 Thank you very much everyone. I'll be presenting on the Promoting Innovative Agri-Business for Economic Growth in Africa. What are the challenges and opportunities? I'm from the United Nations University instead of Advanced Study in Japan. I belong to Science and Technology for Sustainable Team Society. I'm originally a natural scientist but I've been working at interface between natural and social sciences recently. Obviously I may not be able to share much light as the rest of colleagues have done but of course obviously I'm going to have to work what it done, what it presented basically. So this is the overview of my presentation Potential of Agri-Business and its challenges in Africa. Why would you innovate in Agri-Business in Africa and then I'll be concluding basically. So why promoting innovative Agri-Business in Africa? I mean first of all the promotion of Agri-Business development has become an interesting topic among multilateral organization, government and industry recently just to you know to accelerate economic growth improve for security and then to enhance domestic, regional and international market then to promote small order inclusion to more efficient value chain so and then to improve the quality and safety of the food basically. Right, why there is urgent need to promote Agri-Business in Africa? There are also challenges and that's one of the problem basically based on what economic forum data they assess the perspective of African business leader and the result actually revealed that access to financing corruption and inadequate supply of infrastructure is significant interest to doing business in Africa. Again the comparison of access to electricity in Africa compared with the rest of the war as far as the energy outlook is concerned is access to electricity in Africa is generally low compared to not Africa and the global average particularly in the rural area. I'm going to focus here on the horticultural market industry so basically I'm going to look at the Agri-Business in Costa Rica, Ghana and Ivory Coast and then I'm going to actually I like the fact that I enhance Agri-Business growth in Costa Rica in particular. So what are the opportunities in horticultural market industry? Of course there is strong market demand internationally particularly the international trading agricultural industry growth rate of 7% compared to 2% of that still product. Of course it has advantages for the small orders for example low transaction costs in assets in Libo like in Africa most the farmer we use there the family Libos to enhance their agricultural production and of course improve and quality of improving the quality product through certification program that are largely controlled by multinational and you know obviously that is happening through contract farming and so on and so forth but the key driver here for small order is access to training technology and then to achieve greater value in the marketplace particularly regards to premium price. Of course why does benefit there are also challenges in horticultural supply chain like I mentioned earlier infrastructure is one of the the biggest challenges so and then standard and codes global gap is a standard requirement in the field trade market particularly to when it comes to participation of small orders and is a tool being used to actually ensure safety and global supply chain management. The costs that are associated in obtaining this certificate represent a significant challenge. Codes such as opportunity cost the cost means from the opportunity and then the compliance code the cost required to obtain the certificate and then of course inadequate finance is one of the challenges and I'm not going to be able to elaborate more on that and in London no problem due to the time constraint so I will just go to the next slide. So here what I've done basically is I look at the export of fresh up in up to the EU market between Costa Rica, Côte d'Ivoire and Ghana. Côte d'Ivoire is the largest exporter of fresh penapu to the EU market with 54% of the market in the world. As you look at it here between between 2000 and 2009 there is steady growth in export fresh Penasi export to the EU market for example in two between 2005 and 2009. The fresh penapu export volume increased from 900 ton to 1.5 million tons that is about 67% increase whereas compared to Ghana and Côte d'Ivoire which decreased by 59 and 67% respectively between 2005 and 2009. Why? The remarkable growth in Costa Rica is attributed for first advantage mover with MD2 variety. What is MD2 variety? MD2 variety is extra good swith penapu. I'll tell you why that's out and if I if I mention something that's very important here, Ivory Coast and Ghana used to be the traditional leaders in penapu export but Costa Rica put it large share simply because of introduction of innovation but I will emphasize in the next slides. So the remarkable growth in penapu export can be explained by the analysis of six key pillars based on global competitive index of world economy forum. The idea is to communicate and understand a value chain relative to the strength and weakness of these three countries and what I've done basically is to benchmark Ivory Coast and Ghana against that of Costa Rica. As you can see Costa Rica is the largest performer followed by Ghana. So the key thing I'm going to emphasize is innovation. You can see Costa Rica is rated 38 out of 144 countries in the world compared to the poor performance of Ghana and Ivory Coast. Why? Innovation is the successful factor, successful factor to growth of penapu industry. So let's see from Costa Rica. So what I've simply done like I've explained earlier is replacement of variety of penapu available on the market by good extra swith MD to variety. Then adequate technical support and management system, adoption of explicit natural and national agricultural policy framework, then strategic innovation program. I'm going to emphasize on this in the next slide, such as variety, logistical and marketing. Fundamental to the sources of penapu growth in Costa Rica. Agricultural innovation, agricultural innovation in Africa. According to Peter Drucker, innovation is the specific instrument of entrepreneurship and at the endows resources with a new capacity to create wealth. According to UNESCO 2010, African contribution to the world research and development R&D remain very low, totally less than 1% of global investment in R&D and a mere 1.5% of total scientific publication. Why? Africa is at comparative disadvantage when it comes to overall development and these results due to low investment in science and technology, these results in poor infrastructure development is more pool of scientific research and limited scientific output. As another example, this figure shows scientific publication in sub-Saharan Africa between 2008, between 2000 and 2008. As you can see, South Africa represent almost 50% of scientific publication, followed by Nigeria and Kenya, a combination of free country represent to thought of scientific publication. This is a reflection of so-called sophisticated R&D level in those free country. Again, as another example, this is the patent awarded to Africa Inventor by United States Patent Trade Office between 2005 and 2009. South Africa represent to thought of patent awarded to utility, as you can see, whereas majority of Africa have little or nothing. However, not Africa is doing far much better than the rest of South African country, particularly regards to patent that awarded to utility. Now, we're going to something very interesting. I published this paper in 2012, developing GM Suba Kaseba for improve F and food security future challenges in Africa. GMO has been touted as one of the technology that could solve food security problem and improve our cultural productivity in Africa. I've been to several countries in Africa over the last three years, where I've spoke to over 300 stakeholders, including policymakers, scientists, and farmers. So I was in Kenya. I spoke to a banana farmer. Then I was asking what their problems were. They told me they had problems with pests and diseases, low yield and so on and so forth, that they would be interested in using genetically modified organism products. Then I went further. I spoke with some scientists in Nigeria, because I spoke to a lot of scientists in Africa, actually. Then I was asking them about their perspective with regards to introduction of new technology in Africa, such as GMO. They appreciate the potential benefit in terms of improving health of food, our agricultural productivity. But the problem is the lack of scientific capacity. For example, to regulate the ongoing GM cassava in Nigeria represent a significant challenge in introducing this technology for the poor farmers in Africa. So the whole idea here is there is low investment in Baltic R&D. So what can we do? Strategic innovation is compulsory. Most African countries do not have a clear structure and plan innovation program for agriculture and agri-business development. But Africa has to be realistic on how strategized plan and implementation. Africa can develop global and competitive agri-business market through common innovation infrastructure, including investment in training and education, public-private partnership, ICT and transportation. Thank you very much. But this can only be done if it's funded and implemented. Thank you.