 Novel Vaccines As we have seen that the immunization or vaccination is in a process by which there is an providing of protection against certain damaging pathogen. For that particular purpose we have just used certain substances or molecules which are called as vaccines. So when we talk about vaccines, we have just discussed that there are two different variety of the vaccines are being there. The first one is the active form of vaccines and the second is the passive form of vaccines. According to their nature or their you can say that mode of action of causing immunization. But there are certain novel vaccines are being there. Novel vaccines that means that which are very innovative means most of the time we can say that these are newly developed ideas in order to use the different components or you can say that different molecules which can be used as a vaccines that is why these are called as novel vaccines. Now the novel vaccines these are the innovative or the novel ways of designing vaccines. Means irrespective of the conventional ways that means that the active or the passive immunization it is a very novel or it is a very unique idea of designing new vaccines for providing protection because previous ideas like active or passive immunization they have certain constraints for which we can compromise the host immune system most of the time. That is why these are the novel ways for designing vaccine so that those constraints can be addressed. For that particular purpose the first important constraint regarding the vaccination or vaccines the toxicity means when vaccines we use host may individuals may so it can it has the potential of causing toxicity. So if there are certain ways that give a live attenuated organism regain our virulence so for providing protection it can be harmful it can be dangerous or it can cause toxicity. Similarly if we talk about the passive vaccination so passive vaccination may we have just to use the antibodies so those antibodies they are being raised in different other animals or most of the time in other individuals. So those antibodies can be heterologous or can be homologous. We have discussed that homologous antibodies are the same type of species of organism that can be introduced in the same type of species of organism. For example as a human may disease or human serum antibodies recover some other individual some other human may be introduced so it would be called as homologous antibodies. Now when in this process we transfer antibodies in other individuals so if there is a possibility or potential that if that individual where antibodies are being taken he or she is suffering from certain viral infections like hepatitis or HIV. So those can be the source of transmitting such kind of diseases so this is another important constraint or toxicity for causing. On the other hand if we talk about the heterologous antibodies which are developed in other species like animals like rabbit or mouse or horse these are being used in order to develop the antibodies or if they are used in humans then it can cause certain immune reactions those are not homologous those are heterologous that is why the immune reactions can be there or toxicity would be there. So that is why there is a dire need to develop or design the vaccines which has very least toxicity. So the novel vaccines has this plus point or advantage that it has novel and they have less toxicity. They can provoke the immoral as well as cell mediated immunity because we have seen that these are the two important arms of the immune system the immoral immunity by which the antibodies they are being generated or the cell mediated by which the T cells or T lymphocytes they are just going to be activated for cell to cell interaction. So if these vaccines are that both the immune system arms at the same time activate then that immune response would be aggravated or more protective because antibodies will be there or cell mediated immune response will be there. Or if for example the organism is an extracellular pathogen they will perform their function or agar organism intracellular hair so it cell mediated immunity come into action and they would provide the protection they provide the immunization for that particular purpose. So that is very important advantage of using such kind of novel vaccines. Right now the status of the novel vaccines they are being used experimentally. Experimentally means they are in certain trials, experimentations they are going on and most of the time they are not being ready to use as a clinically in the individuals or the humans. So that is why they are experimentally used and they are showing to some extent their efficacy. So if we talk about that these vaccines they would be available they would be available for clinical use in very near future because now due to the toxicity problems or the other constraints the active or the passive immunization they are just going to replace by such kind of novel ways. So job a experimentation state say complete ok whenever the efficacy of such kind of vaccines would be you can say that authenticated they would be available clinical use for in near future. Now if we talk about the novel vaccines so there are different categories of the novel vaccines. The first important category or first important type of the novel vaccine is called as DNA vaccines. So as the name suggests that as the vaccines which are DNA or DNA is called as DNA vaccines. So these are basically the cloned viral peptides. These are the viral peptides which are cloned and their genes are cloned and their expression is purified and those peptides they are going to transfect it into host cell. That host cell directly transfected means that they are directly introduced to host cell using different ways chemically means that it can be introduced inside the host cells. So there would be the generation of the hemoral and cell mediated response like live at animated vaccines. These DNA vaccines which are viral origin viral peptides you can say that we are using as a DNA vaccines so these would have an ability to cause the activation of hemoral as well as cell mediated immunity. So particularly for HIV the DNA vaccines that means that anti-HIV DNA vaccines means that HIV against the vaccines experimental stage may have those are being used in order to provide protection against HIV. But as I have just told already that right now these vaccines are in experimental state that is why we can say that there is no as such efficiency or efficacy in the experimentally we are not being able to do it but the experimentation is going on. So in near future maybe these NT or you can say HIV DNA vaccines in different forms they would be very effective in order to provide protection against HIV infections. Okay next the second important type of the novel vaccine is the immunodominant peptides. Immunodominant peptide as the name suggests that means as a peptide immunologically they are dominant. So what are these? These are very simple and easy way to prepare the immunodominant peptides means organisms that you can talk about that peptides as I have seen that peptide proteins which are basically T dependent antigens and T dependent antigens need T cells for activation of the immune system. So when T cells need T cells they need antigen presenting cells and antigen presenting cells and after processing them they will attach them to the MHC complex and present T cells. So if we put the peptides and proteins as such in the body, if we incorporate them already with MHC major histocompatibility complex then that complex it will make the immunodominant peptides. Now those peptides are immunodominant because they are being incorporated with MHC complex. So those would have an ability to activate the hemoral as well as salmiriated immunity. So as a result the organisms here you can say that microorganisms against protection it can be provided in such a way that is very novel in nature. And the third important category is anti-idiotype antibodies. As the name suggests there are such antibodies which are being used against polysaccharide antibodies. That means that anti-idiotypes means that sometimes we can say that if in the body self-tissue against antibodies are produced then they damage the tissues and cause autoimmunity. If we neutralize the antibodies using another antibody that would be called as anti-idiotype antibody. So the anti-idiotype antibody which is going to damage the self-tissue then if anti-idiotype antibody is used and neutralized then that would not be available to damage the self-tissue. That is why we can say that these kind of antibodies they are very very helpful for providing protection against such kind of antibodies which are against the self-tissue. So this is another important novel way of designing the vaccines or protection against such kind of diseases.