 Okay, good morning everyone. Welcome to class BC 308 on Daniel and Revelation. Thank you for connecting to the class. We are joining through the book of Daniel right now. Let's take a moment to pray together and then we will get started. Could one of us please lead in prayer? Let's start. Thank you Father for this time that you've given us. Thank you Father for helping us understand these biblical truths Father Lord. Which otherwise Lord are not for us to understand these Father. You have given us this opportunity Father to learn on these eschatological topics Father Lord. From the books of Daniel and Revelation Father we thank you for that Lord. We pray Lord that you open our eyes Lord of understanding Lord. We pray Father that you help our ears to be receptive Lord in our heart. Father to receive Lord what you want us to say Father and reveal to us through these Father prophecies Father. I pray Lord that in the epistles Father it has been said to watch and pray Father and be prepared for your coming. Father we pray Father that you help us understand and know the seasons that we are living in. We thank you and praise you for the Pastor Ashish Lord. I pray for your strength and grace upon him. I pray Lord that all our classmates be able to join Father and be able to have a session Lord complete and clear for them Father. We thank you and praise you Jesus Christ. Amen. Amen. Thank you. Thank you Rowan. Alright so just to quickly recap we started our journey through the book of Daniel. Week before last one we didn't have class because of our conference happening and so we just quickly review before we move forward. The book of Daniel, we gave a little bit of background. The beginning of Daniel when this was written about 600, 500 BC and we looked at the purpose, the character, the language. The language is used typically how the book is divided when people study it. Sometimes a question about its genuineness because people are amazed at the prophecy that's recorded for us in Daniel. Just a little bit of background of history. The different empires that went through with approximate dates. We're not saying these dates are precise but these are generally dates given of the different empires that went through from the Assyrian, the Babylonian, the Medes, Persians, Greeks, the Romans and so on. So we put that in a tabular form and then we went through chapter 2 where Nebuchadnezzar had the dream, Daniel reveals the dream and the interpretation to Daniel and I think there's this little image here that will help us. He has this dream where there's an image, the head of gold, the chest of silver, the waist of brass, legs of iron. And very interestingly the feet are iron and clay mixed together and there are the ten toes. So what we said was and the meaning is actually given to us in chapter 2. A lot of it is already given to us in chapter 2 where each portion of this image is representing a kingdom. We would use the word empire and the very topmost empire is identified for us. It's the Babylonian empire, Nebuchadnezzar representing the Babylonian empire. And the others will come for, will be revealed as we journey through. And what we saw is in the days of these kings and these kingdoms here, the feet, iron and clay mixed a loosely held together territory where clay is representing people from all the other nations from everyone just mixed with the iron which are remnants of the former empire. They are held loosely in the days of that kingdom or that empire being in place. God himself sets up his kingdom here on earth. So what we said was the Daniel chapter 2 is kind of an outline of all that is going to be unveiled in the rest of this book. And as we progress, more and more details of things are being revealed to us. We also looked at the end of chapter 5, where this is the grandson of King Nebuchadnezzar. Nebuchadnezzar is having a big feast in his palace and he's actually using the utensils that had been taken from the temple and he's just celebrating and then that moment of that, a big celebration, something strange happens. A hand is seen that's writing some inscription on the wall. They don't know what to do so they call for Daniel and Daniel interprets and says, King, you've been made in the palace and you have been found wanting and tonight your kingdom is going to be handed over to the Medes and the Persians. So Daniel is identifying this part of the chest. He's saying, okay, the next they're going to come in and they're going to take over. This is Daniel chapter 5 and verse 28, the Medes and the Persians are going to come in and that happened that same night. And the Medes attacked over through the Babylonian Belshazzar and over through the empire and the Medes to go. So we stopped the end of Daniel chapter 5. We're going to skip Daniel chapter 6 because it's more of a record of history of what happened with Daniel as he was serving. So we are going to look into primary the prophetic scriptures. We're going now into chapter 7, Daniel chapter 7. And as we read chapter 7, we will read through the whole chapter and then we will look at it. Just as a way of introduction for things to look at. When we read Daniel chapter 7, we are going to read about all kinds of strange beasts, strange creatures. And these creatures, part of it represents the lion or the bear. We understand that, but then each image is complicated. So we read about these beasts and then we wonder what do these beasts mean? But what I want to see is the meaning is given in the chapter itself. So we don't have to look far. Just keep reading the chapter. The meaning of what those beasts represent are given in the chapter. And it's connected to what was given in Daniel chapter 2. So Daniel chapter 2, like we said, is an outline. Here you're actually seeing more details of all of that. So you can actually correlate or map what you're seeing in chapter 7 with what was given in chapter 2. We will do that. And additionally, we are given more insight to what happens when the God of heaven sets up his kingdom here on earth. Remember in chapter 2, he said, you know, that the rock became a big mountain and it extended its influence over all the earth. The mountain was full of power. It was a kingdom, God's kingdom. So what happens when that kingdom is established? Insight is given to us here in chapter 7. So it's a beautiful chapter. The meaning of all the imagery that we see is given to us within the chapter itself. So it makes it easy to understand. Let's go ahead. Let's, you know, like what we've done before, maybe two, let's say, maybe three verses each. We will read Daniel chapter 7, three verses each. And then we will start looking at what it means portion by portion. So we just, in artistic terms, anybody wants to read this? Go ahead and read, please. Daniel chapter 7, verses 1 to 3. In the first arrow, bells is the King of Babylon. Daniel had a dream and visions of his head while on his bed. And he wrote down the dream telling the main facts. Daniel spoke saying, I saw in my vision by night and behold, four winds of heaven were stirring with the great sea. And four great bees came up from the sea, each from the other. The first was like a lion and had eagle's wings. I watched till its wings were plucked off. And it was lifted up from the earth and made to stand on two feet like a man. And a man's heart was given to it. And suddenly another beast, a second like a bear, it was raised up on one side and had three ribs in its mouth between its teeth. And they said thus to it, a rice devoured much flesh. After this, I looked and there was another, like a leopard, which had on its back four rings of a bird. The beast also had four heads and dominion was given to it. And suddenly another beast, a second like a bear, it was standing up on one side and had three ribs in its mouth between its teeth. And they said thus to it, a rice devoured much flesh. After this, I looked and there was another, like a leopard, which had on its back four wings of a bird. The beast also had four heads and dominion was given to it. Question 7 is on. After this, I saw, after this I saw in the 9th Division, and the old, before this terrifying and this great beast, and it was really strong. It had great iron teeth. The war and grouping was, it was different from all the beasts that were before, before it and it had ten horns. I considered the horns and the beard. The beard came up among them, among another horns. A little one, before which three of the first horns were plugged up by the roots and beard in this horn were high, like the eyes of a mouse, and a mouse between three things. Question 9 on. I watched till thrones were put in place and the ancient of days was seated. His garment was white as snow and the hair of his head was like pure wool. His throne was a fiery flame, its wheels a burning fire. A fiery stream issued and came forth from before him. A thousand thousands ministered to him. Ten thousand times ten thousand stood before him. The court was seated and the books were opened. Question 7 on. I watched then because of the sound of the pompous words which the horn was speaking. I watched till the beast was slain and its body destroyed and given to the burning flame. As for the rest of the beasts, they had their dominion taken away and their lives were prolonged for a season and a time. Question 13 on. I saw in the night vision. And the youth, in the cloud of heaven, they came one like the Son of Man and came to the patience of this and was presented before him. And to him was given dominion and glory and a kingdom that all people, nations, and languages should serve him. His dominion is an everlasting dominion which has not passed away and is condemned one that shall not be destroyed. Question 15 on. I, Daniel, was grieved in my spirit within my body and the visions of my head troubled me. I came near to one of those who stood by and asked him the truth of all this. So he told me and made known to me the interpretation of these things. Those great beasts which are four, are four kings which arise out of the earth but the saints of the most high shall receive the kingdom and possess the kingdom forever, even forever and ever. Question 19 on. I wish to know the truth about the fourth beast which was different from all the others exceedingly dreadful with its sleet of iron and its nail of bronze which devoured broken pieces and trampled the city with its feet. And the ten horns that were on its head and the other horn which came up before which three felt namely that horn which had eyes and mouth which spoke on first words whose appearance was greater than his fellows. I was watching and the same horn was making war against the saints and to vary against them. Question 20 on. Until the ancient days came and the judgment was led in favor of the saints of the most high and the time came for the saints to possess their kingdom thus he said the fourth beast shall be a fourth kingdom on earth which shall be different from all other kingdoms and shall devour the whole earth, sample it and break it in pieces. Question 20 on. The ten horns are ten kings who shall arise from this kingdom and another shall rise after them. He shall be different from the first ones and shall subdued three kings. He shall speak pompous words against the most high, shall persecute the saints of the most high and shall intend to change times and law. Then the saint shall be given into his hand for a time and times and half a time. But the court shall be seated and they shall take away his dominion to consume and destroy it forever. Question 27 and 28. Salman. And the kingdom and the dominion and the discipline of the kingdom founded the whole earth that is given to the people of the saints of the most high. The kingdom shall be an everlasting kingdom and all dominions shall serve and obey him. There is the hand of the marker as for me. Daniel, my thoughts deeply alarming are my callous dreams but I carry the mother in my heart. Amen. So, thank you. Daniel chapter 7, amazing chapter. Let's look at the picture that we had earlier as we try to understand this chapter. So, Daniel in this vision that he had and he has recorded this vision for us, he is seeing something happen. So, Daniel chapter 7 verse 2, he is seeing the four winds of heaven stirring up the great sea. So, been four winds great sea. What is the great sea? So, one of the things I think we mentioned last class was when we're interpreting these images we will look into the scriptures. What do these images represent in scripture and of course in context and then draw the meaning from it. The great sea or the waters typically represent people. So, we see this in Revelation chapter 17 and we see in Revelation 17 verse 1 there's this great harlot who sits on many waters and in that same chapter in Revelation 17 and remember that this Revelation 17 is all part of end time prophetic scripture. So, it's all in context, it's in relation to each other. And Revelation 17 verse 15, the meaning of the image of waters is given. Revelation 17 verse 15, then he said to me, the waters which you saw where the harlot sits are peoples, multitudes, nations and terms. So, waters. So, the prophetic meaning or the image of waters or here in Daniel 7 verse 2, the great sea, the waters in prophetic context, prophetic, in end times prophetic texts. In that context, the waters, the great sea represents the nation. People die from those tribes, nations. So, he's saying in Daniel 7 verse 2, I'm seeing the four winds of heaven. That means there's a movement of God, the force of God himself, the move of God, God himself is moving upon the nations. So, this is something being orchestrated divinely, the four winds of heaven being moved. And if you want to use the word forces of heaven or the moving of God, God himself is moving upon the nations in his orchestrating all of these things to take place. So, what he's saying is verse 3, Daniel 7 verse 3, that from the sea, that means from among the nations of all these people, he's seeing his four winds coming. Now, these four winds are very strange looking because we are seeing a lion with wings, bears with ribs coming out of its mouth and teeth between his teeth. So, they look very strange. What we need to do, what we need to keep in mind is when we are seeing prophetic imagery, we shouldn't start getting into all the details of the image unnecessarily. For example, oh lion, lion has a tail. What does the tail represent? Lion has four legs. What does each leg represent? Those kind of things we should not do. We should only look at the details so the scripture is telling us to look at. Example, when we see the lion, verse 4, there was a lion with an eagle's wings. The scripture is not telling us, what those eagle's wings mean. It's not highlighting that. It is saying this animal like a lion has eagle's wings. Then the bear, it's got three ribs in the mouth and the teeth. It's not telling us, you know, look at the ribs in the teeth. It's not telling us. But when we come to the fourth beast and it says this beast had ten horns, then the scripture is telling us how the ten horns are. So now the scripture is putting a spotlight on the ten horns that this fourth beast has. I want you to pay attention to it. So the point I want to say is when we are seeing prophetic imagery, don't start jumping into every little detail of every image. Because then people end up with unnecessary ideas that you can't substantiate. Like some people, the lion represents the United Kingdom. Wings represent wings of eagle that represents the United States. Because the United Kingdom has lion as its emblem there and the United States has the eagle, the bald eagle. You'll find people sometimes making these kinds of interpretations which are not there from the Bible. It's not there in the scripture. So we shouldn't jump to those kinds of extrapolations. You're trying to stretch the image and make it mean something which is not in the original intent of what is given. When the scripture itself is putting a spotlight on something, pay attention to the ten horns from the fourth beast. Then we pay attention. What is the ten horns? What do they mean? Because the scripture is telling us to pay attention to it. So that's also something to keep in mind as we try to understand. So he's saying he describes these four images. That is till verse 7. And then he says this fourth image had ten, the fourth beast, or this is verse 7, verse 7, had ten horns. And then in verse 8, he's thinking about these ten horns. What are these ten horns? And then he says, then I'm seeing another little horn coming. And it is overriding or it's overpowering three of these ten horns. And then this little horn, this is in verse 8, is beginning to speak, pompous words, blasphemy, blasphemy. So this is speaking like this. He's thinking about this. While all this is happening, the scene changes. And verses 9 to 14, something else happens. He's seeing the ancient of days called the father. So the description is there. It's very human-like, meaning he is seated on a throne. He has a garment so white, perfect. He's got hair on his head. And there's this fiery flame coming from the throne. So he's just describing the image of what he's saying. This is the greatness of everything. And there are literally thousands and thousands of people standing for him, administering to him. And while this is happening from the earth, verse 11, this little horn is speaking all these blasphemous words, pompous words, speaking against the most high. And it is in that time that the kingdom from which this little horn roars is being destroyed. But yet the other kingdoms are continuing for a season and a time. And that means the people, remember these beasts came out of the seas, out of the nation. So peoples of those nations, they're continuing on for a season and a time. It's going on. And it is at that moment the Son of Man. So this is a very important title. The title that Jesus used for himself, the Son of Man, verse 13. So here we see the getting a picture of the Godhead, God the Father on the throne, God the Son of the Eternal Word, the Son of God, Son of Man, is there in the very presence of God the Father. And to him is given all the kingdoms. The glory, the glory, the kingdom is given to him. And he gives it to the saints. We see this later on. He gives it. This is in verse 22. He gives it to the saints. So now begins the interpretation. What does all this mean? Verse 15. So Daniel says, obviously, you know, I'm very troubled like, what are all these strange images and what is going on? And then he sees a being. We don't know who it is, but it's an angelic being or an elder. He just asks, what is the meaning of this verse 16? And now the meaning is being given to us from verse 17. So that is why when we are trying to understand scripture, we just look into the scripture itself. The interpretation is there. So verse 17 is saying, look, the beasts that you saw, these four beasts, strange creatures, they are representing something. What are they representing? They are representing four kingdoms. If you see the word for kings and then you see the footnote there or a sign now, it's actually four kingdoms. So immediately you say, hey, this matches what we saw in chapter 2. Then also you're talking about, you gave us four kingdoms. We're seeing this here, four kingdoms. So there's a paddle. And so that's why this image that we see we can map. Okay. There's similarity here. And then verse 18. Then the saints will receive the kingdom and possess. So that connects back to chapter 2. When the God of heaven sets up his kingdom here on earth, the rock, they came and crushed the image and became a big mountain. So that connects that when God is setting up his kingdom verse 18, the saints of the most high will receive the kingdom. They will become in charge. So that happens when God sets up his kingdom. There was 19. He says, okay, what about this fourth beast? Because it's very different from the others. And these ten horns, what happens? What's about that? It was 20. And the little horn which suddenly appeared and started speaking on these things. And verse 21. This little horn is making war against the saints and prevailing against them. So Daniel 721 maps to Revelation chapter 12, where it talks to us about the time Revelation 12 and 13, when it's in the second half of the tribulation, when the serpent is attacking the people of God. Revelation 12 verse 15 and through verse 17, the dragon was enthrased and he went to make war with the rest of her offspring, a woman representing the nation of Israel, the offspring representing the Jews who believe in God and those who keep the commandments of God. So Revelation 12 and 17 maps there to Daniel 721, when the horn was making war against the saints and was prevailing against them. So there is that relation. You can see that in Paddlel and in chapter 13, when the Antichrist and the false prophet are attacking everybody who believes in Jesus. And so we can see that Paddlel. Daniel 721 was with Revelation 12 and 13. So there's a time when this same horn, this little horn is making war against the saints, going after the people who are believing in the Lord. And then comes the ancient of days intervening and the kingdom of God is established here on earth. So what is the meaning of all this? Verse 23 says, the fourth beast shall be a fourth kingdom, which is different from all other kingdoms. So in chapter 2, he talked about the legs of iron, which are going to be very powerful. And here we're seeing this fourth beast. And then he says, verse 24, the ten horns are ten kings who shall arise from this kingdom. So now we can map the ten horns. In chapter 2, we saw ten toes. But what about the ten toes? They're coming out of from the fourth kingdom. The fourth kingdom then kind of disintegrates and breaks into small, small pieces. Iron is mixed with clay. It's in that. That's the condition. And you have ten toes. So here he is saying there are ten horns. So the ten horns here correspond to ten toes. But what are these ten horns? Verse 24, the ten horns are ten kings. So horns in scripture are talking about kings or rulers or leaders. Will come from this kingdom. That means from a region that belonged, that was occupied by, or belonged to this fourth beast or the legs of iron. From that place will come these ten horns. So this is why we are very interested in the territory that was occupied by the former Roman Empire, which is basically today much of the European Union. All of Europe, most of Europe, extending all the way across the Mediterranean into Turkey, the Middle East, Northern Africa. All of that was region occupied by this Roman Empire at its peak all the way from Spain across Eastern Europe, going on into Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, all of that, Northern Africa. It was all occupied by the Roman Empire, which legs of iron are represented by the fourth beast. Then what happened? It became disintegrated iron mixed with clay, which is what we are seeing today. But what belongs to the former Roman Empire? It's now lots of people, every people from all over the nation, all over the nation is all living there. It's all mixed, small, small, small countries all across that region. But what Daniel said was from this, verse 24, ten horns are ten kingdoms to arise from this kingdom. That means from this same region, there will be ten leaders. So that's why we look very much into this. Okay, there are many leaders called the most prominent leaders arising from this region, this iron mixed with clay, this region that once belonged to the Roman Empire. What those leaders come up with. And then he says, another will arise and he will overpower three of them. So we're looking for a little horn, meaning somebody who seems very insignificant. But he's going to overpower three of these ten leaders. He's going to bring them under his influence, under his control. In some way, you know, he's going to basically prop himself up with their, you know, with their support and he's going to come into position. Now, this little horn we can understand is representing the Antichrist as we will see, we will see as we go forward chapter eight, chapter nine and chapter 11, we will see that this little horn is actually the Antichrist. So in chapter eight, we get more details on where this little horn will come from. Right now we are saying he's coming from some area that belonged to the former Roman Empire and he's going to influence three of the ten other leaders who are going to emerge. And it is this little horn who's going to speak all these pompous words against the most high. So, so much we are understanding now. This is in verse 24. He'll be different from the first ones. He will subdue three kings. He's going to work out three things. And verse 25, he's going to speak pompous words against the most high and persecute the saints of the most high, which like we saw in Revelation 12 and chapter 13, this is what the Antichrist will do. He's going to persecute the saints of the most high. And he's also going to do something. Verse 25, Daniel 7, 25. He will intend to change times and law. That means this little horn who comes into power, he is going to try to affect times and law, the customs, the way things are being done and what the, you know, governance, how people are being governed, he is going to be influencing that. And it says here, the saints shall be keeping into his hand for a time, times and half a time. Now this phrase, a time, times and half a time, we will see as we progress, represents three and a half years. A time is one year. Times is two years. Half a time is half a year. So it is one plus two plus half, three and a half years. As we go read through Daniel, this will become evident. We can say this with confidence because we know what happens with the book of Revelation where in the middle of the seven years of tribulation, Antichrist will break the peace treaty and the second half, three and a half years is what he's going to, you know, he's going to really attack the saints, God's people. So what he's saying here in Daniel 7, he will intend to change times and law, the way things are being done and what governance he will change, those rules, things that people have generally agreed upon will change the law, the rules and so on. And for three and a half years he's going to overpower the saints. He's going to attack the saints, God's people. God's going to love that to happen. And then after that, his dominion was 26, God himself will sit as a judge and he will take away his dominion and destroy it forever. And the kingdom of verse 27, the kingdom, the kingdom should be given to the saints. The saints are going to rule and reign for 1,000 years. We know that Revelation chapter 20. So Daniel chapter 7 is so amazing because he's talking about these four kingdoms which actually happened, starting from the Babylonian Empire on, all of that is fulfilled. And then he's going way out into time to talk about what will happen from the region that was occupied by this thought beast or the legs of iron. From there, there's going to be these 10 leaders and there's going to be also a little horn, another small leader who's going to overpower and all these things are going to happen. And then the kingdom, God's kingdom will be established on the earth. She's kind of going way into that. So there is a near term prophecy talking about these four empires or kingdoms. And there's a long term prophecy at the very end of the age when God sets up his own kingdom here on earth. So it's a beautiful chapter explaining all of this. Let me pause and we'll take any questions. I hope all of us understood it. Any questions? Or if you want me to explain it again, I can do that. Everyone, is it clear? Yeah, definitely. Go ahead. When you said that the Ten Ones and something about the Roman Empire that you said, so how do we know that it's the Roman Empire? That's it. Okay, so the question is, how do we know it's the Roman Empire? So, we picked this up from chapter two, where, from chapter two and also the end of chapter five. So chapter two, we know Babylonian Empire. He tells us the head of gold represents Nebuchadnezzar, Babylonian Empire. Then after that, what happens, he said the next kingdom would be the meets and the versions, which he explains to us in chapter five. We will see that the next kingdom in chapter eight, he once again tells us it's the meets and versions and then he tells us about the Greek Empire. What is not mentioned in scripture is which empire is represented by those legs of iron and this fourth beast. That is not mentioned by name, but Babylonians, meets and versions and Greek is mentioned by name. We will see in chapter eight. So, we know of the conclusion we can't which is not mentioned in scripture that the legs of iron and this fourth beast are representing the Roman Empire is because one, what we see happening is three. After the Greeks, the next, because in both Daniel chapter two and in Daniel chapter seven, he's telling us that the legs of iron are more powerful than any previous kingdoms. This beast, the fourth beast is unlike any other beast. It's so powerful. So then we look at history. After the Greeks, which empire existed in that region which would match this kind of description which was so powerful which was the biggest one. Then we can say it was the historically it is what we refer to as the Roman Empire. So, we come to this conclusion based on history, looking back that this is the empire that existed after the Greek Empire because it has to come in sequence after the Greek which was more powerful than all the others. It's okay, this is the Roman Empire. So, it's based on history that we concluded because it's not given to us in scripture, it's not mentioned by name but just based on history we see this. Any other question? Yes, Elia, please go ahead. Yes, Pastor, thank you. There is this words that tells the saints were given to the beast for the times. So, in that portion the saints meaning who are the saints that portion is referring to? Is it those ones who have been left behind or those who have been saved during the tribulation because we think about in a pre-trib scenario? Yeah. So, the saints referring to this will correspond to what we read in Revelation 12 verse 17 which is and the dragon was enraged with the woman which is Israel and he went to make war with the rest of her offspring Jews who keep the commandments of God and have the testimony of Jesus Christ. Revelation 12 17, those are the saints. That means to answer question these are people who come to faith in Jesus during the tribulation so that after us they can place before the tribulation. The church has been taken out of the way saints have gone but immediately after that there are going to be lots of people who will believe in Jesus Christ because they see all these things happening a lot of them are going to die as martyrs and it says in Revelation 12 verse 17 that the dragon Satan is upset with the woman which is in the nation of Israel and he's going to make war with the rest of her offspring Jews but very specifically he says those who keep the commandments of God and have the testimony of Jesus Christ that means it is the people who are following Jesus Christ. You'll have these people in and around Israel but you'll also have them all over the world because in chapter 13 you'll find that the antichrist and the false prophet these two together they are you know it says in Revelation 13 verse 15 that those who do not worship the image of the beast he will put them to death right so that means the attack is on the saints not only in Israel Israel is going to suffer a lot you will see in Daniel 12 that it's called the time of Jacob's trouble but the attack is against everyone who has the testimony of Jesus Christ so to answer your question the saints refer to in Daniel 7 25 refer to all those who believe in the Lord Jesus Christ during the tribulation they'll come to faith in Christ that they're going to be targets of what the antichrist does and accompanied by the help of the false prophet empowered by the dragon the devil is empowering these two human agents and the dragon is behind the antichrist and the false prophet so let's go for a break and we will come and get into chapter 8 again chapter 8 is quite interesting because we're getting into more detail he's going to talk to us very specifically of the Medes versions and the Greek Empire is very interesting he's going to give us details about the Greek Empire about the first leader which we know looking back at history we know is Alexander the Great and exactly what he foretold Alexander the Great and then he's going to tell us about the little horn who's going to come that's all in chapter 8 so let's take a break and we'll come back thank you