 Hi friends, so we are going to see Yojana, October month 2022, the topics are geoscientific explorations, safeguarding oceans and water governance. So in that first article is geoscientific explorations. So in that first one is, so it is related to paragraph 1, paragraph 2, 3 and 4. So in paragraph 1 it speaks about Geological Survey of India, so it was established in the year of 1851. So they are responsible for geoscientific explorations in India. So we already see that here it was established by Britishers and the primary mandate, so mandate is given in paragraph 2, so mandate is nothing but their objective. So what is the primary objective of this organization is, one is to do the Geological Survey of India. So primary objective is toward Geological Survey. So Geological aspect is more about studying the earth and its basic rock types and all, that is a very basic understanding of Geological Survey and also focusing on explorations. So potential for explorations especially related to minerals. So this is the primary objective of Geological Survey of India, that is the mandate that is given in paragraph 2. So paragraph 3 focuses on natural resource assessment. So Geological Survey are also focusing on natural resource assessment and augmentation. So assessment is focused on, so where we got the natural resources in India in different parts of India. To give an example of natural resources, we know that for running an economy, industrial economy especially we need to have iron, steel, aluminium, all these are considered to be natural resources, coal, natural resources. So assessment is they will check across India where we have the pocket of this natural resources and how to augment, how to make sure that it is being used very effectively. So that is the aspect of Geological Survey of India and especially for public goods. So for public goods that is given in paragraph 3 and paragraph 4. So right now we can see that we have this in India, National Mineral Exploration Policy. So this is the recent one that is 2016. So this clearly indicates that, so in Indian government we have a policy for exploring minerals. So that minerals again it is related to running the economy of the country, either related to industrial economy or even minerals can also be exported. So that comes the importance of this mineral exploration. So this Geological Survey of India primarily focused on aiding this national mineral exploration policy. This policy focuses on pre-competitive baseline geoscientific data, geoscience data. So geoscience data and they are also responsible for geoscience data repository and also probe mineral deposits. So as per this mineral exploration policy, this is the primary focus is first they want to identify this baseline geoscience data. So pre-competitive means it is more about commercial aspect of exploration. Before that they need to have some scientific data where are the potentials for exploration is available and geoscience data repository is collection of all those data, it is collecting all the historical geoscience data right from 1851 we have the Geological Survey of India. So they are able to have this repository of data which can be effectively used to make some decisions on which how to explore minerals or where minerals are located or simply of saying this is like creating a big data in technical terms or technological terms also probing mineral deposits. So this is the primary focus of this paragraph 4. Next we go for next page paragraph 1, 2, 3. So in paragraph 1, Geological Survey of India is responsible for mapping, Pan India mapping. So they are doing Pan India mapping. So as a common individual or as a student in our school days, we are exposed to maps and most of this time this maps or either for physical map will be there, physical map consists of rivers, mountains, deserts and we have this administrative maps where India has been divided into different states, capitals. This is what we are exposed to apart from this a lot of other mapping is also done in the country and Geological Survey of India do certain mappings. For example, first one is National Geochemical mapping. So National Geochemical mapping. Next thing is National Aero Geophysical mapping and next we have systematic thematic mapping. So these are the different mapping created by Geological Survey of India which is effective used by various departments of Indian governments for their administrative activities. So these are the different mappings being done and so especially focusing on natural resources and geo-social issues. For example, these mappings are used for primarily natural resource explorations and geo-social issues, what is geo-social issues means for example landslide. But understanding the landslide of a region this mapping can be effectively used. So that is paragraph one. So paragraph two focuses on regarding this natural minerals. So augmentation of Geological Society, Geological Survey of India focusing on augmenting so natural minerals and cold resources and why this become more important is right now as part of GDP. When we say GDP, there are three major areas in GDP, owners, agriculture, industries and services. In that industrial sector we have mining as one sector. So right now this mining also contributes for economy. So right now augmenting natural minerals and cold resources is part of mining activity which drives the economy. So Geological Survey of India has a direct contribution to Indian economy by providing all the data for natural minerals mining and also for coal mining. Next thing is paragraph three speaks about. So especially this Geological Survey of India is a very active role in exploring, exploration of strategic and critical minerals. What is strategic and critical minerals means? These are the mineral resources which is more important for the country's economic well-being and also for the national security dimensions. So they have given list of strategic minerals like tungsten or molybdenum, nickel, lithium etc. So why they are called as strategic minerals means right now we know that NTAV world is driven based on technology especially information and communication technology where we have hardwares for it and the hardwares are majorly created through this technology through this minerals. That is the reason it is called as critical minerals and why it is called as strategic minerals is we know that right now the NTAV world we are right now governments creating a law for data protection all those things which is entirely based on the idea of technology and hardwares and all those things even to give a comparison Indian government ban Chinese SAPs because with data has been transferred to Chinese servers and hardwares play a major role in it. So that is the reason it is called as strategic minerals because right now the entire technological world is depend upon certain minerals and whoever controls the minerals controls the technological aspect of hardwares so that is the reason it is called strategic minerals. So these are the minerals which plays a major role in it and this exploration is done in collaboration with Geoscience of Australia Geoscience of Australia. So this is given in this page and next page paragraph 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, 6. So paragraph 1 speaks about this importance of so online core business integrated system so it is primarily focused on this geoinformatics the role of geological survey in geological survey of India in Geo-matics so geological survey of India in Geo-matics and right now they also created this bookish as a flagship means important flagship geospatial portal. So geological survey of India is not only related to mapping of India or collecting all this data they also creating a portal so which which is effectively used for providing the data to all other various other departments and right now we have this national geo this is all aspect of data sharing national so Geoscience data repository it is given in paragraph 2 so geological survey of India is responsible for having this repository of data collections so regarding data collections used by various other government departments so data repository is nothing but collection of data that is given in paragraph 2 whereas in paragraph 3 right now geological survey of India also play an important role in the geo social issues so that is an example given regarding this landslide hazards so geological survey of India and landslide hazards so where national landslide suspectibility mapping is being done national landslide susceptibility mapping so they are finding potential areas of landslide through this mapping and this this is done in 18 states and union territories 18 states and union territories and this being done in collaboration with that is given in paragraph 4 that is done in collaboration with British geological survey and this acts as a early warning mechanism so early warning mechanism for landslides so even though we say geological survey of India is a purely scientific organization but they have a direct impact on common man's life because they are doing a mapping of landslide potential areas which data can be shared with district administration where they act as early warning mechanism for the common man so that is there and paragraph 5 and right now also they are responsible for this system so geotic parameters this is regarding earthquakes so regarding earthquake also they play an very active role by sharing this data for that they have this global navigation satellite system which is used for crustal movement monitoring network so we can see the cross purpose usage of this navigation satellite also to effectively use for this earthquake monitoring and they have established this 35 stations of this across India where geological survey of India has played an active role so right now geological survey of India has an impact in controlling landslides positive impact and also regarding earthquake next paragraph 1 2 and 3 in paragraph 1 we can also say that geological survey of India also have an active role in climate change controlling of climate change so how they are able to do that thing is by studying glaciers so glaciers glaciers are considered to be the proxies of climate change what is proxies means to understand climate change if you want to take one aspect of the planet earth to understand us you need to study glaciers so that you can understand the climate change impact in our planet earth so that is the reason they are called as proxies without studying the entire planet earth we can study glaciers to understand what are the climate change impact that is the reason it is called as proxies and geological survey of India right from 1974 they are monitoring the glaciers so monitoring glaciers in India especially when you say glaciers means will be in Himalayan ecosystems Himalayan ecosystems then apart from this so they are also monitoring geological studies and they are also doing this so glacial studies so that is given in paragraph 2 so they are also doing so glacial studies in polar regions of Antarctica polar regions of Antarctica so polar regions of Antarctica especially focusing on climate change final ask paragraph so it is geological survey of India so promoting a platform that is central geological programming board so primary objective of this is more administrative dimensions that is to avoid duplications and wastage of resources so please understand geological studies done by a lot of other organizations to their requirements so right now based on this geological geological programming board as data is shared in this particular board so that other organization does not want to spend time on this they have given examples like central ministries PSUs and other institutions are doing it for example PSU is going to locate some important industries where they do a geological study for that they can use the data is already there so that is in want to waste their resources and duplicate the work so that is the primary aspect of central geological programming board so these are the information regarding geological survey of India and if there is any main questions regarding research institutions and how research institutions are helping in people's well-being all these information can be used and if there is any specific questions on geological aspect also this information can be used or all this information can be used as a single point in your answer writing for example if there is a question on how to control landslides or how to control earthquake all this scientific data is can be used saying that Indian government has already respond positive directions to minimize the impacts okay so next article is safeguarding oceans in that paragraph 1 so regarding safeguarding oceans that this paragraph says about the basic facts of importance of oceans and planet earth we say two-thirds of earth is surrounded by water surrounded by water and in that when you say water means oceans hold 96.5 96.5 percentage so point is two-third of the earth is water in that two-third of the earth 96 percentage or 96.5 percentage ocean remaining only we have reverse ponds and glaciers all this comes under the aspect of remaining remaining water or we call it as fresh waters and this is more important ocean is considered to be the most important for humankind we will see how it is more important so that is given in this first page paragraph 1 so paragraph 2 and paragraph 3 so in paragraph 1 so regarding this ocean study we have this national institute of oceanography so national institute of oceanography which is being located in Goa which is part of CSIR that is as a council for scientific and industrial research and is the most important organization to study oceans across the world and especially across India and recently they have this it is given in paragraph 2 so recently there is a project which called as RV Sindhu Sadhana so recently a research work is done so research work is done based on this particular name where 73 scientist went and studied the oceans based on this and all from national institute of oceanography and they started from Vizag port of India and covered the entire India 90 days and they have done research through a research vessel you know research vessel or research ship is being used for it the next thing is the primary objective of this is in this particular research that is given in paragraph 3 the primary objective of this research ship is RV Sindhu Sadhana marine research ship is to map genomic and proteomic diversity so diversity of Indian ocean so genomic and proteomic diversity of Indian ocean genomic is nothing but understanding the gene aspects of Indian ocean and proteomic will see that right now so that is paragraph 1 2 3 which speaks about what the term called proteomic means so they say proteomic is catalyst in biochemical reactions so biochemical reactions so every human body have biochemical reactions and simple as we eat food that converts into energy all this guy's called as biochemical reactions and proteomic act as a catalyst in it by studying this proteomic in Indian oceans they are able to understand the life cycle of animals in it so life stay life cycle of those constant part of it especially organisms and so which occurs in organism that survive in different ocean conditions this study of branch of biologists called as proteomics so whenever you study the role of protein especially proteomics is focused on protein so how they play a role in biochemical reactions of organisms in oceans that is called proteomic that is going to paragraph 1 and paragraph 2 apart from studying the scientific aspects of Indian ocean so they are also responsible to study this trace metals so trace metals are nothing but manganese cobalt iron nickel etc so which helps in the growth of organism so to understand how this metals play an active role in it so this also helps in understanding the mineral constants of the ocean and a second main objective is given in paragraph 3 so to unearth informations of this trace metal information of trace metal the next thing is paragraph 1 2 3 4 5 and 6 so in paragraph 1 so it is related to this deep ocean mission there is one of the recent mission of Indian government so where they want to explore Indian oceans in the deep ocean mission they say certain aspects basic facts that is 30 percentage of Indian population depend on oceans so there comes the reason for understanding ocean well because 30 percentage of Indian population depends upon ocean for their life livelihood social aspects and all those things and 2021 to 30 is celebrated as even decade of ocean science for sustainable development sustainable development so with this aspect government of India focusing on this deep ocean mission for 2030 so we need to establish a new India new India means a developed India by 2030 new dimensions for India where blue ocean economy comes into picture or blue economy comes into picture so what is blue economy means focusing more on in ocean as a source for economic well-being right now we are exploited our land resources for economic well-being right now we are exploited our human resource for economic well-being for example we have used service industries for our growth so next area for growth is we need to focus on ocean as another medium for growth and we have a target for economy 5 trillion 5 trillion economy we need to explore all new possibilities one is exploring oceans so by new India by 2030 blue economy should also be contributing to our well-being so that is the reason why we have this deep ocean mission in the deep ocean mission so primary focus is given in paragraph 3 what what Indian government is going to do one is developing technologies for deep sea mining so first one is deep sea mining so under deep ocean mission they are focusing on deep sea mining that is technological development and second point and thing is to focus on ocean climate change advisory services development of ocean climate change advisory services by understanding advisory services by understanding oceans third one is technology innovations for exploring deep sea biodiversity still we are not able to understand what are the organisms in the deep sea which has a positive impact on planet earth also in humankind so that is exploration also need to be done that is part of this deep sea ocean mission and next thing is deep ocean survey survey of oceans and finally maritime center so energy and freshwater from oceans so oceans has a potential for energy and freshwater and maritime center establishing maritime center for ocean biology so these are one of the important objective of deep ocean missions we have around six objectives starting from technology selection for deep sea mining to energy and freshwater usage of oceans surveying oceans always part of this deep ocean mission okay there's a new area where Indian system is exploring this paragraph 3 and paragraph 4 and paragraph 5 Samudrayan is a deep sea ocean expedition mission or submissible so developed by India so that was here in 2021 we went for this there's a technology a platform and it's a like a submarine which is being used to understand deep sea oceans so this is a technology few countries have and we have India has developed its own aspects so understand that ocean life okay that is there paragraph 5 and paragraph 6 speaks about what are the problems existing for oceans one is because of increasing human population and its impact on ocean increasing human population next biggest problem is tourism so tourism has an impact on a care system of oceans and industrial chemicals release of industrial chemicals the next thing is pollution this all results what we call it as there's a term called dead zone so right now in ocean there's a term called dead zone one of the reason is because of this aspect in this dead zone there's a vacuum of organism that is called dead zone so right now they say that dead zones are increasing in oceans there's a vacuum of bio diversity or a vacuum of organism in oceans called dead zone primary reason because of this this numbers are increasing in oceans right now okay so this given in the second news article third we go for water governance so paragraph one so regarding water governance paragraph one they have given a case study that is in kutch said kutch is a part of Gujarat but it's part of Gujarat and there was a mass migration of pastoral communities so these are communities depends upon cow goat for their livelihood and the grays across places they called as pastoral communities like Maldaris this name you can remember it Maldaris paragraph one and paragraph two so Maldaris have mass migration one of the major reason for this thing is lack of water so so lack of water or drought resulted in mass migration of Maldaris so this this is a case study can use it for your answer writing any questions regarding drought or impact of desertification all this you can use as an example how in Gujarat kutch region Maldaris as a pastoral counties went for mass migration they came out of that locality because lack of water that's given in paragraph one and paragraph two so they say about the importance of water so fresh water in India around 85 percentage is being consumed by agriculture purpose fresh water means take example of river water 85 percentage being consumed by agriculture so there comes the importance of how effectively to use water in agriculture so there comes the idea of this micro irrigation micro irrigation and participative irrigation management and there is even a tagline called per drop more crop this clearly shows how our Indian system is moving towards a new level of water governance so efficiently use water in agriculture because 85 percentage of fresh water goes to agriculture so that is going paragraph two so paragraph one paragraph two three so in paragraph one to show the importance of water right now in the year of 2019 ministry of Jalshakti was created ministry of Jalshakti was created by the present government and there also Jalshakti Abhyan so Jalshakti Abhyan was launched as a mission mode initiative this clearly shows the series seriousness of our government towards water governance and water conservation they created a new ministry and there was a mission mode program was focused on it and under this they primarily focused on water conservation so they focus on water conservation especially on 256 districts which are considered to be water stressed so right now in India we have 700 plus districts very close to 737 46 we have in India in that around 256 districts or 300 districts are considered to be water stressed and 256 very precise and for that they have created a specific program of this water conservation and they want to make this as a people's movement so this water conservation measure is not to be seen as a government's effort it should be more like a people movement that is Jain and Dolan so government they understood the way as excess of any program results in people's participation so they want to make this as a people moment okay next thing is paragraph two another major important aspect of water resources which we need to focus on river Ganga because that is a major water resources for entire India especially northern states literally depends upon river Ganges so for that we have this Namami Ganga program so especially focusing on regeneration of river Ganges and especially this focus on multi agency approach multi agency approach means to make Ganges revive it's not should be the photo of one particular government department should be a collective effort department that's called multi agency approach and they primarily focused on these major areas one is pollution abatement they want to control the pollution second one is improving ecology of Ganges next thing is strengthening people river contact because river Ganges is not seen only as a river or water resource it has a cultural significance also so that government was very keen to understand the interaction between the river and the people and also to make it more sustainable so that is the reason we have this people to work contact and research and knowledge and management so they focus on research of river Ganges and its conservation that is going paragraph 2 and paragraph 3 so we have this Jaljeevan mission primarily focused on supplying drinking water to supply tap water to families especially rural India paragraph 1 2 and 3 so in paragraph 1 regarding Jaljeevan mission it says that so by 2024 or rural home need to have tap water that's objective of this Jaljeevan mission and it's in partnership with state governments and creating assured water supply so state partnership is part of it and I should water supply because of taking drinking water to the rural homes has a lot of benefits on its health benefits where water plays a major role in health of the family and especially the most portable drinking water and the next thing is it relieves the stress of women because mostly women are the water collectors of any rural family they spend a lot of time on collecting waters if water is drinking water reaches to the family that helps women to spend a lot of time in skilled development and other aspect is and what water reaching a home also have a psychological impact it enhances the standard of living so that is the reason why government is very keen on this Jaljeevan mission especially rural aspect and this Jaljeevan mission is also focused on this village water and sanitation committee where it's a people driven and an entwined approach so there's nothing but empowering people through this village sanitation village water and sanitation committee and by this six lakh villages are being connected six lakh villages are being connected through this particular mission so on this particular Jaljeevan mission they focus on four aspect one is sustainable sources okay sustainable source of water sustainable source means throughout the year they need to have water and throughout the requirement of all season they need to have water and next thing is they focus on water supply so they create necessary infrastructure to reach water and gray water treatment it's a gray water treatment gray water treatment is primarily focused on reusable waters and next thing is operational maintenance this is all part of this Jaljeevan mission and finally paragraph 3 so right now in India they are having this national project on aquifer management one of the biggest programs in the world to focus on formulation aquifer management for sustainable use of groundwater primarily focus on groundwater usage so these are the points so where all we can use this information is regarding water governance especially we can say that rural development and the importance of water in the society or any essay topics on importance of water we can relate all these points and at the required answers in means okay thank you