 My work is focused on fiber access technologies for 25 years, and I've been the rapporteur of question two for over 12 years now. Over that time, I've had the great pleasure to watch passive optical network technologies and systems grow to become a dominant access solution. Especially in the last 15 years, PON systems have achieved great success in the market. The first widely deployed system, G-PON, is found almost everywhere now, and is used by well over 600 million subscribers worldwide. What we're seeing is a gradual evolution from G-PON to XG-PON and XGS-PON, which is now being deployed at scale in many countries. ITU is developing the next generation standard to succeed XG-PON known as High-Speed PON. High-Speed PON is based on a 50 gigabit per second per wavelength technology, and it will have both single channel and multi-channel variants. Work on these standards began in 2018 and expected to be completed in this year, 2021. Of note, 50G will be the first PON that will use digital signal processing or DSP. DSP provides so much advantage that 25G bandwidth optics can be used to produce the 50G system. This improves the cost profile of the system because DSP shifts the difficulty from the optical domain where it's hard to cost reduce to the digital domain where cost reduction is inevitable due to Moore's law. The network operators are active participants in the ITU-T, and this ensures that the new technology will work for them by fitting into their existing network and have the capacity they will need when the time comes. High-Speed PON is no exception to this, has been designed to work with the same fiber plant as GPON and ex-GPON, which has gone before, and High-Speed PON offers a five-fold capacity increase as expected to start deployment in a few years from now. The PON industry has been researching such an evolution step in PON capacity for at least five years. Several generations of prototype have already been developed and the results published in the literature. We know what technology is necessary. We now have reports of a 50G PON prototype that is based on a commercial PON platform and has already been trialed in several operators labs. Market demand is expected to begin in 2024, and the vendors will be ready to meet that demand. There have been alphabets soup of PON generations from A-PON, B-PON, E-PON, G-PON, 10G, E-PON, ex-G-PON, NG-PON2, 25G E-PON, and now 50G PON. Now, a successful technology requires a coincidence of both technical feasibility and strong global market demands. G-PON was really the first system to achieve this. It is also true that not every standardized system becomes successful. For instance, A-PON was just too far ahead of its time, the market wasn't ready for it. Both B-PON and E-PON filled a short-term need, but their market was limited and were quickly overtaken by G-PON. Given the large size and cost of the fixed access network, upgrades generally come once per decade, and the ITO has done a good job of trying to keep up with this evolution, working to match our standards projects to fit this pattern of rollout. We strongly believe that 50G PON will provide the right capacity at the right price and at the right time.