 Abstract bacterial vaginosis, BV, is the most common cause of vaginal discharge and is often associated with other health consequences mainly in pregnant women. It is characterized by an imbalance in the vaginal microbiota, where strict and facultative anaerobes outgrow the lactic acid and hydrogen peroxide-producing lactobacillus species. These species are capable of growing and forming a polymicrobial biofilm in the vaginal epithelium. Treatment of BV is typically done with broad-spectrum antibiotics such as metronidazole and clindamycin, but these can be associated with high recurrence rates. The polymicrobial biofilm may play an important role in treatment outcome and is considered one of the factors for treatment failure. Other possible causes for treatment failure include the presence of species resistant to antibiotics, or the chance of reinfection after treatment. Novel strategies to increase the rates of treatment have been studied, including the use of probiotics and prebiotics, acidifying agents, antiseptics, plant-based products, vag. This article was authored by Lucia G. V. Caesar, Sophia A. Pereira, and Nino Saca. We are article.tv, links in the description below.