 Good morning everybody and welcome to today's webinar. It is my distinct pleasure today to be able to introduce you to Dr. Johar Ali, who's a colleague here at the International Rights Research Institute based in Los Pinos in the Philippines. Dr. Ali received his bachelor's degree from Punjab Agricultural University and his MSc and PhD from the Indian Agricultural Research Institute. And after working for some years in other projects, he has joined ERI to work for the ERI Iran project in 2003. And since 2009 until today, he has been working with us here in the Philippines. And Dr. Ali is going to give you a rundown on everything related to hybrid rice seed production. So everything that you always wanted to know about that subject, but we're afraid to ask for will be revealed today. And I yield the floor and the presentation to Dr. Ali. Go ahead, Johar. Thank you, Marco, for the nice introduction. Can you see my slide before I get into the... Yes, but can you put it in full screen mode? Yes, in presentation mode, yes. Thank you. Okay, so good day to all of you from whichever part of the world you are from. And this is a very important topic and a very hot topic these days. So I welcome all of you to this webinar today, a brief one, but it will take somewhat one and a half hours of talking time and then 30 minutes for discussion. So without losing any time, I will just get into the thing. So this webinar talk I have dedicated to Dr. Professor Yon Longpin, the father of hybrid rice. And I think no one in the world other than all the hybrid rice and rice colleagues definitely know this great personality who lived until May 2021. And the man who really dreamt rice tree, that's how one can say, so he's such a great personality who was the chief architect of the hybrid rice technology as such. So, and today's webinar, I tried to summarize what are the expectations from those expectations you had sent on hybrid rice seed production. To understand the basics of hybrid rice seed production was the most common one, how to practically utilize new innovations in seed production. Somebody said how to benefit from to maximize the hybrid rice seedings, and to also know technical aspects of hybrid rice seed production, and a few where on the policy make what on the policy, policy fronts, and other strategies that we are talking about. So, I will try to cover most of this. The primary reason here is, this is actually a training course which we give for two weeks time in many countries. And he has its own hybrid rice seed production training course for three days period, and can be, can be taken to any country that we want. And in these three days, both practical and theory is given in more detail, but the flow of the content would be similar. Okay, so those who are well aware of this should not find it difficult to going through this. So, I will try to go through the introduction emphasizing the need current status than floral parts. What are the features of the ABN are ideal season location nursery management main field management row ratio. Direction, transplanting in our fertilizer and irrigation scheduling section of heading date adjustment methods idea for flowering synchronization role and advanced advantages of acrylic acid and method of application supplementary pollination. Now roguing is important. I will not be touching on disease and pest, but I will just try to touch that what to be done, and then post harvest seed management, including the harvesting seed processing, then seed certification and standards and genetic purity and economics. While ending up I'll try to some of the key points I would emphasize for a very successful seed production. So this course is primarily targeting undergrad students, technicians, the seed growers are those who would like to know something about hybrid rice seed production. So, I would like to also take this opportunity to give you some details on the HRDC objectives. One of the part of this objective is also to reach out to create public awareness and capacity building. That's what this talk is all about. And the, the, the, the other thing. I would suggest that the support of research in developing parental lines to meet market requirements of hybrids, organize multi location replicated deal trials to provide better information on performance of hybrids and best practices. This is also done as part of the objectives for more details on the membership and other details, please visit this website. Our membership is about 93 in total and the 93 members out of which about a large number from the green members with most of the Norris members 53. We have 38 members from private sector of the paid members, and we had impressive growth of 36.8% from 2016 onwards. So, now let us get to the, the, the real webinar is all about. So first we'd like to know what is like what we would like to, or where we would like to reach in by 2027. So, keeping this a few years back I was trying to extrapolate what could be the trajectories around hybrid rise adoption and outside especially outside China. China we very well know about 16 million hectares is the current area in China but outside China is touching around 9 million hectares currently based on our best estimates. So from here, how far we can reach by 2027. If nothing is done, then possibly we will end up in somewhere in the lowest curve. In the lowest of these trajectories that is somewhere would touch something like 11 or maybe 10 million hectares. But if we do something just like the red one production side interventions, then we may follow the red curve. Or if we do the market orientation kind of approach which is currently being followed so we'll have a trajectory of the green one. And the purple one is we put all our efforts in the best manner in the best situation, then we can see something like a purple one on the top. So, I would be very conservative here and think if even if you touch this green bar in a very precise manner, we should be very good even touch 14 million hectares should be good enough for outside China in next this many in by 2027. Now what could be the drivers for this creating those impact. Number one is the superior parental lines. And this is where it is focusing it's all its efforts to create that superior parental lines, especially in a genomic era, where genomic selection tools are being hydraulic pool driven breeding is done. And eventually, we will be able to create the best situation for the parental lines. And this was being shared under the HRDC membership, people can avail it and they will run the race, not really competing with the system. So, eventually, you would like to see itself position that the, the, the, our collaborators reach higher grounds and try to lead the way, whereas we will be supplying them with the requested materials in order to achieve that. The second major thing is the heterotic hybrids. Can we go beyond 30% of yield advantage currently 2225% is observed in thing, even in our recent surveys we see about 30% in target regions in Philippines is about in 500 farmers data we saw that it is about 30% with hybrids compared with the inputs, best inputs. And then the key to this is higher seed reproducibility of those hybrids. It doesn't matter how good use your hybrid, but how much it can produce that combination is the key element out there. And if you can cross three tons beyond, that is the, the benchmark that we have put in our market requirements, and then multiple stress tolerant hybrids is going to be the future because the climate stress is not going to leave us in the next few decades, it will become more rampant rampant with the, the flooding cell, the salinity salinization the, the drought spells will be more. Now, market preferred grain quality and nutritious hybrids is our, the core of the breeding program, and we are totally trying to make sure that the parental lines that we develop addresses those market required grain quality, as well as the nutritious hybrids. Likewise, when I say nutritious hybrid we are, we are meaning here is zinc and iron, which are the, the most important elements that need to be also in built in the program. HRDC efforts is one way of infusing the materials, more materials are going to be infused in the coming decade and public and private engagements and investments. This is very, very important that people should not shy away, the policy makers should not shy away from investments. This is a technology which is a short technology that can lift 25 to 30% yield advantage over the infrared, thereby increasing the production in the same proportion. So, it all depends on how you plan and how you leverage all the public and private engagements in the country, wherever you come from, and how you invest on it. Recently, Nepal was one very glaring example where they took a very big step in joining the hybrid rise in a big way. And I would really commend their policy makers in this particular webinar that they have understood that the hybrid technology is a very, very solid approach to ensure their food security, especially in the coming decades when food would be, would not be so easily available, especially with these all kind of situations that we are coming across, especially under COVID and climate, climate stresses. Now, the very purpose of this is also to sensitize the policy and decision makers towards hybrid rise technology, and we need the elements with them that makes them strengthen to adopt the hybrid rise technology in a big way, and make other countries to feel safer and secure, and we move along with the big target of achieving to feed almost 10 billion people by 2050. And this is not going to be easy when we are going to suppose to increase our food productivity by another 60% of what we are currently producing. So hybrid technology is one such approach where we need to adopt and see how best we can bring it to the best situation. Now, the other important thing to begin with is historical resume, because anything that we like to address here is, I tried to bring this historical resume up to 1994. After 1994 onwards, the story is all known, people know about it. But the initial term called heterosis was first coined by Shal. In 1926, Jones found heterosis in rice, Ramya in the same year discovered male sterility. In 55, again, Sampath and Mohanty reported male sterility from NRRI, currently previously known as Central Rice Research Institute. And 1970, the discovery of the WA cytoplasm or the wild abortive cytoplasm was discovered in High 9 Island by the Professor Yolong Pins team. You can see the wild rice spontaneous in this where in High 9 Island. And it was how it was discovered is another big story there. And that's how the whole technology eventually came. One very interesting reference I came across and I think many of you might have come across is 1971 IRC proceedings. If you get into this, many three chapters, especially India, ERI and US also were there that proposed the hybrid rice in this thing, hybrid rice technology, what are the prospects of hybrid rice. So that early people understood the importance of this. By 1976 Chinese scientists, especially led by Professor Yolong Pin brought in the A, B and R lines and developed the commercial hybrid technology to the world. And then there was no turnaround. By 1981 or 82, the initial materials started flowing to ERI. By 88, ERI also developed its own CMS line using those materials that were received from China. In 1994, India could release its first commercial hybrids, Andhra Pradesh hybrid rice one, and then history was created. And probably ever since from that time from 1994 till now, we have reached about comfortably around 4 million hectares in India. Currently, what is being felt that it should be it is around 3.5, but I put up another 0.5 million hectare because many of this are not reported in a proper way what we know big chunks we reported 3.5, but around 4 million is estimated at this time in India alone and outside China touches around 9 million when you put many of these countries together in South and Southeast Asia. The hybrid rice technology why there is a need for the students, especially those who are attending this seminar, this webinar is rice farming itself need has to be sustained. And if you increase the productivity, and it makes it more profitable than the rice farmers would continue rice farming itself. So there is a very important issue out here. When you cultivate an input variety, you are going to get about 150 US dollars of revenue by cultivating one hectare in more or less in many parts of the world, some places can touch $200, but that is very small amount of money to keep it running. So in order to get that yield advantage of one ton, so there can be an additional income for the farmers, attaining self sufficiency in countries where like Nepal in this case has to achieve through hybrid technology which is very feasible. When you don't have geographical area to cultivate more rice. This is the best approach is to adopt hybrid rice technology, because you can vertically increase without horizontally expanding over area. And then it is secures the future, especially for your populations wherever you are. It's a very good approach to address the food security directly. It also generates rural employment today, 85 to 90% of the seed production is done in Telangana region alone in India. And the entire 4 million hectares of hybrid you can imagine how many people are benefited from this rural employment, and it has created a very good model to people to adopt it seed industry can be developed around it. So it was the case when APR, the Andhra Pradesh size hybrid in 1994 when it was done in Telangana, some of these places, it was with very humble one hectare or half hectare plots. And eventually you imagine how much of seed production is done in this particular region alone is very, very important that how a big seed industry today, all the major companies seed hybrid seed companies sitting in Hyderabad. The dependence on rice imports especially highly fluctuating international prices. There can be, if you have your own rice, you don't need to import. And that is the key and you don't need to, because of the high fluctuating price prices, especially because the food that is transaction is between 25 million to 35 million tons as compared to wheat and other commodities like food, it is more than 100 million hectares so 100 million tons. So therefore, you have to always keep your rice import secure, and in terms of you be self sufficient rather not imported. So hybrid rice technology is the best alternative among all the things I put it in bold just to put this into one's mind that hybrid rice current the yield advantages are between 20 to 25%. So if you imagine if you are going to cultivate this with the inputs you need 20 to 25% more area in order to achieve what you are achieving out of this 9 million hectares. So you need another 20 to 25% area if you have to produce the same yield and levels as that of the inputs. And so therefore, we have to, we have to see how much it saves on the chemical imports, the labor, the water, the everything 20 to 25%. So this is the key equation that people have to understand. And poor farmers in rain fat cannot afford for costly chemical imports, and a very good example is that hybrid technology has taken off very well in the favorable rain fat conditions in India, especially in Chattisgarh, Uttar Pradesh and Bihar provinces. You can see hybridized technology has taken deeper roots in that. And many of these places even in the favorable rain fat areas, hybrid technology has prevailed. So yield and quality can be combined. People always argue that the grain quality is one thing that it will look like Chinese type of sticky type of rice is, but that is a consumer preferred thing. So in China and Japan and other places they prefer stickiness, but when you come to the Indian subcontinent are in this part of the world, then people love the flakiness and long grain, long cylinder grain so therefore, we can create any kind of hybrid of any type of grain quality with the current technology that we have. And we have to only match the parental lines in the same range, because F2 is basically what is the parental range. So if you both the parents are having similar grain quality, automatically your hybrid would end up in the same situation. So that is the ballgame that people have to understand those breeders who are budding breeders out here, try to breed varieties that are the parental lines that are in the same parental range. And therefore you will end up in the targeted grain quality. And with the current tools, one can really benefit from it. So we can go to the abiotic stresses like it also performs hybrid performs well in saline and drought conditions as well. And in this regard, I'm a resilient rice hybrids that is currently working. We have all the elements in built into the current hybrid that we are developing and the first versions are already near to coming out and already being tested in many places. So we'll see these type of hybrids taking the way. Now, begin with the hybrid rice seed production course, the webinar in particular, I will try to touch in different topics, and each topic would be highlighted like this. So first topic is on rice floater parts and its importance. And if you look at this flower, you have a biped stigma there with six anthors there, or we call the stamens and the anthors are connected with the filaments. And there is a biped stigma, which you can see here, and there is one ovule out there. And there is one thing that people don't notice is this lodecule, and this is where I would like you to focus. This lodecule is very important from hybrid rice point of view, because this is the one that opens up the gloom and lemma and failure during the flowering time. So this lodecule, because of its swelling, it will open the lemma failure. And this should not get dried up due to hot weather. So we have to go around this lodecule how best we can help to maintain the best thing. And eventually, all this revolves around the floral parts. Now, the second topic is on the desirable features of AB and R lines. Among the male sterile line, I think there's a very good book on hybrid rice seed production, people should refer to that book. All the details of the seed production is there. This is basically that a rice line that cannot produce viable pollen with the interaction between cytoplasmic and nuclear genes. I will come to that, how that they interact. And this becomes completely male sterile. And when you take the pollen sample under a microscope with IKI staining of 1%, then you will see unstained shriveled and abortive cytoplasm and round unstained pollen grains here in the bottom. And this is used as the female parent in the seed production. And the panicles do not emerge out completely. That is why we need some chemicals to do that and come to that later. And when you look at these anthors, they are very shriveled and white in color. They look as if nothing is there. And the flowering lasts for seven days. And in some cases, a few more days. But that is the time of the flowering period of the male sterile line takes. And then going to the restorer, the line is completely fertile in the sense that the pollen grains take complete stain and they are round and spherical, and they take complete deep stain on IKI staining, and it restores the fertility of the F1 when it is in the form of a CMS line is called a restorer. Now, restorer or a pollen parent or a male parent or R-line are the alternative names that is used. Whenever we say R-line, we refer to restorer line. And whenever I say A-line, I refer to the CMS line. And R-line is used as a pollinator and CMS parent for the hybridized seed production. This is what we will be talking the whole time today. The duration may or may not be similar to that of the CMS lines. Therefore, we need to match them. And that's why we'll come to all those techniques. Panicles exert fully out of the flag leaf, unlike the A-line doesn't come out, but the R-lines, the panicles exert completely out. The anthors are yellow and plump and shed pollen on touching them during the anthosis time. The flowering lasts for five days in full bloom situation. So this is the characteristic. And the B-line is also, all this is there, but B is called the maintainer line, which I'll come to then. And it also has a similar features, but except the first one. It only maintains the CMS line. That is how we'll come to know about it and their isocytoplasmic line. So basically, the B-line would also have plumpy anthors. Now, in the feeding for parental lines is one of the key elements at ERI. We are all the time working on this particular aspect, how to increase the out-crossing rate, how to make the combining ability higher in these materials. And on the restorer side, we are trying to see how much of these anthors are dehesed outside, and how much is the pollen load, how can we increase the pollen production as much as possible and dehesed outside. So under the different climatic conditions, we are trying to build it in different tolerant conditions, especially for the climate resistant parental backgrounds. In the past, when the early generation of the 5A to 5A, which was one of the historic CMS line, and later many CMS lines were developed, and among them, we have recently given five of the top-forming CMS line, which are the HRDC, which is more than 45% out-crossing rate. And the combining ability is very high. These are already with the HRDC members, and this is much superior to what 25A currently what people are holding, or those companies who are working. Now, coming to the hybridized technology, understand who need three steps. Number one, maintenance. Now in maintenance, it is the mill storey line is crossed with a maintainer line, which is called as a B line. And in the nucleus, which is in blue color, it is a recessive restorer gene, restorer fertility, RF means the restorer fertility. So it is in recessive state, and in both the things are identical, the nucleus is identical, A and B remain the same. Only difference is the cytoplasm. Here, the cytoplasm is normal. Here, the cytoplasm is sterile. So when the first CMS line was developed, it was taken from the sterile cytoplasm that came from China in the wild abortive cytoplasm in the form of B20A. These lines were converted with that, and the cytoplasm was back crossed and brought into the current A lines that all over the world, 90, 95% of the, all the CMS line carry the same sterile cytoplasm as that of the wild abortive cytoplasm. So you have to understand, these cytoplasm was back crossed and they produced this A line in the first time, and then they created its pair, which was not crossed, so that becomes its B line. Eventually, when you cross this B line with this one, it produces the, again, sterile line. So this when you plant it, it will be completely mill sterile. So when you get the seed of this, you plant it in the second step in different rows, proportions in the field. And this also A and B is also in different row proportions. Mostly the most popular is A rows of A line to two rows of B. Even those who are very new to A by R, they can start with A rows to two rows. Once they are very specialized, then you can reach up to 16 rows to two rows, as shown here. So in the, in the restoration step, this seeds are produced in a place where you are going to have an isolation. This line actually shows isolation here, complete isolation by space and time, and the A line out here is sterile, as shown earlier, and then the difference here, the restorative is very distinctive in the nucleus, more the distinct, more the heterosis is possible. And that is why we do indica-japonica crosses to make the distinctness between the gene pools of the nucleus. So more diverse, more heterosis is possible. So in this case, the normal cytoplasm and the restorer gene is in dominant conditions, so it gives the dominance into the F1. And this does not allow the sterile cytoplasm coming from the female, because female contributes the cytoplasm to the fertilization, so therefore the always the sterility gene, which is located in the mitochondria, moves to the F1. And though being even sterile, it does not allow the RF gene, does not allow, which is in dominant state, does not allow the sterility gene to express, and therefore the F1 is fertile. These are the seeds that are given to the farmers. And once these farmers receive the seed, they grow in their field. For example, you have all released hybrids in many parts of the world, and this can be grown in 18 kgs per hectare, and eventually you can produce a very good food for your plate, which the consumers will eat, depending on the grain quality of that hybrid. The important thing here is to make this A by B, you need 15 kg of A line, 5 kg of B line to do so. Again, 15 kg of A line here, another 5 kg per hectare of R line in order to achieve this seed production. 15 kg per hectare, even people use 16 kg in this case. So these are changing with the more modernization and precision based tools. You can reduce the seed rate up to 16, even go below that, but it is all depending upon one's experience. Now seed production, this kind of seed production, they lost the second step. Seed production is what I mean by hybridized seed production. This is where in different countries, different levels. Most of the countries have now achieved 2 to 2.5 tons per hectare, including Vietnam and other places. And almost many of the countries are in this range, except for Indonesia and to some extent other countries like Iran and other places. So if you look at the potential yields that can be possible has been shown to 4.4 hectares, even in China, many parts in small plots they have achieved up to 6 tons. So these are all in small plots and small good stories, but even if you touch 3 tons is great achievement by all standards. Okay, so our best benchmark at this point is 3 tons. If you can move this, the seed cost would come down drastically. Now, if you look at the hybridized seed production, it is linked to female parent multiplication. Now, if you look at the area of ratio of CMS multiplication to hybridized seed production to commercial F1 cultivation, currently in many parts where the technologies have been well done is one, if you have one hectare of CMS multiplication, it can translate into 50 hectares of hybridized seed production. And if you have 50 hectares of hybridized seed production, it can translate into 5000 hectares of F1 cultivation. Likewise, the technology, two line technology on the other hand, one hectare of two line technology, the TGMS multiplication of the male storyline multiplication, because the multiplication rate is very high here, so it can give 100 hectares of hybridized seed production, and it can touch 15,000 hectares of F1 cultivation. So this is the biggest advantage of two line technology, it can rapidly upscale in no time. But the three line is a proven technology, two line we are demonstrating this technology to the private, with the help of private seed industry currently, and we have got very good leads, making it possible in the next one or two years. And the progress in the two line study group is enormously fully validated, and in the process in next one or two years, this technology would prevail in India and in the Indian subcontinent where the members are currently. Now steps in hybridized seed production. So now I go more into the detailed part. Choice of the choice of field is very important. I think I will give all the points to this, the choice. If you do not pick a place which is naturally shielded from other price varieties or crops by natural barriers like trees or mountains or valleys or anything like that. At the same time, the soil should be highly fertile, and could produce a very good high yielding crop of inbred rice even in that place. That is the place you should select. So when you are able to get high yields in inbred crop without any serious pests and diseases, and with good irrigation facility and drainage, that is the place you should select for seed production. So there is no hurry. You don't need to worry that in selecting a field but this field choice of the field is the key element out here. If you do not get it right, then that is the problem. Now you should have space isolation. I mentioned the mountainous geographical situation. You can have time isolation as well, but I would not recommend even time isolation as an expert. In that 21 days, you can have minimum 21 days is required and a barrier can be erected. All those things are really not so good as long as you can get space isolation. So highest priority should be given for space isolation, ensure that is a big area, try to focus with one hybrid combination in that place. So I will talk about bio, row direction and planting patterns of parental lines. I will talk about that in the coming slide arrangement and adjustment of flowering and synchronization. Roguing I will emphasize very much. I'll come to that later. Leave clipping, GA3 application, supplementary pollination and harvesting parental lines separately. I'll come one by one. So let us talk about the ideal seed, ideal season and location for hybridized seed production. So if you have a trees around like this in this case, though I have put a barrier here, minus the barrier if you have a trees and a mountainous surrounding. If I can note this entire area with one combination, in case of for example, that would become an ideal situation for even if I take the entire that particular up to that mountain till this place. If I take entire into hybridized seed production one combination that is ideal for this kind of a scenario. But again, does it match the season. Does it match the temperature conditions. These are very important and this is what I will be a fertile soils is very important you should get high yields with the with the input crop that is just a say, at least eight tons per hectare or seven tons, a high yield and one yielding environment so that whatever you get to yield in seed production also translates into higher yields. Number two, the less prone to insect pests and diseases do not select a place which is already vulnerable to insect pests and diseases and you have to spend a lot of money to spray those things and by chemical controls and your cost of production will increase. So the best thing is don't go to insect prone or disease prone areas. If you have moderate mean temperatures people generally say 24 to 30 degrees centigrade. I put two degrees lesser hair based on my experience that if you can touch 22 to 28 degree mean temperature during especially during the flowering time and very gentle breeze is very important for this time. One example I see in rubbish season, for example in telling Anna could be one good place, but again the temperature there I have to check this is how good it is, but in the rubbish season I believe it should be between 24 to 30 degrees in that place. And it still counts into a good region. So if you have these conditions, that is the place we should concentrate as policymakers. The second thing irrigation and drainage facility many people talk about irrigation but nobody talks about drainage throughout the world I really understand this thing. All your fields should have good irrigation at the same time good drainage facility. So the control of the irrigation is completely in your hand. I would say one to two centimeter of water initially it can be maintained and when I say we have to remove the water drain the water it should remove water. So, in the initial at the time of transplanting you will maintain a thin film of water, and then you can increase up to four to five centimeter up to maximum tillering stage. Then you need to drain out the water immediately in order to create cracks in the, in the surface cracks mean moist cracks not wet cracks, or wet moist cracks you can say, so that you can curve on the unproductive tillers you don't allow the unproductive tillers to take a lot of this nutrition there and become useless at the end. So drain waters and finally again you bring water back and then eventually you will drain at the last step, 10 days before harvest you should drain it completely in order to improve the maturation at the setting quickly. Isolation space isolation is 100 meters from any other rice crops, but I told you space isolation I mean, totally away from rice crops as best preferred, but then in this world you cannot have a rice crop without rice around. It's very, very difficult but try to get as much area and the space isolation into consideration. And if you are going to have time isolation then that is 21 days. Now it is using GIS tools to predict which ideal locations for two line and three line approaches. And for two line we have done very good efforts under the two line study group efforts, and those locations have been shared with those groups. I'm just trying to go to that slide for you for your sake, how we can detect the hybrid rice seed production for the Philippines for example, and what are the locations for self seed multiplication in the Philippines. For the seed production, the red one is the one which we need to focus on. And this is basically the most best conditions and we have for every month we know which, what is the, that design of the color there over 100 years of stable years. And therefore you'll pick the right place and again zero in which of these has those conditions that I mentioned earlier. Now moving to the next topic is nursery management, layout, seed rate and so on. The best scenario if you ask me, what would be the best case of seed that you would like to put. I would go for 10 grams per square meters, but then nobody would do that because they will say oh, you will have to spend 15 kg means 1500 square meters of nursery area would be required. And that is not going to help. So we, we try to pick on 20 grams to keep at least to make it reasonable. And therefore 20 grams is what is using. And if you can use 10 grams, then you will see something like the figure out here, you will have very robust tillering ability early on, and this is what exactly we should be doing. Now seed rate, I mentioned earlier 15 kg per hectare for a line 5 kg for our line for CMS the same way 15 kg and be like 5 kg. And you should ensure the seed is of the highest grade certified registered or even foundation seed or if you are having greater seed that's fine fantastic the fertilizer management in nursery. I think in the nursery condition, you can use all the NPK fertilizer, one kg at the rate of 100 per 100 square meters plot size, it should be square meters, and the 15 days afterwards you can put another 21 NPK 21 00 and it could be one kilogram of the same. And in places where you have organic fertilizer you can put about 250 kilograms for 100 square meters, but it should be well rotten and good quality organic. Now, in the in the area, this is a 20 gram nursery, you can see here, we also get this kind of nursery at the time of thing, but if you do with 10 grams, it is desirable, but again cost has to be seen. This is another seed situation where the 20 grams is shown. And in the field management, you need to run the tractors, power tillers and make sure you get more mechanization is desirable, and make sure you have laser leveled leveling in your field, make sure eventually you should have a very perfect like the one shown here after the puzzling is done everything is done, you should have well laser level feel like this, where the tin film is exactly should be evenly all around. So that that is the kind of water control you should have, and it should be desirable to get the water out of this place as well. And then you are irrigating and drainage is there. Now, how do you transplant. There are many ways of transplanting. I will take one which has been very well, clearly explained in the, in the manual, and between the a and the online the spacing is 30 centimeters as you can see here. And the between the airline, it is 15 centimeter by 15 centimeter. It is kept to dense so that they flower at the same time that's the purpose. If you keep 20 by 20, it will create more tillering and they may not. They flowering would not happen, and they will not emerge out at the same time. So try to focus to keep it very packed in the sense. And here it is an example of eight rows to two rows, but eventually I told you this is the basic step. So people who have less experience can can start with eight rows to two row, and eventually grow up to 16 rows to two rows as you go along. Okay, and then you can have three rows or three times of our planting, when you are having a new combination, when you don't know about our growth habits in a particular location, you only know the duration of flowering, and you have less information on those conditions. The key criteria here is, for example, if an airline is flowering earlier than the R line, then the thing is that you'll plant 10 days earlier if your airline is flowering, then you need to keep the R line first, the second R line, and have a 10 day difference between this R and the second day which is planted late in order to synchronize it. This is called growth duration method. I'll come to that later. But again, if it is the other way around, if it is supposed switched off, then your airline has flowers delayed flowering, then you have to do the reverse of this, the same thing. And these R lines have to be planted R1, R2, R3 should be alternating each other. And that way, you'll ensure that always that it's a steady supply of the pollen to the plants. And the wind direction should be perpendicular to the rows. So rows will be like this in horizontal way, and this is perpendicular to the wind direction. And this is the same thing I told you the opposite of this, if the A line is delayed than the R line flowering by 10 days, then the middle R line, the second sowing of R line should match exactly on the 11th day from the A line sowing. So this way you can match based on the growth duration difference. Now, likewise, the A and B also, generally, you can see the, this is when both the A and R, for example, A and R are having same time, then you match the A with the R line at the same time. One, both R lines, one early one and the late second second sowing, the third sowing of R line, three days interval. So each of these R line should have a three day interval. Okay, that's the point. And basically the idea here is to give that pollen cover during the flowering time. That's the purpose. So your A line, basically, some pollen coming from here, some pollen coming from here for the A line, and some coming here. So if this fails, if there is something like earlyness, it starts flowering earlier than the predicted time, then the first one will take care of it. If it is exactly the way it should be flowering, then the middle one will take care of it completely. And the last one like that. So, in order to transplant, there are many ways to do it. And there are a lot of new techniques. So for example, you can have the different planting rods for doing eight rows or two rows or in any design you want, you can make a metal rod like this or with a wooden rod. In ED, we use a wooden rod like this, kind of done with plywood, the solid wood, it is done the same way. And you can, after your puddles condition, you can simply run it over to form the grid and therefore you can easily know where to plant the seedlings exactly based on that. So for example, you can see the grids are there. When these are trainees who came from Germany, they are learning to transplant and they can do effortlessly understanding the simple principles of transplanting in a grid. So anyone can do it at their leisure and this is only to train the people basically in how to utilize this effort. But eventually, when you have the row ratio done, then you will have a very beautiful field like this where the flowering would be matching the one and the wind direction is there. Now, for a beginner like who doesn't know anything about seed production and you don't need to jump into this situation that I will stop. Always do with the small scale production plots. Don't do big, large volume of seed to begin with, do half a hectare or one hectare maximum and learn the technology. And then after experience and training of your staff and other people you slightly increased to 10 is to 2, then you will get more command on it and if you know the airline and our line behavior, whether it can give more Poland load of the can give more Poland load, how is the behavior of the airline in receiving the Poland, all this will eventually translate into from 20s to 2 to 18s to 2 row, eventually. It largely depends on the restorer, plant type, the CMS plant type, the restorers are generally tall in nature and CMS should have the CMS trades, the lemma and failure should open at the right time. The stigma should be exerted out and all those trades should be, as I mentioned earlier, and the restorer should be his outside. Now there's the new technologies like these transplanting machines, so all can do is manually plot the R rows, two rows, or if you have a two row seeder can be done, then you can plant with a two row seeder, transplant it, but I did not come across a two row transplanter so far, but if you can find one, that's great. Otherwise, you can do manually this one and use the machine, transplant machine for the eight row or if you have still bigger one you can use for more number of rows. So eventually your plot would look like this after transplanting and it will grow into like this plot over time and remember that you need to fertilize them and irrigate as I mentioned earlier. I will come to the fertilizer is as per recommended and eventually it will start growing like this and this is where it leads to the fertilizer application. It's always based on proper recommended doses based on soil analysis. And these are again trainees learning how to place fertilizer in the field. And in dry season you need more quantity of the fertilizer, you have a rice crop manager, you can use rice crop manager to get the recommended dose for any particular location in our geography based on certain questions that the rice manager would give. So you can use that. The other thing is that based on the in the Philippines we use 120 kg of N, 30 kg of P and K 30, and this is how the basal, basal dose is given first progress and second processing is given at before transplanting the basal 21 days. The first top rest and second progress after 35 days. So again it depends on the maturity of the parental lines as well you have to remember that. And remember the best scenario is if the parental lines are should be less than five day difference, less than five day difference between a and R that is the most ideal type of parental lines to begin with. Everything like 10 days is not really good, because it will behave differently in different places on the temperature and other conditions so always try to select parental lines that for a given hybrid or our successful hybrid with lesser duration differences. And this is for the wet season and also avoid nitrogenous fertilizer during the panicle initiation stage, because this can also trigger the synchronization efforts that we will be doing as we learn this strategy. Now irrigation scheduling I told you we need to keep the water shallow after immediately transplanted, then you wait till the cracks are formed. In the surface just like this cracks wet but cracks are formed. That is the time used that can reduce the tillering of the at the bottom you see there is no additional tillers or dry up or they will not form new tillers coming up. And in drought area keep some emergency water use. If you are going to run shortage of water can ensure your water resources are completely secured till the harvest of the crop. Okay, so then friction and the heading date and adjustment. So this is very important here. Because the prediction of heading date and adjustment methods is very crucial in hybridized production. So just to understand what are the stages of flowering. I mentioned earlier the floral plots now this is when the panicle initiates, which is which occurs around 60 days for a medium duration variety. And after a panicle initiation to flowering it is about 30 days approximately and from flowering heading to maturity is another 30 days. So this is how you should time it up. Early duration could bring it like early one can be like 10 days earlier by 50 days of panicle initiation and still early can be up to 45 days. But that depends on what type of hybrid parental lines you're having. We have different stages. One, two, three, which is panicle initiation, primary estate primary branch primordia and panicle branch priority. Just look at the size of the panicle initiation, which is microscopic just look at it. 1.5 millimeter or two millimeters up to four stage you can hardly see it, and it will be very very smaller than this. Okay, so you can imagine that is the kind of. And you need to have a lens to specifically look at the stage. If you are very sure about this stage. That is the time you can adjust the crop very very interestingly I'll come to that. And then the second part is the fourth fifth and sixth stage, which is more related with statement and pistol primary primordia formation, Poland mother cell and we are taking. And the first three stages also very much influenced with temperature conditions and other thing, but the second one is also very much can be controlled. So, the six stages are very much controllable. Okay, you can chase this timing, depending on our strategy that will be adopting. So 30 days 27 days 20 so you can see three three days or four days difference between each stage. So basically, you can shift about three days or four days by one stage jump straight away by adjusting the flowering strategy so I'll come to that now. So first you understand, how can we synchronize I should have taken this topic earlier but when we are before seeding and transplanting but to for the understanding you need to know these three steps. This is before your nursery even. Okay, so growth duration difference I told you which is the most popular which I told you already that is depend on the heading date you have the differences. So not the 50% days of flowering so heading date should be taken into account, and you should test the parental lines in the target seed production geographies not that. At the if I do the testing here, and I don't do testing in the target production geography, then it will not work. So you should take wherever the variety has to the parental line has to be tested you have to test in that situation for one or two years before you can really understand what what is the what happens, or how this could be triggered properly. How they behave the stability of the flowering and then sequential showing based on whichever is flowering early, the differences should tell which one to be shown early, for example, a line is late in flowering means you should plant a line first and online later. Our line is late than plant our line first and a line later, by the same difference between the growth duration. The second method is leaf number difference, this is very popular, and most possible because this is very, very standard. And people can do it very easily. If you just try to measure all the flag the leaf of a during the growth from nursery till the flag leaf emerges out of it. And each day you can measure it say one the first leaf comes the second leaf comes so if the second leaf comes or third leaf comes, and the third leaf is half the size of the second leaf, then you will say 2.5. If it is so depending on the scale of one to 10, you can put it at 1.7 1.8 depending on the length of the leaf in relation to the previously fully emerged out. So therefore, to, for example, for a flag leaf to emerge was 16.8 for 25 a and 15, sorry, 55 hours for 16.8 and 25 years 15.2, the differences six 1.26 1.6 leaf difference, then you have to wait. Until the 25 the 25 a reaches 1.6 leaf, then only you saw this one. That is as simple as that. Okay, likewise, you can do the effective accumulated temperature. It is a very simple formula. Don't get scared. It's a sigma. The sum of the mean temperature, the higher temperature than 30 and lower temperature than 12. If you can have the summation on the days on each of the from the sewing till the flowering time the heading date. Then this is very, very specific for all the varieties. Always it requires that much mean temperature to achieve flowering. So using this simple principle, for example, an airline takes on 1450 degree 100450 degree centigrade to flower and 1350 for our line. The difference is 100 degree to wait 100 degree centigrade to be accumulated, which would be around four days, for example, to show the ally. So that is how you can match this. So, this is maybe difficult but but I would suggest this is also good and the second one also good. Of course, for beginners, this is possible. So, let us look at this criteria, how to get a good synchronization. So, from the panicle initiation to the flowering or the heading is the key to success is how best you can synchronize the A and R line. So R should flower first, then the A line so that it initiates the something like some cover for it. So a very good flowering synchrony would be like this kind of scenario. I have removed the flag leaf in both the situation. That's why it looks very looking good to see only panic. Now, the anthesis cover is three designs. So when I said beginners can do three showings of our line, basically to give very good cover of the A line in the middle to give a first cover second cover and a third cover. In fact, it gives a very good cover for the airline. Okay. Otherwise, if you have to our line, it can also go to a good job. So with moderate experience, you can have to also but eventually when you have a profound experience and you know how to exploit our line. This is where I said 10 grams per square meter. So to make the R lines very, very robust, then you can even attempt this one. So this is exactly your rich experience will eventually lead to this one sewing of our line and one A line, and it can be very, very productive and save on the cost. That's the purpose of prediction of flowering dates of CMS line. Okay, one thing I forgot to tell you, you have all lines of different flowering. There are some tricks around it also, like you can pull out the nurseries all at the same time, or you can pull out at different times and plant it, and you will incur more costs, but you can do some cost saving by pulling all the three seedlings together and then layer by layer you can lay over each other and then have a random sampling so that you can get equal proportion of all the three seedlings and you can randomly planted. So those are tricks around it. But if you have a structured in the in the field properly, one of one followed by the next is also good for prediction of lowering dates of CMS line and online. The prediction of flowering date is basically is in eight critical stages. The regular, I didn't mention the last two stages because that's not much concern was the first eight stages is good enough. The regular examination of panicle initiation should start at 30th day, people should go to the field the technicians the researchers who are handling the seed production field, they, the big guys they should be in the front, pick the primary plant and now identifying primary dealer many people say I know the primary dealer very easy to spot out, just pull out the best flag, tallest flag lead by holding the plant. No, that's not the way the it is one of the way so you hold the grass the plant together and look at the tallest leaf and try to pull hold that flag lead and then look for a point which has the highest point called juncture. So juncture is a point where it will show a ridges there at the, at the end of that leaf, you will see there's a mark there that if it is higher that is the primary killer, and the one which is having a slightly lower than that, they are the secondary Okay, so to identify primary dealer is very key. Sometimes people pick the primary dealer secondary dealer and take the panicle initiation which is with slow and try to create the adjustment that is wrong. Okay, so the key is to identify the right primary dealer, and then make the adjustments Okay, so this is very important to understand that is why the practical classes are very important. Unfortunately, we don't have a practical session here, but that's why I'm trying to really tell you this particular point, and then use a magnifying lens to look at it does by your visual eye, you can't make it anything. Okay, so first three stages are very small, and you will miss the, the purpose of opening the tiller, the cutting open the tiller and looking at the prime, the panicle initiation. It leads a lot of experience people with good nails, people have a thumbnail, they use it as a razor to cut it. Good experience people will do that. Okay, otherwise you will have to have a slide small laser with you attached with your toolkit, and you should do with the magnifying lens as well. The magnifying should be one stage earlier than a line I showed you that in the just one stage earlier remember one state that is three days maximum. And in the first three stages. So, in the first three stages, the online and then a and R should be same stages in the middle and a line should be slightly earlier than the online in the last two stages. But the at the time of heading, it is always preferred that the R comes out first than the a line, because if you are new to this whole thing. There can be a possibility that you'll miss the, the online Poland cover. So in the beginners should do, make sure the R comes first okay this is in those cases, but I'm talking here is the middle stage of R. So the flowering time adjustment are very interesting. If you use nitrogenous fertilizers, you can delay the flowering. If you use phosphatic fertilizers, you can enhance the flowering. This is the simple principle okay. Now you can use also potassium. Some people would say that, but these are proven ones. There are many ways to do that, but experience again comes here in good, good as you go along. Then water also can delay our line growth. So you can control the irrigation that will delay the flowering by reducing the water and a line is not sensitive to water. So it doesn't, it's not sensitive but R is sensitive, because it's going to give Poland grace so that's why it is sensitive just remember that partially damaging the rice block for example if our line is going very fast, then we can slightly give a stamp on the root region by your foot, that's a trick to play. So you go near, walk near to the R line rows in between of that and press your foot very deeply to cut the roots by your foot, just by heavy foot you go there. That itself will trigger the reduction in the speed okay. And other technique is give a flag leaf cutting also so that also can help. Okay, so delay the flow cut to early panic or suppose the, the thing is going very fast than your control the panicles emerge and you are in a very big situation. Then the best thing is to cut the panic early panicles and see give fertilizer according to match the other parental line. If the parental line needs the other parental line is very close by, then you need to be more fertilizer to especially fertilizer to enhance the speed of flowering. Okay, likewise using the fertilizer growth hormone, again, very important GA to pick acid, this is also can increase the it also promotes the growth as well as the flowering. Okay, so you have to remember GA is not only a hormone that helps in the flowering but also very important for other uses also I'll come to that later. Okay, so one, if the trouble is found in the first three stages earlier plurin should be applied quick release urea and delay the development. The second is the later one should be sprayed 1% solution of DIP by doing such a measure. Diomonium first DIP means Diomonium first by doing so you can create a difference can cover a measure of four to five days can be adjusted. Second case, they are and if there is a difference of 10 days, then remove the panicles of the earlier one and apply the nitrogen as fertilizer in the form of urea or spray the urea, which gets which gets absorbed very quickly, and it makes more late emerging and unproductive tillers bear panicles to get the synchrony scenario is like a more dangerous scenario if they think the flowering stage the blooming time is found not to synchronize usually are is flowering earlier than a line for example, improve the micro environment in the field by drainage, and also, if there is dew drops on the airline in mostly in the template condition this is a phenomena you'll see some dew drops, try to remove those drops by gently moving a stick around in the morning and to give a shake, so that the dew drops fall off and it becomes a micro environment to correct that and then spray cold water to the online so this is where if you have a source of cold water from a well could be very good way to do that. So this needs like a high speed jet from a distance of that you can spray flowering flowering synchronization strategy. So best way best foot forward is like this flowering synchronization strategy is like to study the parental line growth features in the target production geographies is the most essential step and people should spend more time before jumping into commercial production. Newly released hybrids it is good to have two to three times showing off our lines to secure flowering synchrony but as you go along to his best one is absolutely best but that needs most experience, at least four or five years before we can jump into that situation. Applying more fertilizers for the online in the seedbed so that you get more robust seedlings, so you can increase the online these are tricks again. So this depends on not only getting multiple tiller in the early seedling stage, but to create more robust seedlings, you can do more fertilizer especially urea fertilizer can be more. And then planting the a line with the higher density that's what I said 15 by 15 centimeter and more densely planted could have uniform heading of the panicles and they will form like a layer of panicles at same time emerging. Fix the seed production area grows to accumulate experiences for good synchrony so based on the experience you should bring other growers and have a discussion around what are the best synchrony experiences and table it out and so that you don't repeat the same mistakes that you did in the past. The flag is a very important step, especially it does increases the absorption of the gibberish acid one way. Also, it adds some more synergistic value to the gibberish acid so, though it is increases the cost of production, but we came out with a new technique at the user. We used a flag, which is a hedge cutter basically, and anyone can get and this is a very robust tool we introduced this for five years back, and I really recommend you to get this equipment. And this can do one guy can do a one Hector or two Hector is very comfortable and you don't need a sickle sickle cell sickle approach like the one that is very handsome, a lot of labor is involved to reduce the labor is the best approach. It costs very less in the, in the online shopping places. So to gibberish acid, big acid is very essential and very important for the, for its role and what are the advantages I will list them out very quickly. So, you can use a knapsack sprayer, or you can use an ultra low volume sprayer, or other approaches I'll talk to that later, but in the beginning like in this flag leaf has been clipped. How nicely it has been played and when it is 10% flowering heading of 10% panicles, that is the time jibberish acid should be spread on the seed parent remember that this is very, very fundamental of using jibberish acid. If the flowering has come out much, then there is no use more delay more no use of jibberish acid, the value of jibberish acid falls short. And then it improves the panicle and stigma exertion, panicle height of the seed parent also increases, along with this pollen parent, and the growth of tillers increasing the effective tillers, the uniform panicle layer you can see how beautiful one layer of panicles are seen. Flag leaf length is flag leaf angle increases the 1000 grain weight is increases unfilled grains reduced increases significantly seed setting and their yields are highly effective. The higher the dose, the of jibberish acid more it is good to our understanding our research 400 grams of jibberish acid way way very high is very good, but the economics would not permit us again up to 100 grams is also desirable. And where you can't afford for it are the availability's hindrance. So we at every follow 200 grams per hectare. So, a jibberish acid with an abstract sprayer and ultra low volume you need only half of it so that is why you need to use ultra low volume. The benefit is the same. So the first spray five to 10% heading suppose you do in the afternoon the next day morning you can do when it is about 20% to 30% heading. That's the best time or the second day following day, and you can split it 40% to 60%. So 40% is given on the first day and 60% is to be given on the second day. More splits can be helpful. But again, the cost of cost of production will increase. So if you are using drone and other approaches, then you can have three doses of more splits would enhance the seed production or seed reproducibility. Remember one thing you need to dissolve this in 25 milliliters of alcohol, one day before, so that per every gram in 70% alcohol, you need to also use surfactant to allow the adherence of the jibberish acid to the surface of the leaf or the place where you are hitting so your nozzle should aim at the influence and place so that it is more effectively utilized. Also, make sure your jibberish purity is 90% or and do not purchase 100% that is not useful. It is cheaper and very useful. I put a list of market in India. You can shop in any online market. I'm not recommending any of those ones I have shown here. This link with any one of these things to recommend this listed here. So this is only to show you a price scale. Now, when I was a student of, I did my PhD in hybrid rising 1990, that time, the jibberish acid was very expensive and not available in the market even. And we used to get few packets from China, somebody traveling to China, somebody would come and bring us some few packets of few grams of and they will be very related to use them. Now, you see the one kg of is only, I saw even lesser than this money. So 10,000 rupees per kg. So you can have liquid version, you can have powder version, whatever version you can, but you need to do some research and find out what is best, but higher doses is the best. More number of applications is very good. So what type of technology you are using, it all depends on that. So basically, in US, they use planes, aeroplanes like this one where jibberish acid is spread like this or an unmanned aerial helicopter would do like this. And this is by RiceTech. I had borrowed this slide from Dr. Mao. And this reduces the time cost and basically it's how best you can use these equipments is basically to reduce cost and time basically on the labor. Okay, that's the point. So when we try to use, we are thinking of using the ultra low volume sprayer for drone version of this. Unfortunately, I have not yet got hold of this one, but we got for seed distributor. Drone that we purchased a theory, but we can use it for supplementary pollination as well. So if you have this type of equipments that can help a lot. Coming to the next topic is of thing now may wonder what stripping is tripping means supplementary pollination. When you give a jerk you trip. So that's the word tripping comes from. You can trip it by rope or a bamboo or supplementary pollination by drones, helicopters, so many things. So the first one here in the picture here is rope being being pulled in very big production plots in China. Here another is in China with the bamboo stick. The person is holding in the middle and shakes the rigorously the online. And this is one guy with like a robot having two small sticks of bamboo shaking both rows of online simultaneously. This is like more manpower and more labor, because you have to bend a lot to do that. But we introduced that theory, the air blower. So this is a handheld air blower is very effective. I will recommend people to buy this equipment, which is very cheap. Again, this can do a lot of work. We can do a to 10 rounds of supplementary pollination and in 10 minutes time interval time between these 10 rounds between 930 to 1130 or even extend up to 12. Well, if you think that the Poland is still available, even some in some places sometimes the Poland is available even in the afternoon for certain parents. So don't just observe the up to what time your Poland load is available and the receptivity of these female to receive the Poland is the key criteria when to when you need to do. And in US, another very interesting from rice tech, you can imagine they have 500 hectares of seed production in one place, big plots, very contiguous plots. They have our rose, which you see light yellow in color. These are our bands, they call bands. So these bands would be like 20 rows of our line or even more. And this may be more than 4050 rows of our line. So these rows, these helicopters move over the airlines, and they can run like 16 helicopter in in 500 hectares can finish the job in a day. You can imagine, can we do this with the human labor with row pulling or drone or anything like that. I doubt very much. So this is the technology. We should be adopting wherever it's possible. These are very small helicopters not the traditional helicopters. So, if you have very big plots no wire poles or big things safe to fly. You can go for it. Roguing is the key and essential thing that needs to be understood and should be many of the people will forget the short dwarf ropes that's why this picture has been put here, particularly, and sometimes these flowering grain type also should be observed. But you know whether and look open the spike lead to confirm whether it's fertile or sterile helps a lot in moving. So, some people do a cut at the bottom. They use a sickle cell to cut it. Some people will pull it out along with the roots. Both ways are okay. But if you are sure your return will not come back quickly. So pulling this one is better because in 15 days interval, they will come back and it will even produce panicles. So if you are roguing timing is very important. If you're roguing very early on, then cutting has no value. Pulling out is very important. If you're going to cut it at a later and cutting is okay. If you're it's already about to flower. So, again, the flowering, you have to check and the lower dwarf. So look out for dwarf ones. People look for tall ones and they say, oh, there's a rogue out there, and you can spot it. But if you have a dwarf one, it is not noticed. So people, the technicians should go inside the into the population carefully of the airlines or the airlines and see if anything is outside the rose, like if it is outside the row are short ones or dwarf ones sitting inside the rose, or look at the bottom for the color pigments and other things, and the plant height shape of the flag leaves and other things. All these things can be taken and you are all expert. Good expertise as as students and my throat is running dry. Johar, you have half an hour before we have a stall. Okay. So, I'm just cruising in. Let me see if I can pull it off. So this isn't best I will not be discussing but we'll be trying to attempt the similar manner as we do for an enterprise cultivation. We have a rice doctor website in the rice knowledge bank, people can download this app into a mobile and make messages of it and follow chemical control as a because this is a seed production plot. The losses will be enormous so immediately go for the chemical control whenever you find any trouble. The seed harvesting is very important and equipments again is very important. This is a winter striker machine out here at TD, which does a very good job for freshing stationary pressure taken into the field. You need to harvest the materials. Now, the R line should be harvested as you can see our lines has been removed and put taken into bags and net bags so that the aeration is there. Don't take into sealed bags otherwise due to moisture they can destroy the germination of those things and do not delay immediately go for drying and then go for threshing and all those things. Okay, so the the in this case you see water here, but there should be no water at all 10 days before the harvest it should be dry. Okay, so first our line should be harvested and then a line they should be separately harvested and roguing should be done on the airline and our line before harvest, and it should be clean, completely clean for roguing. And then the seed storage and marketing and processing a lot of good machines are there that can help you. Threshing is a very important aspect, and you need to try the seed sample less than 12%. You should avoid any atmosphere during the threshing process by other seed so always keep a particular threshing machine for a particular combination to be otherwise you need to clean it up every time. So you have a different processes, drying, cleaning, grading, sanitation, packaging and storage. I think many of you are from the company so I don't need to illustrate this more to you but I think more of you would be very much aware of this how we can do so. So these machines should be used, use moisture meter every time to verify the moisture content and also uniform drying so that better germination storage. A lot of big machines are available in the world, try to use best machines for air drying, seed drying and make sure that you also grading machines are there. They are all empty and partially filled based on their gravity based on the things they can be graded. Also remove the germinated, pre germinated seeds by chance discolored seeds by laser color sorter. At ED we have all these machines which we use. Also you can use a fungicide for micro fertilizer coating or seed coating can be done. There is a sorting machine that ED has which does a very clean job if you have two or three processors in it, it will absolutely can done tons of seed in no time in a day. So one can buy this type of color sorting machines to do for a paddy. People use it for mild grains, but we have designed it for paddy as well. Seed storage is very important. We can use hermetically stored seeds and storage. Likewise, low moisture content dry conditions is very important. The storage conditions should be free from fire thread, birds, rodents, dehumidifier should be there. All these things should be very, very essential for us. Organize the storage in separate areas for different hybrids with different pack sizes. Within the storage also you need places. Okay, this hybrid combination should be kept separate. Seed sanitation is very important and the seeds could be stored in cold storage places in order to, if you have to distribute for the next season. Seed quality control is very essential. We have standards all over the world for seed quality and make you have to adhere to this, follow the rules carefully, strict isolation space, number of rogues, purification, seed certification guidelines are very important. Adopt them, modernize seed quality, purity testing. Seed should be taxable to the original traceable, not taxable. This is a mistake. So it should be traceable. It should be traceable to the original lot and location by tracking system. So we should have a method by which we can track this. And the seed quality is important because it has a direct consequence on the farmer seed that he will get on the seed producer seed in fact. So also it also impacts the farmer who is cultivating the hybrid rice itself. It affects the seed quality, viability, virginity, percentage, rates, all this can be if the quality is not controlled. You can also, you can avoid the seedborne diseases in surplus. Also, it will increase your seed costs, production costs. At the same time, it will be parental line seeds as it will affect the F1 seed sample yield and quality. Also the brand and honor of a given company also it will be at stake. Seed marketing, I did not elaborate these guys. Most of the private sector are very good in it. It is no good in seed marketing, but we can give you good tips here. Have very healthy relationship, good friendship with your customers, those guys have multi location demonstrations organized frequently. In the field is bring the farmers to your hybrids, show them leverage extensive extensive extension and marketing teams leverage their expertise. Good sales services after post sales service very important. And then seed production insurance coverage. Also very helpful, because the first time people should not get into trouble so insurance cover by the company or by the seed growers should have it in order to safeguard them. Protection on intellectual property such as brand payment of royalties for licenses on time is very important because that is how diligence is built upon. Seed certification standards are there for the different online and online and F1 is there. So very well there and guidelines are there. What should be the purity percentage for a breeder seed is always 100% for a breeder foundation seed and registered seed. And for the A by R should be very high again. This is in the Philippines, and especially in the first 15 days and then off types in the maximum tillering flowering stage. And likewise before harvest, you can imagine like one in 1000 or one in should be only seen. That is how it is seen. So in India the standards are likewise is there for hybrids is 200 meters for isolation for certified 100 meters for a by B 500 meters. And the purity percentage is 98 or foundation certified seed. I think it should be 98.9. Off-seed again 0.5 and 0.2. So these are there. Poland shedding panicles in should be 0.05% so objectional feeds and all those things. So likewise this is in China, I will not repeat it same thing but the emphasis is it should be 100% in breeder seed and slightly less than this is the tag that is available. Different colors like seed in these are cancelled and not to be circulated around. So this is a breeder seed tag for India and for foundation seed white and blue and different color codes in in the Philippines. We have molecular markers for testing and testing. You should have a cycle rolling cycle model. Always keep in mind the fifth year many of the production products would be very poor if you are using the same seed source always build a new seed source for your lines. When the lines reach fifth year, you should have material already with you with the third year and another one in the first year. So so that always the new seed is replaced for a by B especially for a by B and eventually a by R. So these are the markers that we have three markers you can see for RF and CMS marker. These are very important for making sure your genetic period is under control. We have also 1000 F1 markers, 1000 markers, RECA markers, which have different versions and we have purity SNP markers or 22 markers which can be used for purity testing. Also grow out test can be done, which can also tell you how many purity percentage you can put a grid like this and get into it. Also, you can have SSR markers other than markers can be used for taking bulk samples of row bulk and column and then mark the spots where the specific percentages you can evaluate on the based on row bulk and column it will point to the exact point which seed was impure. Likewise, the markers that you can in the SSR markers like 337 and 154 has been shown by Sundaram et al, who is currently the director of IRR in India. So this paper is good. You can use this markers if you are using SSR markers. Economics of the hybridized seed production is very important and we have seen that the production cost comes to $1394. This is a work done by Nirmala in India of IRR from whom I have taken this slide. And it's also a slide from her, you can see this is in the districts of Telangana, where the hybrid cost of F1 is 2.5 tons seed price of 1.09 given to the farmers when you say price is the seed grower that is given. And the total value of the hybridized is $2,700 that emerges out of this seed that is the value of the hybridized based on the price and R line you get something. So eventually, by taking into account of all the values, including the strong value, the total returns is $3,000. Now, if you have been cost $1,394 and gross returns $3,000, your net return is $1.6, your benefit to cost ratio is $2.17 per hectare, which is very good. In the Philippines, you can touch up to around $1,800 and in other countries like in China is very low, the only $800 because of the cost of labor. So I tried to, this is a slide I borrowed from and it grew upon Dr. Janaya, where these two were mentioned by him earlier, and I added this one where the current yield level is 3.5 tons and then 0.56 production cost and 1.3 price that is being given to the grower, seed grower. And currently, when I saw the price was like $7 to $7.5, so the companies are making a good amount of profit but not translating it to the gross. A few points, salient points, this would be my last part of the topic. I go very rapidly here because all of this only revision here. So more than 2.5 tons is the key thing, touch cross 3 tons is our benchmark, decrease the input cost for seed production, that's the key. We need to reduce and avoid losses, enhance seed production management. This is very important, the management part. And then how to seed increase the seed yield, have the best out crossing rates in your parental lines. So that is the key to increase the seed, that's why ERI is sharing almost 16 new CMS lines. Many of them have very high out crossing, more than the 25 way. If 25 is 25%, we have already introduced 35 to 45% out crossing rate with higher combining ability. The carry out seed production in the last season, best season and ideal location. We have extended agronomic field management, achieving good synchrony, use higher doses of GA, effective supplementary map pollination, use better drones and other beggar equipments in order to cut down on the cost, strictly controlled disease and insect test. How to reduce big avoid or losses? So production side, harvest and storage. So avoid poor and no synchronization is the key. At any cost, you should not end up there. And harvest to mature seeds in a timely manner. Many people forget this and rains come in that time when something happens. Post harvest and seed processing is another very important topic. No mechanical mixture should happen. No seed damage during drying process, people should not leave it in the drying floor or machine or for long periods. And the fumigation needs to be done. And also make sure it is uniformly the seed is dried up. And also the storage, the temperature and the moisture content is under control. How to control improved seed production management? Strictly train your seed growers. Make them do the heavy task very in a professional way. Also standard operating protocols should be followed. Quality control at every step is very important. Proper deployment of labor force at every step for seed production. Field oriented managers or technicians need to go to the field. That is the key. If you don't step your people foot onto the ground, nothing can be achieved. I tell you, entering into the field is the only thing and guiding the key staff under you. So, to sum it up, what should be done eventually is you need to have a scientific expertise in those countries where scientific expertise is not available. Increase your technical manpower drastically by training training training infrastructure and government support is very, very crucial. It will not come from thin air any money. So, government has to invest in the beginning. Eventually it will become like a fruit bearing tree. Once the tree bears its throat, it will turn out money for any government to start with. Standardized seed production is very important and should be increased to reduce the production cost and to make it. So, for example, if you are two times, if you make it three times, you are going to increase one more fold of one third of your cost reduction would be there. So, if you are one time to two times, you are just to see how big differences it is. So, that is how the three time mark is very important multi-disciplinary teams are very important from breeders, agronomists, molecular breeders all should be teamed up. So, we have rice breeding at EDE, we have done this, and we have a very strong public-private partnership. EDETEC transfer is there, which is backing it up. So, we have all the elements here, just adopt our own model that we are following here, maybe it will help for people who have less experience. And farmer support services is very important, people should have some place where people get all the things in one roof and cheaper and credits are given and lower cost government should equip them. This is a food security task and everybody should give support and policy support should be very, very important, especially to create the skill-based seed production just like Telangana seed harvest. So, we should create more such hops in the country, in India and Bangladesh and Nepal and other countries, and that is our direction. So, with this, here are a lot of references, leave this slide with you guys, it will be shared to all of you later and this presentation as well. So, no need to worry and take these things. And there's a book I published in 2021, which gives chapters on one chapter on hybridized and one on two-line hybridized seed production. So, you can have updates on that directly. And currently 64,000 downloads, so that was the 60th year of EDE that was dedicated. So, with this, I'd like to thank Hans, Matt, Remy, Raimau, Sengu, Nirmala for their slides, basically some of the slides I've borrowed from them. Marco for arranging this fantastic webinar. HRDC advisory committee members, Linga, Ana, Pauline, Tini and my entire team, especially I'd like to mention Adrian Roy who also helped me to prepare some of the slides and photographs. And he's the person who is doing the seed production for hybridized seed material. And we have a many big team also, Pauline, Tini, Lola, Magdo, Senon, Lito, Kalloy, Eric, Ana, Christian, Dona, Michael, Mark, Karl, Alamed, Alex, Eno, Ray, all of them, I think. And thank you very much. I thought that was 15 minutes late. We have a large number of questions which we will probably not most likely handle because, ladies and gentlemen, we have unfortunately we have a hard stop at the hour. So if you don't mind, Johar, while you have a drink and a little rest, I will pick a couple of the questions and what we will do with the other questions we will collect them. And we will send them to Johar. And I'm sure that he will find other ways to answer those questions. Johar, there's a number of questions that ask about Basmati rice hybrids. So are there any and what's the status? Can you talk a bit about that? Okay, so the Basmati hybrid was developed by IARI in India, Indian Agriculture Research Institute called as PUSA RH10. That's a very glaring example where grain yield and quality were combined. It was 40% more than yield than the regular Basmati variety. So PUSA Basmati one. So it combines the yield as well as the grain quality features of the Basmati. So in a way of the purpose of putting that slide is to show that when you have both parental lines, you can have a hybrid of your choice. And in this case, the PUSA RH10 parental lines were having the Basmati grade parental lines. That is why it ended up getting Basmati hybrid. So that's the principle behind it. So you can create any hybrid of your choice. For example, Samba Masuri, both the grain quality should be like Samba Masuri. If you can achieve that while keeping the genetic pools distinctive, only the grain quality features similar to Samba Masuri, you can create Samba Masuri. So this is the technique we are adopted already and we are addressing the market needs and very soon we'll create many of these combinations at our mill. Yeah. Thanks Jahar. I see that a number of people are using the raise hand function and fortunately due to the time pressure, and to the high number of people we will not be able to do this. So if you have questions, please use the Q&A function. One of the questions, Johar, that might be particularly useful for you to answer is from Ammar Afghani Gadi. And he asks, thank you very much for your presentation. Why, in some countries such as Iran is hybrid rice not successful. So now in Iran, when I was there, it was there, we released one hybrid and six were in the pipeline hybrids. So it is always investment from the government. So up till when I was there, it was an open-ended opportunity. I was leading their hybrid rice program from Erie sitting there in Russia. I was touched. But unfortunately, the government after I left the follow through was not there. I had a very good book written on it and given this to the policymakers. Even now if anybody reads the last page of that, it has all the reasons why, what is your basic reason why we should be doing hybrid rice in Iran is very important because your geographical area for seed production for your rice cultivation cannot be increased. And when the food need comes, the only way is to go for hybrid technology. We produced a very good hybrid like the first hybrid, the IRH Iran rice hybrid one. It was named. Okay, there is also there have been several people that are asking whether they can receive certificates. Please note that what we will do is we will send each participant each attending participant an email confirming your participation. So that will act as the certificates. Then we have somebody who is asking, what is the future production perspective of two line hybrids in Indian conditions? Okay, the prospects of two line hybrids. I think we formed in 2020, we formed the two line study group with five top companies. I would not spell out their names here, but these companies came forward to Erie and said we will finance this work in a very strong manner. And they funded us by paying $100,000 per year funding for three years. And with that fund we started doing very aggressive breeding program on two line. And the come of the key findings was that we wanted to take this entire technology to the ground and validate with the in the country, in this case India, and it has already been validated. And we have very good results with us. And therefore it doesn't make me any less confident that I see that in next two years or so, this will become a reality in India. Because we produced one TGMS line that becomes completely sterile at 24 degree centigrade. That is where it gives me the confidence. And we have many such TGMS lines developed in the coming days and the hybrids coming from two line is very, very heterotic compared to three line. So, so we have a very big doors open. The production cost comes down by half because only one seed production cycle is required. One is just like in bread cultivation in cooler temperatures. So this is how this all these things has been confirmed and validated. So it is not talking in air. Now we are talking with substance there. So therefore we are very confident this is going to work. Thank you. Let's go to the next question. During climate change conditions as we are all aware of how does hybrid seed production become beneficial. So I think that the real crux of the question is, could you give us your thoughts about the relationship between hybrid rice and climate change. Yeah, so the climate change is bound to happen. That is very sure. It's nothing not spoken by me or somebody, but the climate, the panel for climate change IPCC is there international panel, which has very clearly said that climate change is going to occur. And you will see the biggest changes happening in Bangladesh, in the delta regions of India Bangladesh, where the sea water in the nation will take place by as early about 2028 even. So this is going to happen. Now, how prepared are the comments. We don't know. People still think nothing will happen to them. But it's a relaxed approach to hybrid rice on that say when the unit area would get reduced. What would be the best option. For example, one third of the Bangladesh is under water. Now you have to remaining two third is there what crop you will grow in that case in that scenario to feed the population of Bangladesh, for example. One third will be gone. So the only option will be left out is hybrid technology. So this is what the hybrid technology offers, apart from being bringing the climate change resilient trades into the background of those hybrids would be the second step. So where it would be drought tolerant, the flooding tolerant or salinity tolerant. So all those features when it is combined, it gives a good solution for the farmers as well as the policymakers to have their defenses ready. Okay, thank you. We have several questions from Jean Young, and I will pick one and that is for our lines, the nuclear genes are RTRF with the cytoplasmetic gene being N or normal. If N is altered or transformed to be S, what would happen. There should be no differences in terms of restoring fertility at least. Am I correct. Yeah, what can edit the gene in CMS in any line, the end can be edited to a sterile line that's possible. It's not any line can be converted. Oh, so that's possible but it is genome editing. Remember, if you can otherwise by mutation reading. We have a few questions left so let's go quickly go and try to answer a couple more. How many back crosses are needed to make a uniform hybrid rice is asked by Saif Ulla. How many back crosses. I didn't get the question that the back crosses are done only to maintain the a line which you end to be across. We don't call it as a back cross we says it's a maintenance cross. We are just maintaining the, these male sterility to get the seed of the male sterile seed parent. So, you are not doing any crossing so already all these materials are ready a B and R is already in your hand in the required format. If you are going to transfer into a CMS line, you need a three to four back crosses, but two back crosses with multiple markers is sufficient. And then, do we have a question about hybrid rice technology in Bangladesh. Reis Ahmad wants to know what's the current status of hybrid rice technology in Bangladesh is and what are the challenges for further scale up. And could you also give your idea about policy measures that could help accelerate the pace. So, I had, had explained the very important aspect of climate change one third of them. That's the biggest thing one policymaker should understand very clearly right away that the unity the productivity per unit area. When land is limited is the best alternative is or the best solution is hybrid technology among all the available technologies currently available in hand. You can do mechanization you can do some agronomy agronomy agronomical measures, which can only tweak 5% maximum, but here is a technology which can which can push up to 25 to 30% that is the key. So, if that is understood well. The next step is what hybrids, how to improve the parental lines, how much should be invested into parental breeding, how to get in close collaboration with the to get the right projects in order to make the best approaches where, like in Nepal has come to Erie with in a big way to ensure that there's food to secure through hybrid technology similar way. I think Bangladesh should look into this option. I would really encourage that if that is done, similar to the model of Nepal, it will be fantastic we will see that no stone is unturned to achieve the best of the best for food security. Unfortunately, we have come to three to the top of the hour which is a hard stop because we have a another event straight after this. I would like to thank Jaohar for his imminent presentation I would like to thank all of our attendees for taking the time to listen to us. I would also like to make sure that you understand that we will not ignore your questions we have collected all of them, and we will send them to Jaohar and his team, and I'm sure that they will do their best to answer them to the best of their knowledge and abilities which I can assure you is considerable. So, thank you everybody for attending. Marco, let me make one announcement here. The number one is that people will be able to get a certificate, those who are attending. The second thing is, all your questions would be sent to me as Marco said, and because of the loss of time here, so the lack of time here, so we will be able to answer them and send you to because we have your email IDs, so we'll send a personal answers to each one of you. So thank you very much Marco for arranging this. Thank you very much. And thank you all of you. Okay, bye bye everybody.