had hoped for and fought for were gone. His beloved Anita and the Roman Republic. His name was reviled. He traveled to Tunis and was turned out. He traveled to Gibraltar and was turned out. He sailed to America and found Haven. In oblivion, he struggled as a workman. The flame flickered, almost out, but it still burned. It's time to die. These were his words. He was not to see his beloved Italy again for five years. He sailed from New York to Lima, Peru. Again became a sea captain. Sailed to China, to Australia, to England. And at last to Italy. Give time to time. He bought the northern half of the little island of Caprera off the coast of Sardinia. And there, with his motherless children, settled down, tended his goats till the soil and taught his children to read. Give time to time. The call came in 1860. The people of the Sicilies have risen against the Bourbon rule. They asked that you come and help them. Hey, same. I wish. The time had come for Garibaldi to strike out against all kings and dictators. All that he had experienced in the years of his struggles now became priceless. His buccaneering off the coast of South America, his guerrilla warfare in the pompous. While he fitted out a small fleet of boats of Genoa, Italian statesmen appealed to King Victor Emmanuel to stop him. Let him go. We will not help. Officially, we know nothing of his wild folly. And if we should succeed, then we shall be in a position to act as we see best. With arms and ammunition and supplies, Garibaldi and his thousands destined to become immortal in history. Sailed from Genoa for Sicily. He's an outlaw and a contraught. He's a pilot. You follow him or the drags of the human race. Why must he not stop? Fortunately, there is a regular force of more than 20,000 on Sicily to face him and many more in the mainland. To King Victor Emmanuel, Garibaldi left a letter. My sovereign, I embark on a perilous enterprise, but I put confidence in God and in the courage and devotion of my companion. If I fail, I trust Italy and liberal Europe will not forget that it was undertaken from motives free from all egoism and entirely patriotic. With his thousand red shirts, Garibaldi shaped his course from Masala on the island of Sicily. Thank you, my general. At Masala, Garibaldi and his thousands went ashore to be received with acclaim by the people. He turned fiercely. Garibaldi's armies swelled to 12,000 as he began his march on Palermo, the capital of Sicily. The heights of Cacolofimi are strongly held by the Neapolitan's, my general. We will storm them. Yes, sir. Your Majesty. Reports of the Sicilian campaign reached King Victor Emmanuel. Your Majesty, Garibaldi has taken Palermo. Against General Lanza? Yes, General Lanza surrendered after three days of fighting in the streets of Palermo. General Lanza had 20,000 well-trained and well-equipped Neapolitan troops. He surrendered them all to Garibaldi and Garibaldi is now driving across Sicily to the streets of Messina. From King Victor Emmanuel and his statesmen, Garibaldi received orders not to cross the streets and land on the mainland of Italy. But Garibaldi had had enough of kings and counselors. He landed at Milito and drove northward. Dr. Fortress fell before his onslaught. The retreating Neapolitan's are leaving great stores of arms and ammunition and supplies behind them. Take them all. We will use them. We must not lose the momentum of our drive. Led from Neapol's... To the wonderment of the entire world, Garibaldi took Naples, the capital of the two Sicilies, less than four months after he had landed at Massala. King Victor Emmanuel was now, indeed, king of all Italy. When King Victor Emmanuel came, Garibaldi went to meet him and let his red shirts in his acclimation. Garibaldi, the king is ignoring you completely. He does not see. But he has not even acknowledged that you... He's going to speak to me. I have come here to restore order. Your troops must be very weary. Mine are fresh. Your Majesty, I... He has slighted you, my general. How dare you! We will show Victor Emmanuel that we can crush him the same as we... No, no. Trust me. I shall do what is best. Victor Emmanuel, though we had been handed a nation by Garibaldi, could not at once appreciate the greatness of this indomitable warrior. When at last he did, he invited Garibaldi to ride by his side as he entered Naples. You shall be amply honored and rewarded, my dear Garibaldi. When the shouting had died and the Sicilies had been joined with the other parts of Italy ruled by Victor Emmanuel, the king summoned Garibaldi. He offered him the title Prince of Cattelathini, the rank of Marshal, the Grand Cross of the Initiata, pension of 500,000 francs. Garibaldi declined them all. I have only one request to make of your Majesty. I ask that my thousand red shirts shall never be forgotten and left to poverty. Then he went to his red shirts. You cannot leave us now, my general. We need you. Italy needs you. No. No. I shall go back to my island of Caprera to the quiet of my hills and valleys. My general. My... general. Thank you. My brother is in arms. You have done much with scant means in scant time. But more is yet to do. Farewell. And the flame blazed so that all the world was lighted with its deathless glow. Would you like to know more of the life and times of Garibaldi portrayed in the program you just heard? A handbook containing life stories of 13 great leaders in the struggle for human liberty and prepared as an interesting supplement to the broadcast series. To obtain your copy, write for We Came This Way. Address your requests to Columbia University Press, Station J, New York 27, and enclose 25 cents in coin to cover costs of printing and mailing. Tonight's script was written by Arnold Marquis and directed by Norman Felton. The original music was composed by Emil Sodastrom and conducted by Joseph Galicchio. It was the narrator and the role of Garibaldi was played by Wilms Herbert. Other members of the cast were Sidney Breeze, Helen Malone, Howard Hoffman, Jim Goss, Claire Baum and Kurt Kupfer. This series is presented each week as a public service feature of the National Broadcasting Company and its affiliated independent stations. Here is a message that concerns all able-bodied men between the ages of 17 and 50. Today, the United States is engaged in the greatest transportation job in the history of the world. The numbers of tons of cargo and troops must be transferred to the...