 CHAPTER XXVII. From 1862 I continued for three years, as I have told, in the commission business, and notwithstanding the bad seasons, I was thus pursuing a sufficiently easy and pleasant existence when a remark which, after the lapse of time, I see may have been carelessly dropped, inspired me with the determination to enter again upon a more strenuous and confining life. On Friday, June 18, 1865, I was seated in my little office, when a Los Angeles merchant named David Solomon, whose store was in the Arcadia block, called upon me, and with much feeling, related, that while returning by steamer from the north, prudent Bodri had made the senseless boast that he would drive every Jew in Los Angeles out of business. Bodri, then a man of large means, conducted in his one-story adobe building on the northeast corner of Aliso and Los Angeles streets, the largest general merchandise establishment this side of San Francisco. I listened to Solomon's recital without giving expression to my immediately formed resolve, but no sooner had he left than I closed my office and started for Wilmington. During the twelve years that I had been in California, the forwarding business between Los Angeles and the coast had seen many changes. Tomlinson and company, who had bought out A.W. Timms, controlled the largest tonnage in town, including that of Bodri, Jones, Childs, and others. While banning in company, although actively engaged in the transportation to Yuma of freight and supplies for the United States government, were handicapped for lack of business into Los Angeles. I thought, therefore, that Phineas Banning would eagerly seize an opportunity to pay his score to the numerous local merchants who had treated him with so little consideration. Besides, a very close intimacy existed between him and myself, which may best be illustrated by the fact that, for years past, when short of cash, Banning used to come to my old sheet iron safe and help himself according to his requirements. Arriving in Wilmington, I found Banning loading a lot of teams with lumber. I related the substance of Solomon's remarks and proposed a secret partnership, with the understanding that, providing he would release me from the then existing charge of seven dollars and a half per ton for hauling freight from Wilmington to Los Angeles, I should supply the necessary capital, purchase a stock of goods, conduct the business without cost to him, and then divide the profits if any should accrue. Banning said, I must first consult Don David, meaning Alexander, his partner, promising at the same time to report the result within a few days. While I was at dinner, therefore, on the following Sunday, Patrick Downey, Banning's Los Angeles agent, called on me and stated that the chief was in his office in the Downey block, on the site of Temple's old adobe, and would be glad to see me. Without further parlaying, Banning accepted my proposition, and on the following morning, or June 21st, I rented the last vacant store in Stern's Arcadia block on Los Angeles Street, which stands today, by the way, much as it was erected in 1858. It adjoined John Jones's and was nearly opposite to the establishment of P. Bodrie. There I put up the sign of H. Newmark, soon to be changed to H. Newmark and Company, and it is a source of no little gratification to me that from this small beginning has developed the wholesale grocery firm of M. A. Newmark and Company. Footnote. Fifty years after this unpretentious venture in Arcadia block, that is, in the summer of 1915, the half-centenary of M. A. Newmark and Company and their credit assessors was celebrated with a picnic in the woodlands belonging to Universal City, the holiday and its pleasures having been provided by the firm as a compliment to its employees. On that occasion, a loving cup was presented by the employees to M. A. Newmark, who responded feelingly to the speech by M. H. Newmark. Another but somewhat differently inscribed cup was tendered Harris Newmark in an address by Herman Flatow, bringing from the venerable recipient a hearty reply, full of genial reminiscence and natural emotion, in which he happily likened his commercial enterprise once the small store in Los Angeles Street to a snowball rolling down the mountainside, gathering in momentum and size and, fortunately, preserving its original whiteness. Undoubtedly, this fifty-year jubilee will take its place among the pleasantest experiences of a long and varied career. The Editors. And Footnote. At that time, Stearns' property was all in the hands of the sheriff, Tomas Sanchez, who had also been appointed receiver, and like all other tenants, I rented my storeroom from Deputy A. J. King. Rents and other incomes were paid to the receiver, and out of them a regular monthly allowance of fifty dollars was made to Stearns for his private expenses. The stock on Stearns' ranches, by the way, was then in charge of Pierre Domec, a well-known and prosperous man, who was here perhaps a decade before I came. My only assistant was my wide-awake nephew, M. A. Newmark, then fifteen years of age, who had arrived in Los Angeles early in 1865. At my request, Banning and Company released their bookkeeper, Frank LeCuvier, and I engaged him. He was a thoroughly reliable man, and had, besides a technical knowledge of wagon materials, in which, as a sideline, I expected to specialize. While all of these arrangements were being completed, the local business world queried and buzzed as to my intentions. Having rented quarters, I immediately telegraphed my brother, J. P. Newmark, to buy and ship a quantity of flour, sugar, potatoes, salt, and other heavy staples, and these I sold upon arrival, at cost, and steamer freight, plus seven dollars and a half per ton. Since the departure of my brother from Los Angeles for permanent residence in San Francisco, where he entered into partnership with Isaac Leitner, forming J. P. Newmark & Company, he had been engaged in the commission business, and this afforded me facilities I might otherwise not have had. In so much as also, as all of my neighbors were obliged to pay this toll for hauling, while I was not, they were forced to do business at cost. About the first of July, I went to San Francisco and laid in a complete stock paralleling, with the exception of clothing and dry goods, the lines handled by Bodring. Banning, who was then building prairie schooners, for which he had ordered some 350 tons of iron and other wagon materials, joined me in chartering the brig Tanner, on which I loaded an equal tonnage of general merchandise, wagon parts, and blacksmith coal. The very important trade with Salt Lake City, elsewhere described, helped us greatly, for we at once negotiated with the Mormon leaders, and giving them credit when they were short of funds, it was not long before we were brought into constant communication with Brigham Young, and through his influence monopolized the Salt Lake business. He over these days of our dealings with the Latter-day Saints, I recall a very amusing experience with an apostle named Crosby, who once brought down a number of teams and wagons to load with supplies. During his visit to town, I invited him, and several of his friends, to dinner, and in answer to the commonplace inquiry as to his preference for some particular part of a dish, Crosby made the logical Mormonite reply, that quantity was what appealed to him most, a flash of wit much appreciated by all of the guests. During this same visit, Crosby tried hard to convert me to Mormonism, but after several ineffectual interviews he abandoned me as a hopeless case. At another time, while reflecting on my first years as a wholesale grocer, I was led to examine a day-book of 1867, and to draw a comparison between the prices then, current, and now, when the high cost of living is so much discussed. Raw sugar sold at $0.14, starch at $0.16, crushed sugar at $0.17, ordinary tea at $0.60, coal oil at $0.65 a gallon, axle grease at $0.75 per tin, bluing at $1 a pound, and wrapping paper at $1.50 per ream. Spices, not yet sold in cans, cost $3 for a dozen bottles. Yeast powders, now superseded by baking powder, commanded the same price per dozen. Twenty-five pounds of shot in a bag cost $3.5. While in October of that year, blacksmith coal shipped in casks holding 1592 pounds each, sold at the rate of $50 a ton. The steamers or Aflam, California, Pacific, and Sierra Nevada commenced to run in 1866 and continued until about the middle of the 70s. The Pacific was later sunk in the straits of San Juan de Fuca, and the Sierra Nevada was lost on the rocks off Port Harford. The Los Angeles, the Ventura, and the Constantine were steamers of a somewhat later date, seldom going farther south than San Pedro, and continuing to run until they were lost. To resume the suggestive story of I. W. Hellman, who remained in business with his cousin until he was able, in 1865, to buy out Adolf Portugal and embark for himself at the corner of Maine and Commercial Streets, during his association with large landowners and men of affairs who esteemed him for his practicality, he was fortunate in securing their confidence and patronage, and being asked so often to operate for them in financial matters, he laid the foundation for his subsequent career as a banker, in which he has attained such success. The Pioneer Oil Company had been organized about the 1st of February, with Phineas Banning, President, P. Downey, Secretary, Charles Ducomman, Treasurer, and Winfield S. Hancock, Dr. John S. Griffin, Dr. J. B. Winston, M. Keller, B. D. Wilson, J. G. Downey, and Volney E. Howard, among the trustees, and the company soon acquired title to Albrea, Petroleum or Rock Oil in San Pasqual Rancho. In the early summer, Sackett and Morgan, on Main Street near the Post Office, exhibited some local kerosene or coal oil, and experimenters were gathering the oil that floated on Pico Spring and refining it, without distillation, at a cost of ten cents a gallon. Coming just when Mayor Strobel announced progress in boring at La Canyada de Brea, these ventures increased here the excitement about oil, and soon after wells were sunk in the Camulos Rancho. On Wednesday afternoon, July 5, at four o'clock, occurred one of the pleasant social occasions of the mid-sixties, the wedding of Solomon Lazard and Miss Caroline, third daughter of Joseph Newmark. The bride's father performed to the ceremony at M. Kramer's residence on Main Street, near my own Adobe, in the site on which later, C. E. Tom, built his charming residence, with its rural attractions, diagonally across from the pleasant grounds of Colonel J. G. Howard. The same evening, at half-past eight, a ball and a dinner at the Bella Union celebrated the event. While these festivities were taking place, a quarrel, ending in a tragedy, began in the hotel office below. Robert Carlyle, who had married Francesca, daughter of Colonel Isaac Williams, and was the owner of some 46,000 acres comprising the Chino Ranch, fell into an altercation with A. J. King, then under-sheriff, over the outcome of a murder trial. But before any further damage was done, friends separated them. About noon on the following day, however, when people were getting ready to leave for the steamer, and everything was life and bustle about the hotel, Frank and Houston King, the under-sheriff's brothers, passing by the bar room of the Bella Union and seeing Carlyle inside, entered, drew their six shooters, and began firing at him. Carlyle also drew a revolver, and shot Frank King, who died almost instantly. Houston King kept up the fight, and Carlyle, riddled with bullets, dropped to the sidewalk. There King, not yet seriously injured, struck his opponent on the head, the force of the blow breaking his weapon. But Carlyle, a man of iron, put forth his little remaining strength, staggered to the wall, raised his pistol with both hands, took deliberate aim, and fired. It was his last but effective shot, for it penetrated King's body. Carlyle was carried into the hotel and placed on a billiard table, and there, about three o'clock, he expired. At the first exchange of shots, the people nearby, panic-stricken, fled, and only emersiful providence prevented the sacrifice of other lives. J.H. Lander was accidentally wounded in the thigh. Some eight or ten bystanders had their clothes pierced by stray bullets, and one of the stage-horses dropped where he stood before the hotel door. When the first shot was fired, I was on the corner of Commercial Street, only a short distance away, and reached the scene, and time to see Frank King expire, and witness Carlyle writhing in agony, a death more striking, considering the murder of Carlyle's brother-in-law, John Reigns. Carlyle was buried from the Belly Union at four o'clock the next day. King's funeral took place from A.J. King's residence two days later, at eight o'clock in the morning. Houston King, having recovered, he was tried for Carlyle's murder, but was acquitted, the trial contributing to make the affair one of the most mournful of all tragic events in the early history of Los Angeles, and rendering it impossible to express the horror of the public. One feature only of the terrible contest afforded a certain satisfaction, and that was the splendid exhibition of those qualities, in some respects heroic, so common among the old Californians of that time. July was clouded with a particularly gruesome murder. George Williams and Cyrus Kimball of San Diego, while removing with their families to Los Angeles, had spent the night near the Santa Ana River, and while some distance from camp at sunrise next morning were overtaken by seven armed desperados under the leadership of one Jack O'Brien, and without word of explanation were shot down. The women hearing the commotion ran toward the spot only to be commanded by the robbers to deliver all money and valuables in their possession. Over three thousand dollars the entire savings of their husbands was secured, after which the murderers made their escape. Posse's scoured the surrounding country, but the cutthroats were never apprehended. Stimulated perhaps by the King Carlyle tragedy, the Common Council in July prohibited everybody except officers and travelers from carrying a pistol, dirk, slingshot, or sword, but the measure lacked public support and little or no attention was paid to the law. Some idea of the modest proportion of business affairs in the early sixties may be gathered from the fact that when the Los Angeles Post Office on August 10th was made a money deposit office, it was obligatory that all cash in excess of five hundred dollars should be dispatched by steamer to San Francisco. In 1865 W. H. Perry, having been given a franchise to light the city with gas, organized the Los Angeles City Gas Company, five years later selling out his holdings at a large profit. A promise was made to furnish free gas for lamps at the principal crossings on Main Street, and for lights in the mayor's office, and the consumer's price at first agreed upon was ten dollars a thousand cubic feet. The history of Westlake Park is full of interest. Around 1865 the city began to sell part of its public land in lots of thirty-five acres, employing E. W. Noyes as auctioneer. Much of it went at five and ten dollars an acre, but when the district now occupied by the park and lake was reached, the auctioneer called in vain for bids at even a dollar an acre. Nobody wanted the alkali hillocks. Then the auctioneer offered the area at twenty-five cents an acre, but still received no bids, and the sale was discontinued. In the late eighties a number of citizens who had bought land in the vicinity came to Mayor Workman and promised to pay one-half of the cost of making a lake and laying out pleasure grounds on the unsightly place, and as the mayor favored the plan it was executed and this was the first step in the formation of Westlake Park. On September 2nd Dr. J. J. Dyer, a dentist from San Francisco, having opened an office in the Bella Union Hotel, announced that he would visit the home of patrons and there extract or repair the sufferer's teeth. The complicated equipment of a modern dentist would hardly permit of such parapetetic service today. Other representatives of this profession and also certain opticians still traveled to many of the small inland towns in California once or twice a year, stopping in each for a week or two at a time. I have spoken of the use in 1853 of River Water for Drinking and the part played by the Private Water Carrier. This system was still largely used until the fall when David W. Alexander leased all the public waterworks for four years, together with the privilege of renewing the lease another four or six years. Alexander was to pay $1,000 rental a year, agreeing also to surrender the plants to the city at the termination of his contract. On August 7th Alexander assigned his lease to Don Louis, Sainte-Savain, and about the middle of October, Sainte-Savain made a new contract. Damien Marchassault associated himself with Don Louis and together they laid pipes from the street now known as Macy throughout the business part of the city and as far south as First Street. These water pipes were constructed of pine logs from the mountains of San Bernardino, bored and made to join closely at the ends, but they were continually bursting causing springs of water that made their way to the surface of the streets. Conway and Waite sold the news, then a tri-weekly supposed to appear three times a week, yet frequently issued but twice, to A.J. King and Company on November 7th, and King becoming the editor made of the newspaper S.M.I. Weekly. To complete what I was saying about the Sleshingers, in 1865 Moritz returned to Germany. Jacob had arrived in Los Angeles in 1860, but disappearing four years later his whereabouts was a mystery until, one fine day, his brother received a letter from him dated, gun-boat Pocahontas. Jake had entered the service of Uncle Sam. The Pocahontas was engaged in blockade work under the command of Admiral Farragut, and Jake and the Admiral were paying special attention to Sabine Pass, then fortified by the Confederacy. On November 27th, Andrew J. Glassel and Colonel James G. Howard arrived together in Los Angeles. The former had been admitted to the California bar some ten or twelve years before, but in the early 60s he temporarily abandoned his profession, engaged in ranching near Santa Cruz. After the war, Glassel drifted back to the practice of law, and having soon cast his lot with Los Angeles, formed a partnership with Alfred B. Chapman. Two or three years later, Colonel George H. Smith, a Confederate Army officer who in the early 70s lived on Fort Street, was taken into the firm, and for years Glassel, Chapman, and Smith were among the leading attorneys at the Los Angeles bar. Glassel died on January 28th, 1901. To add to the excitement of the middle 60s, a picturesque street encounter took place, terminating almost fatally. Colonel, the redoubtable E. J. C. Cuen, and a good-natured German named Fred Lemberg, son-in-law to the Old Miller Boers, having come to blow on Los Angeles Street near Malice's Row, Lemberg knocked Cuen down, whereupon friends interfered and peace was apparently restored. Cuen, a Southerner, dwelt upon the fancied indignity to which he had been subjected, and went from store to store until he finally borrowed a pistol, after which in front of John Jones' he lay in wait. When Lemberg, who, because of his nervous energy, was known as the flying Dutchman, again appeared, rushing across the street in the direction of Malice's Row, the equally excited Colonel opened fire, drawing from his adversary a retaliatory round of shots. I was standing nearly opposite the scene and saw the flying Dutchman and Cuen each dodging around a pillar in the front of the row, until finally Lemberg, with a bullet in his abdomen, ran out into Los Angeles Street and fell to the ground, his legs convulsively assuming a perpendicular position and then dropping back. After recovering from what was thought to be a fatal wound, Lemberg left Los Angeles for Arizona or Mexico, but before he reached his destination he was murdered by Indians. I have told of the trade between Los Angeles and Salt Lake City, which started up briskly in 1855 and grew in importance until the completion of the Transcontinental Railroad put an end to it. Indeed, in 1865 and 1866, Los Angeles Enterprise pushed forward until merchandise was teamed as far as Banach, Idaho, 450 miles beyond Salt Lake, and Helena, Montana, 1400 miles away. This indicates to what an extent the building of railroads ultimately affected the early Los Angeles merchants. The Spanish drama was the event of December 17th when Senor Don Guiardo el de Castillo and Senora Emelia Estrella del Castillo played la trenza de sus cabellos to an enthusiastic audience. In 1865 or 1866 William T. Glassel, a younger brother of Andrew Glassel, came to Los Angeles on a visit, and being attracted by the Southwest country he remained to assist Glassel and Chapman in founding Orange, formerly known as Richland. No doubt past oral California looked good to Young Glassel, for he had but just past 18 weary months in a northern military prison. Having thought out a plan for blowing up the United States iron clads off Charleston Harbor, Lieutenant Glassel supervised the construction of a cigar-shaped craft, known as a David, which carried a torpedo attached to the end of a 15-foot pole, and on October 5th, 1863, Young Glassel and three other volunteers steamed out in the darkness against the formidable new iron sides. The torpedo was exploded, doing no greater damage than to send up a column of water which fell onto the ship, and also to hurl the young officers into the bay. Glassel died here in an early age. John T. Best, the assessor, was another pioneer who had an adventurous life prior to, and for a long time after, coming to California. Having run away to sea from his main home about the middle fifties, Best soon found himself among pirates, but escaping their clutches he came under the domination of a captain whose cruelty, off desolate Cape Horn, was hardly preferable to death. Reaching California about 1858, Best fled from another captain's brutality, and making his way into the northern forests was taken in and protected by kind-hearted woodmen, secluded within palisades. Successive Indian outbreaks constantly threatened him and his comrades and for years he was compelled to defend himself against the savages. At last, safe and sound, he settled within the pale of civilization at the outbreak of the Civil War, enlisting as a Union officer in the first battalion of California soldiers. Since then, Best has resided mostly in Los Angeles. The year 1866 is memorable as the concluding period of the Great War. Although Lee had surrendered in the preceding April, more than fifteen months elapsed before the Washington authorities officially proclaimed the end of the Titanic struggle which left one half of the nation prostrate, and the other half burdened with new and untold responsibilities. By the opening of the year, however, one of the miracles of modern history, the quiet and speedy return of the soldier to the vocations of peace, began, and soon some of those who had left for the front when the war broke out were to be seen again in our Southland, starting life anew. With them, too, came a few pioneers from the East, harbingers of an army soon to settle our valleys and seasides. All in all, the year was the beginning of a brighter era. Here it may not be a miss to take up the tale of the Mimic War in which Faneus Bannie and I engaged in the little commercial world of Los Angeles, and to tell to what an extent the fortunes of my competitors were influenced and how the absorption of the transportation charge from the seaboard caused their downfall. O.W. Childs, in less than three months, found the competition too severe and surrendered lock, stock, and barrel. P. Bodrie, whose vanglorious boast had stirred up this rumpus, sold out to me on January 1st, 1866, just a few months after his big talk. John Jones was the last to yield. In January, 1866, I bought out Bannie, who was soon to take his seat in the legislature for the advancing of his Sempethro Railroad Project, and agreed to pay him in the future seven dollars and a half per ton for hauling my goods from Wilmington to Los Angeles, which was mutually satisfactory, and when we came to balance up, it was found that Bannie had received, for his part in the enterprise, an amount equal to all that would otherwise have been charged for transportation and a tidy sum besides. Sam, brother of Kaspar Kohn, who had been in Carson City, Nevada, came to Los Angeles and joined me. We grew rapidly, and in a short time became of some local importance. When Kaspar sold out at Red Bluff, in January, 1866, we tendered him a partnership. We were now three very busy associates, besides MA Newmark, who clerked for us. Several references have been made to the trade between Los Angeles and Arizona, due in part to the needs of the army there. I remember that early in February, not less than 27 government wagons were drawn up in front of each Newmark and company's store to be loaded with 70 to 75 tons of groceries and provisions for troops in the territory. Notwithstanding the handicaps in this wagon-train traffic, there was still much objection to railroads, especially to the plan for a line between Los Angeles and San Pedro, some of the strongest opposition coming from El Monte, where, in February, ranchers circulated a petition disapproving railroad bills introduced by Bannie into the legislature. A common argument was that the railroad would do away with horses and the demand for barley, and one wealthy citizen who succeeded in inducing many to follow his lead vehemently assisted that two trains a month for many years would be all that could be expected. By 1874, however, not less than 50 to 60 freight cars were arriving daily in Los Angeles from Wilmington. Once more, in 1866, the post office was moved, this time to a building opposite the Bella Union Hotel. There it remained until perhaps 1868 when it was transferred to the northwest corner of Maine and Market Streets. In the spring of 1866, the Los Angeles Board of Education was petitioned to establish a school where Spanish, as well as English, should be taught, probably the first step toward the introduction into public courses here of the now much studied Castellano. In noting the third schoolhouse at the corner of San Pedro and Washington Streets, I should not forget to say that Judge Dryden bought the lot for the city at a cost of $100. When the fourth school was erected at the corner of Charity and Eighth Streets, it was built on property secured for $350 by M. Kramer, who served on the school board for nine years, from 1866, with Henry D. Barrow's and William Workman. There, a few years ago, a brick building replaced the original wooden structure. Besides Ms. Eliza Madigan, teachers of this period or later were the Mrs. Hattie and Frankie Scott, daughters of Judge Scott, the Mrs. Maggie Hamilton, Eula P. Bixby, M. L. Hawks, Clara M. Jones, H. K. Sacks, and C. H. Kimball. A sister of Governor Downey, soon to become Mrs. Peter Martin, was also a public school teacher. Piped gas, as well as water, had been quite generally brought into private use shortly after their introduction, all pipes running along the surface of walls and ceilings in neither a very judicious nor ornamental arrangement. The first gas figures consisted of the old fashioned unornamented drops from the ceiling connected at right angles to the cross pipe with its two plain burners, one at either end, forming an inverted T. And years passed before artistic bronzes and globes, such as were displayed in profusion at the Centennial Exposition, were seen to any extent here. In September, Leon Loeb arrived in Los Angeles and entered the employ of S. Lazard and company, later becoming a partner. When Eugene Meyer left for San Francisco on the 1st of January, 1884, resigning his position as French consular agent, Loeb succeeded him, both in that capacity and as head of the firm. After fifteen years' service, the French government conferred upon Mr. Loeb the decoration of an officer of the academy. As past master of the odd fellows, he became in time one of the oldest members of Lodge No. 35. On March 23, 1879, Loeb married my eldest daughter Estelle, and on July 22, 1911, he died. Joseph P. and Edwin J. Loeb, the attorneys and partners of Irving M. Walker, son-in-law of Thomas Lorenzo Duque, footnote, died on April 6, 1915, and footnote, our sons of Leon Loeb. In the summer there came to Los Angeles from the northern part of California, an educator who had already established there and in Wisconsin an excellent reputation as a teacher. This was George W. Burton, who was a company by his wife, a lady educated in France and Italy. With them they brought two assistants, a young man and a young woman, adding another young woman teacher after they arrived. The company of pedagogues made quite a formidable array, and the number permitted the division of the school, then on Maine, near what is now 2nd Street, into three departments, one a kind of kindergarten, another for young girls, and a third for boys. The school grew and it soon became necessary to move the boys' department to the vestry room of the Little Episcopal Church on the corner of Temple and New High Streets. Not only was Burton an accomplished scholar and experienced teacher, but Mrs. Burton was a linguist of talent and also proficient in both instrumental and vocal music. Our eldest children attended the Burton School, as did also those of many friends such as the Cramers, Whites, Morrises, Griffiths, the Volney-Howards, Queens, Scots, Nichols, the Schumockers, Joneses, and the Bannings. Daniel Bowen, another watchmaker and jeweler, came after Pyle, establishing himself on September 11th on the south side of Commercial Street. He sold watches, clocks, jewelry, and spectacles, and they used to advertise with the figure of a huge watch. S. Nordlinger, who arrived here in 1868, bought Bowen out and continued the jewelry business during 42 years until his death in 1911, when as a pioneer jeweler he was succeeded by Louis S. Ann Melville Nordlinger, who still used the title of S. Nordlinger and Sons. Charles C. Lips, a German, came to Los Angeles from Philadelphia in 1866 and joined the wholesale liquor firm of the E. Martinin Company, later Lips-Craigin Company, in the Baker Block. As a volunteer fireman he was a member of the old 38s, a fact adding interest to the appointment on February 28th, 1905, of his son Walter Lips as Chief of the Los Angeles Fire Department. On October 3rd, William Wolfskill died, mourned by many. Though at 68 years of age he had witnessed much in the founding of our great Southwestern Commonwealth, and notwithstanding the handicaps to his early education and the disappointments of his more eventful years, he was a man of market intelligence and remained unemittered and kindly disposed toward his fellow man. A good example of what an industrious man following an ordinary trade could accomplish in early days was afforded by Andrew Gojin, a blacksmith who came here in 1866, a powerful son of the Isle of Man, measuring over six feet and tipping the beam at more than 200 pounds. He had soon saved enough money to buy, for $500, a large frontage at Second and Hill Streets, selling it shortly after for $1,500. From Los Angeles, Gojin went to Arizona and then to San Juan Capistrano, but was back here again in the 1870, opening another shop. Toward the middle 70s, Gojin was making rather ingenious plows of iron and steel which attracted considerable attention. As fast as he accumulated a little money, he invested it in land, buying in 1874 for $6,000, some 360 acres comprising part of one of the Siniega Ranchos, to which he moved in 1876. Seven years later, he purchased 305 acres, once called the Tom Gray Ranch, now known by the more pretentious name of Arlington Heights. In 1888, three years after he had secured 600 acres of the Palos Verdes Rancho near Wellington, the blacksmith retired and made a grand tour of Europe, revisiting his beloved Isle of Man. Pat Goodwin was another blacksmith who reached Los Angeles in 1866 or 1867, shooing his way, as it were, south from San Francisco, through San Jose, Whiskey Flat, and other picturesque places, in the service of A. O. Thorn, one of the stage-line proprietors. He had a shop first on Spring Street, where later the Empire Stables were opened, and afterward at the corner of Second and Spring Streets, on the site in time bought by J. E. Hollenbeck. Still another smith of this period was Henry King, brother of John King, formerly of the Bella Union, who in 1879 to 80 served two terms as chief of police. Later A. L. Bath was a well-known will-right who located his shop on Spring Street near Third. In 1866 quite a calamity befell this pueblo, the abandonment by the government of Drum Barracks. As this had been one of the chief sources of revenue for our small community, the loss was severely felt and the immediate effect disastrous. At the same time too, Samuel B. Caswell, father of W. M. Caswell, first of the Los Angeles Savings Bank and now of the Security, who had come to Los Angeles the year before, took into partnership John F. Ellis, and under the title of Caswell and Ellis they started a good-sized grocery and merchandise business, and between the competition that they brought and the reduction of the circulating medium, times with H. Newmark and Company became somewhat less prosperous. Later John H. Wright was added to the firm, and it became Caswell, Ellis, and Wright. On September 1st, 1871 the firm dissolved. End of Chapter 24. Chapter 25. Removal to New York and Return, 1867 to 1868. The reader may already have noted that more than one important move in my life has been decided upon with but little previous deliberation. During August 1866, while on the way to a family picnic at La Bologna, my brother suggested the advisability of opening an office for H. Newmark and Company in New York, and so quickly had I expressed my willingness to remove there that when we reached the rancho I announced to my wife that we would leave for the east as soon as we could get ready. Circumstances, however, delayed our going a few months. My family at this time consisted of my wife and four children, and together on January 29, 1867 we left San Pedro for New York by way of San Francisco and Panama, experiencing frightfully hot weather. Stopping at Acapulco, during Maximilian's revolution, we were summarily warned to keep away from the fort on the hill, while at Panama, Yellow Fever, spread by travelers recently arrived from South America, caused the captain to beat a hasty retreat. Sailing on the steamer Henry Chansey from Aspenwall, we arrived at New York on the 6th of March, and having dumb assailed my family comfortably, my next care was to establish an office on the third floor at 31 and 33 Broadway, placing it in charge of M. J. Newmark, who had preceded me to the metropolis a year before. In a short time I bought a home on 49th Street, between 6th and 7th Avenues, then an agreeable residence district. An intense longing to see my old home next induced me to return to Europe, and I sailed on May 16 for Havera, on the steam propeller Union, the band playing the highland fling as the vessel left the pier. In mid-ocean the ship's propeller broke and she completed the voyage under sail. Three months later I returned on the Russia. The recollection of this journey gives me real satisfaction, for had I not taken it then I should never again have seen my father. On the twenty-first of the following November, or a few months after I last bade him good-bye, he died at Le Beaux, in the seventy-fifth year of his age. My mother had died in the summer of 1859. It was during this visit that tarrying for a week in the brilliant French capital I saw the Paris Exposition, housed to a large extent in one immense building in the Champ de Mar. I was wonderfully impressed with both the city and the fair, as well as with the enterprising and artistic French people who had created it, although I was somewhat disappointed that of the fifty-thousand or more exhibitors represented it, but seven-hundred were Americans. One little incident may be worth relating. While I was standing in the midst of the machinery one day, the gendarme suddenly began to force the crowd back, and on retreating with the rest I saw a group of ladies and gentlemen approaching. It was soon whispered that they were the Empress Eugénie and her suite, and that we had been commanded to retire in order to permit her majesty to get a better view of a new railroad coach that she desired to inspect. Not long ago I was reading of a trying ordeal in the life of Elihu B. Washburn, American minister to France, who, having unluckily removed his shoe at a court dinner, was compelled to rise with the company on sudden appearance of royalty and to step back with a stockinged foot. The incident recalled an experience of my own in London. I had ordered from a certain shoemaker in Berlin a pair of patent leather gators, which I wore for the first time when I went to Covent Garden with an old friend and his wife. It was a very warm evening, and the performance had not progressed far before it became evident that the shoes were too small. I was, in fact, nearly overcome with pain, and in my desperation to remove the gators when the lights were low. Quietly shoved them under the seat and sat out the rest of the performance with a fair degree of comfort and composure. Imagine my consternation, however, when I saw it to put the shoes on again and found the operation almost impossible. The curtain fell while I was explaining and apologizing to my friends, and nearly every light was extinguished before I was ready to emerge from the famous opera house and to limp to a waiting carriage. A trifling event also lingers among the memories of this revisit to my native place. While journeying towards Lobo in a stage, I happened to mention that I had married since settling in America, whereupon one of my fellow passengers inquired whether my wife was white, brown, or black. Major Ben C. Truman was President Johnson's private secretary until he was appointed in 1866, special agent for the post office department on the Pacific Coast. He came to Los Angeles in February 1867 to look after postal matters in Southern California and Arizona, but more particularly to re-establish between Los Angeles and points in New Mexico the old Butterfield Route, which had been discontinued on account of the war. Truman opened post offices at a number of places in Los Angeles County. On December 8, 1869, the major married Miss Augusta Mallard, daughter of Judge J. S. Mallard. From July 1873 until the late summer of 1877, he controlled the Los Angeles Star, contributing to its columns many excellent sketches of early life in Southern California, some of which were incorporated in one or more substantial volumes. And of all the pioneer journalists here, it is probable that none have surpassed this affable gentleman in brilliancy and genial kindly touch. Among Truman's books is an illustrated work entitled Semi-Tropical California, dedicated with a Domino's Vobiscum to Phineas Banning and published in San Francisco, 1874, while another volume issued seven years later is devoted to Occidental sketches. A fire starting in Bell's Block on Los Angeles Street on July 13, during my absence from the city, destroyed property to the value of $64,000, and the same season, S. Lazard and Company moved their dry goods store from Bell's Row to Wolfskills Building on Main Street opposite the Bella Union Hotel. Germain Pelletier, a Frenchman from the Hote Alps, came to Los Angeles in August and for 28 years lived at what is now the corner of Seventh and Olive Street. Then the land was in the country, but by 1888 Pelletier had built the block that bears his name. On settling here Pelletier went into sheep-raising, scattering stock in Kern and Ventura counties, and importing sheep from France and Australia in order to improve his breed. And from one ram alone in a year, as he demonstrated to some doubting challengers, he clipped 62 and a half pounds of wool. P. Bodrie began to invest in hill property in 1867 at once improving the steep hillside of New High Street near Sonora Town, which he bought in at Sheriff's Stale for $55. Afterward, Bodrie purchased some 20 acres between Second, Fourth, Charity, and Hill Streets for which he paid $517. And when he had subdivided this into 80 lots, he cleared about $30,000. 39 acres between Fourth and Sixth and Pearl and Charity Streets he finally disposed of at a profit, it is said, of over $50,000. John G. Downey, having subdivided Nieto's Rancho Santa Gertrudis, the little town of Downey, which he named, soon enjoyed such a boom that sleepy Los Angeles began to sit up and take notice. Among the early residents was E. M. Sanford, a son-in-law of General John W. Gordon of Georgia. A short time before the founding of Downey, a small place named Gallatin had been started nearby, but the flood of 1868 caused our otherwise dry rivers to change their courses, and Gallatin was washed away. This subdividing at once stimulated the coming of land and home seekers, increased the spirit of enterprise, and brought money into circulation. Soon afterward, Phineas Banning renewed the agitation to connect Los Angeles with Wilmington by rail. He petitioned the county to assist the enterprise, but the larger taxpayers, backed by the over-conservative farmers, still opposed the scheme, tooth, and nail, until it finally took all of Banning's influence to carry the project through to a successful termination. George S. Patton, whose father, Colonel Patton of the Confederate Army, was killed at Winchester, September 19, 1864, is a nephew of Andrew Glassel, and the oldest of four children who came to Los Angeles with their mother and father, Andrew Glassel Sr., in 1867. Educated in the public schools of Los Angeles, Patton afterward attended the Virginia Military Institute, where Stonewall Jackson had been a professor, returning to Los Angeles in September, 1877, when he entered the law firm of Glassel, Smith, and Patton. In 1884 he married Miss Ruth, youngest daughter of B.D. Wilson, after which he retired to private life. One of Patton's sisters married Tom Brown, another sister became the wife of the popular physician W. Another sister became the wife of the popular physician, Dr. W. Lemoyne Wills. In 1871 his mother, relicked of Colonel George S. Patton, married her kinsman, Colonel George H. Smith. John Moran Sr. conducted a vineyard on San Pedro Street near the present ninth, in addition to which he initiated the soda water business here, selling his product at 25 cents a bottle. Soda water, however, was too soft a drink to find much favor, and little was done to establish the trade on a firm basis until 1867, when H.W. Stoll, a German, drove from Colorado to California and organized the Los Angeles Soda Water Works. As soon as he began to manufacture the aerated beverages, Stevens and Wood set up the first soda water fountain in Los Angeles, on North Spring Street, near the post office. After that, bubbling water and strangely colored syrups gained in popularity, until in 1876, quite an expensive fountain was purchased by Proust and Peroni's Drugstore, on Spring Street, opposite Court. And what is more, they brought in hogsheads from Saratoga that would be difficult to find in all Los Angeles today. Congress, Vichy, and Kissingen Waters. Stoll, by the way, in 1873, married frowline Louisa Ben, daughter of John Ben. An important industry of the late 60s and early 70s was the harvesting of caster beans, then growing wild along the Zanges. They were shipped to San Francisco for manufacturing purposes. The oil factories there, both supplying the ranchmen with seed and pledging themselves to take the harvest when gathered. In 1867, a small caster oil mill was set up here. The Chilicote, derived according to Charles F. Loomis from the Aztec, Chilicayote, the Wild Cucumber, or Echinocistas Fabacia, is the naming of a play thing, supplied by diversified nature, which grew on large vines, especially along the slope leaning down to the river on what is now Elysian Park, and in the neighborhood of the hills adjacent to the Mallard and Nichols Places. Four or five of these Chilicotes, each shaped much like an irregular marble, came in a small burr or gourd. And to secure them for games, the youngsters risked limb, if not life, among the trees and rocks. Small circular holes were sometimes cut into the nuts, and after the meat, which was not edible, had been extracted, the empty shells were strung together like beads and presented as necklaces and bracelets to sisters and sweethearts. Just about the time when I first gazed upon the scattered houses of our little pueblo, the Pacific Railway Expedition, sent out from Washington, prepared and published a tinted lithograph sketch of Los Angeles, now rather rare. In 1867, Stephen A. Rendell, an Englishman of Angora Goat fame, who had been here off and on as a photographer, devised one of the first large panoramas of Los Angeles, which he sold by advanced subscription. It was made in sections, and as the only view of that year extant, it also has become notable as an historical souvenir. Surrounded by his somewhat pretentious gallery and his mysterious dark room on the top floor of Temple's new block, V. Wolfenstein also took good, bad, and indifferent photographs, having arrived here perhaps in the late 60s and remaining a decade or more until his return to his native Stockholm, where I again met him. He operated with slow, wet plates, and pioneers will remember the inconvenience, almost tantamount to torture, to which the patron was subjected in sitting out in exposure. The children of pioneers, too, will recall his magic, revolving stereoscope, filled with fascinating views at which one peeped through magnifying glasses. Louis Lewin must have arrived here in the late 60s. Subsequently, he bought out the stationary business of W. J. Broderick, and P. Lazarus, upon his arrival from Tucson in 1874, entered into partnership with him. Samuel Hellman, as was not generally known at the time, also having an interest in the firm, which was styled Louis Lewin and Company. When the centennial of the United States was celebrated here in 1876, a committee wrote a short historical sketch of Los Angeles, and this was published by Lewin and Company. Now the firm is known as the Lazarus Stationery Company. P. Lazarus, footnote, died on September 30, 1914, and footnote, being president. Lewin and Lazarus married into families of pioneers. Mrs. Lewin is a daughter of S. Lazar, while Mrs. Lazarus is a daughter of M. Kramer. Lewin died at Manila on April 5, 1905. On November 18, the Common Council contracted with Jean-Louis Saint-Savain to lay some 5,000 feet of two- and three-inch iron pipe at a cost of about $6,000 in script. But the great flood of that winter caused Saint-Savain so many failures and losses that he transferred his lease in the spring or summer of 1868 to Dr. J. S. Griffin, Prudent Bodry, and Solomon Lazar, who completed Saint-Savain's contract with the city. Dr. Griffin and his associates then proposed to lease the waterworks from the city for a term of 50 years, but soon changed this to an offer to buy. When the matter came up before the council for adoption, there was a tie vote, whereupon Murray Morrison, just before resigning as president of the council, voted in the affirmative, his last official act being to sign the franchise. Mayor Aguilar, however, vetoed the ordinance, and then Dr. Griffin and his colleagues came forward with a new proposition. This was to lease the works for a period of 30 years and to pay $1,500 a year in addition to performing certain things promised in the preceding proposition. At this stage of the negotiations, John Jones made a rival offer and P. McFadden, who had been an unsuccessful bidder for the Saint-Savain lease, tried with Juan Bernard to enter into a 20-year contract. Notwithstanding these offers, however, the city authorities thought it best on July 22, 1868, to vote the franchise to Dr. Griffin, S. Lazard, and P. Bodry, who soon transferred their 30-year privileges to a corporation known as the Los Angeles City Water Company, in which they became trustees. Others associated in this enterprise were Eugene Meyer, I.W. Hellman, J.G. Downey, A.J. King, Stephen Hathaway Mott, Tom's brother, W.H. Perry, and Charles LeFoon. A spirited fight followed the granting of the 30-year lease, but the water company came out victorious. In the late 60s, when the only communities of much consequence in Los Angeles County were Los Angeles, Anaheim, and Wilmington, the latter place and Anaheim Landing were the shipping ports of Los Angeles, San Bernardino, and Arizona. At that time, or during some of the especially prosperous days of Anaheim, the slough at Anaheim Landing, since filled up by flood, was so formed, and of such depth, that heavily loaded vessels ran past the warehouse to a considerable distance inland, and there unloaded their cargoes. At the same time, the leading coast steamers began to stop there. Not many miles away was a corn-producing settlement gospel swamp. I've pointed out the recurring weaknesses in the wooden pipes laid by San Sylvain and Marcia Salt. This distressing difficulty, causing as it did, repeated losses and sharp criticism by the public, has always been regarded as the motive for ex-Mayor Marcia Salt's death on January 20th, when he committed suicide in the Old City Council room. Jacob Lowe arrived in America in 1865 and spent three years in New York before he came to California in 1868. Clerking for a while in San Francisco, he went to the Old Town of San Diego, then to Gallatin, and in 1872 settled in Downey, and there, in conjunction with Jacob Barak, afterward of Haas Barak and Company, he conducted for years the principal general merchandise business of that section. On coming to Los Angeles in 1883, he bought, as I have said, the Deming Mill, now known as the Capitol Mills. Two years later, on the 2nd of August, he was married to my daughter Emily. Dr. Joseph Kurtz, once a student at Gison, arrived in Los Angeles on February 3rd with a record for hospital service at Baltimore during the Civil War, having been induced to come here by the drugist, Adolf Young, with whom for a while he had some association. Still later, he joined Dr. Rudolph Eichler in conducting a pharmacy. For some time prior to his graduation in medicine, in 1872, Dr. Kurtz had an office in the Alon Franco building. For many years, he was surgeon to the Southern Pacific Railroad Company and consulting physician to the Santa Fe Railroad Company, and he also served as president of the Los Angeles College Clinical Association. I shall have further occasion to refer to this good friend. Dr. Carl Kurtz is distinguishing himself in the profession of his father. Hail fellow well met and always in favor with a large circle was my teutonic friend, Louis Ebbinger, who after coming to Los Angeles in 1868, turned clay into bricks. Perhaps this also recalled the days of his childhood when he made pies of the same material, but be that as it may, Louis in the early seventies made his first venture in the bakery business, opening shop on North Spring Street. In the bustling boom days when real estate men saw not but the sugar coating, Ebbinger, who had moved to the elaborate quarters in a building at the Southwest corner of Spring and Third Streets, was dispensing cream puffs and other baked delicacies to an enthusiastic and unusually large clientele. But since everybody then had money or thought he had, one such place was not enough to satisfy the ravenous speculators. With the result that John Coaster was soon conducting a similar establishment on Spring Street near second, while farther North on Spring Street near first, the Vienna Bakery ran both Louis and John a merry race. Dr. L.W. French, one of the organizers of the Odontological Society of Southern California, also came to Los Angeles in 1868. So early that he found but a couple of itinerant tenants who made their headquarters here for part of the year and then hung out their shingles in other towns or at remote ranches. One day in the spring of 1868, while I was residing in New York City, I received a letter from Phineas Banning, accompanied by a sealed communication and reading about as follows. Dear Harris, herewith I enclose to you a letter of the greatest importance addressed to Miss Mary Hollister, daughter as you know of Colonel John H. Hollister, who will soon be on her way to New York and who may be expected to arrive there by the next steamer. This letter I beg you to deliver to Miss Hollister personally, immediately upon her arrival in New York, thereby obliging, yours immediately, signed Phineas Banning. The steamer referred to had not yet arrived and I lost no time in arranging that I should be informed by the company's agents of the vessel's approach, as soon as it was sighted. This notification came by the by through a telegram received before daylight, one bitterly cold morning, when I was told that the ship would soon be at the dock, and as quickly as I could I procured a carriage, hastened to the wharf, and before any passengers had landed, boarded the vessel. There I sought out Miss Hollister, a charming lady, and gave her the mysterious missive. I thought no more of this matter until I returned to Los Angeles, when, welcoming back, Banning told me that the letter I had had the honor to deliver a board ship in New York contained nothing less than a proposal of marriage, his solicitation of Miss Hollister's heart and hand. One reason why the Bella Union played such an important role in the early days of Los Angeles was because there was no such thing as a high-class restaurant. Indeed, the first recollection I have of anything like a satisfactory place is that of Louis Viel, known by some as French Louis, and nicknamed by others Louis Gordo, or Louis the Fat. Viel came to Los Angeles from Mexico, a fat, jolly little French caterer, not much over five feet in height, and weighing, I should judge, 250 pounds. And this great bulk, supported as it was by two peg-like legs, rendered his appearance truly comical. His blue eyes, light hair, and very rosy cheeks accentuated his ludicrous figure. Louis, who must have been about 54 years of age when I first met him, then conducted his establishment in John Lanfranko's building on Main Street, between Commercial and Recaina, from which fact the place was known as the Lanfranko, although it subsequently received a more suggestive title, The What Cheer House. Louis was an acknowledged expert in his art, but he did not always choose to exert himself. Nevertheless, his lunches, for which he charged 50 or 75 cents, according to the number of dishes served, were well thought of, and it is certain that Los Angeles had never had so good a restaurant before. At one time, our caterer's partner was a man named Federico Guillol, whom he later bought out. Louis could never master the English language, and to his last day spoke with a strong French accent. His florid cheeks were due to the enormous quantity of claret consumed both at and between meals. He would mix it with soup, dip his bread into it, and otherwise absorb it in large quantities. Indeed, at the time of his fatal illness, while he was living with the family of Don Louis Saint-Savain, it was assumed that overindulgence in wine was the cause. Be that as it may, he sickened and died, passing away at the La Franca Home in 1872. Guillol had prospered, but during his sickness, he spent largely of his means. After his death, it was discovered that he had been in the habit of hiding his coin in little niches in the wall of his room and in other secret places, and only a small amount of the money was found. A few of the real pioneers recollect Louis Gordo as one who added somewhat to the comfort of those who then patronized restaurants, while others will associate him with the introduction of the first French dolls to take the place of rag babies. Both Judge Robert M. McClay-Widney and Dr. Joseph P. Widney, the surgeon, took up their residence in Los Angeles in 1868. R. M. Widney, set out from Ohio about 1855 and having spent two years in exploring the Rockies, worked for a while in the Sacramento Valley where he chopped wood for a living and finally reached Los Angeles with a small trunk and about $100 in cash. Here he opened a law and real estate office and started printing the real estate advertiser. Dr. Widney crossed the continent in 1862, spent two years as surgeon in the United States Army in Arizona, after which he proceeded to Los Angeles and soon became one of the charter members of the Los Angeles Medical Society, exerting himself in particular to extend Southern California's climactic fame. I've spoken of the ice procured from the San Bernardino Mountains in rather early days, but I have not said that in the summer, when we most needed the cooling commodity, there was none to be had. The enterprising firm of Queen and Guard, the first to arrange for regular shipments of Truckee River ice in large quantities by steamer from the north, announced their purpose late in March of 1868 of building an ice house on Main Street. And about the first of April, they began delivering daily in a large and substantial wagon, especially constructed for that purpose and which, for the time being, was an object of much curiosity. Liberal support was given the enterprise and perhaps it is no wonder that the perspiring editor of the news, going into ecstasies because of a cooling sample or two deposited in his office, said in the next issue of his paper, the founding of an ice depot is another step forward in the progress that is to make us a great city. We have water and gas and now we are to have the additional luxury of ice. Banning's fight for the Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad has been touched upon more than once. Tomlinson, his rival, opposed the project, but his sudden death about two weeks before the election in 1868 removed one of the serious obstacles. When the vote was taken on March 24th, as to whether the city and county should bond themselves to encourage the building of the railroad, 700 votes were cast in favor of and 672 votes against the undertaking leaving Banning and his associates ready to go ahead. By the way, as a reminder of the quantum vogue of Spanish here, it may be noted that the proclamation regarding the railroad published in 1868 was printed in both English and Spanish. On May 16th, Henry Hamilton, whose newspaper, The Star, during part of the war period had been suspended through the censorship of the national government, again made his bow to the Los Angeles public this time in a half facetious leader in which he referred to the late unpleasantness in the family circle. Hamilton's old-time vigor was immediately recognized but not his former disposition to attack and criticize. Dr. HS Orm, once president of the State Board of Health of California, arrived in Los Angeles on July 4th and soon became as prominent in Masonic as in medical circles. Dr. Harmon, an early successor to Drs. Griffin and then, first settled here in 1868, although he had previously visited California in 1853. Carl Felix Heinzeman, at one time a well-known chemist and drugist, emigrated from Germany in 1868 and came direct to Los Angeles, where, after succeeding J.B. Saunders and Company, he continued in the Lanfranco building what grew to be the largest drug store south of San Francisco. Heinzeman died on April 29th, 1903. About the same period, a popular apothecary shop on Main Street near the plaza was known as Chevaliers. In the 70s when hygiene and sanitation were given more attention, a Welshman named Hughes conducted a steam bath establishment on Main Street, almost opposite the Baker Block and the first place of its kind in the city. Charles F. Harper, footnote, died September 19th, 1915, and footnote of Mississippi and the father of ex-mayor Harper. In 1868, opened with R.H. Dalton, a hardware store in the Allen Block, corner of Spring and Temple Streets, thus forrunning Colder and Harper, Harper and Moore, Harper Reynolds and Company and the Harper Reynolds Company. Michelle LeVe and Alsatian arrived in San Francisco in but 17 years of age and after various experiences in California and Nevada towns, he came to Los Angeles in 1868, soon establishing with Joe Cobblance the wholesale liquor house of LeVe and Cobblance. The latter left here in 1879 and LeVe continued under the firm name of M. LeVe and Company until his death in 1905. Anastasio Cardenas, a dwarf who weighed but one and a half pounds when born, came to Los Angeles in 1867 and soon appeared before the public as a singer and dancer. He carried a sword and was popularly dubbed General. A brother, Ruperto, lived long here. When the Canal and Reservoir Company was organized with George Hansen as president and J.J. Warner as secretary, P. Bodry contributed heavily to construct a 20 foot dam across the canyon, below the present site of Echo Park and a ditch leading down to Pearl Street. This first turned attention to the possibilities in hill lands to the west and in return the city gave the company a large amount of land popularly designated as Canal and Reservoir property. In 1868, when there was still not a three story house in Los Angeles, James Alvinza Hayward, a San Franciscan, joined John G. Downey in providing $100,000 with which to open in the old Downey block on the site of the Temple Adobe, the first bank in Los Angeles under the firm name of Hayward and Company. The lack of business afforded this enterprise short shrift and they soon retired. In July of the same year, I.W. Hellman, William Workman, F.P.F. Temple and James R. Toberman started a bank with a capital of $125,000 under the title of Hellman, Temple and Company, Hellman, Becoming Manager. I do not remember when postal lock boxes were first brought into use but I do recollect that in the late 60s Postmaster Clark had a great deal of trouble collecting quarterly rents and that he finally gave notice that boxes held by delinquents would thereafter be nailed up. A year or two after the Bertons had established themselves here came another pedagogue in the person of W.B. Lawlor, a thick-set bearded man with a flushed complexion who opened a day school called the Lawlor Institute and after the Bertons left here to settle at Portland, Oregon where Berton became headmaster of an Academy for Advanced Students, many of his former pupils attended Lawlor's school. The two institutions proved quite different in type. Berton training had tended strongly to language and literature while Lawlor, who was an adept at shortcut methods of calculation, placed more stress on arithmetic and commercial education. Berton, who returned to Los Angeles has been for years a leading member of the Times editorial staff and Berton's book on California and its Sunlit Skies is one of this author's contribution to Pacific Coast literature. His wife, however, died many years ago. Lawlor, who was president of the Common Council in 1880 is also dead. The most popular piano teacher of about that time was Professor Van Gilpin. William Pridham came to Los Angeles in August having been transferred from the San Francisco office of Wells Fargo and Company in whose service as pony rider, clerk at Austin, Nevada and at Sacramento and cashier in the Northern Metropolis he had been for some 10 years. Here he succeeded Major J.R. Toberman when the latter, after long service resigned. And with a single office boy, at one time little Joe Binford, he handled all the business committed to the company's charge. John Osborn was the outside expressman. Then most of the heavy express matter from San Francisco was carried by steamers but letters and limited packages of moment were sent by stage. With the advent of railroads, Pridham was appointed by Wells Fargo and Company superintendent of the Los Angeles district. On June 12th, 1880 he married Miss Mary Esther daughter of Colonel John O. Wheeler and later moved to Alameda. Now, after 51 years of association with the express business, Pridham still continues to be officially connected with the Wells Fargo Company. Speaking of that great organization reminds me that it conducted for years a mail carrying business. The recent stamped envelopes imprinted with Wells Fargo and Company's name were sold to their patrons for 10 cents each. To compensate for this bonus the company delivered the letters entrusted to them perhaps one to two hours sooner than did the government. This recalls to me a familiar experience on the arrival of the mail from the North. Before the inauguration of a stage line the best time in the transmission of mail matter between San Francisco and Los Angeles was made by water and Wells Fargo messengers sailed with the steamers. Immediately upon the arrival of the boat at San Pedro, the messenger boarded the stage and as soon as he reached Los Angeles pressed onto the office of the company near the Bella Union where he delivered his bag full of letters. The steamer generally got in by five o'clock in the morning and many a time about seven have I climbed Signal or Pound Cake Hill higher in those days than now and affording in clear weather a view of both ocean and the smoke of the steamer upon whose summit stood a house used as a signal station and their watch for the rival stages the approach of which was indicated by clouds of dust. I would then hurry with many others to the express company's office where as soon as the bag was emptied we would all help ourselves unceremoniously to the mail. In August, General Edward Bowton a Northern Army officer came to Los Angeles and soon had a sheep ranch on Boyle Heights a section then contained but two houses and two years later he camped where Whittier now lies. In 1874 he bought land for pasture in the San Jacinto Valley and for years owned the ocean front at Alamitos Bay from Devil's Gate to the Inlet boring artesian wells there north of Long Beach. Louis Rubidot who had continued to prosper as a ranchero died in 1868 at the age of 77 years. With the usual flourish of spades if not of trumpets ground was broken for the Los Angeles and San Pedro railroad at Wilmington on September 19th and toward the end of November the rails had been laid about a mile out from Wilmington. The last contract for carrying the overland mail was given to Wells Fargo and company on October 1st and pledged a round remuneration of $1,750,000 per annum while it also permitted passengers and freight to be transported. But the company came to have a great deal of competition. Phineas Banning for example had a stage line between Los Angeles and Yuma in addition to which mail and passengers were carried in buckboards, large wagons and jerkeys. Moreover there was another stage line between Tucson and El Paso and rival stage lines between El Paso and St. Louis and in consequence the Butterfield service was finally abandoned. This American vehicle by the by the jerky was so named for the very good reason that as the wagon was built without springs it jerked the rider around unmercifully. Boards were laid across the wagon box for bed or seats accommodating four passengers and some space was provided in the back for baggage. To maintain one's position in the bumping, squeaking vehicle at all was difficult while to keep one's place on the seat approached the impossible. Of the various Los Angeles roadways in 1868 West 6th Street was the most important in its relation to travel. Along this highway the daily overland stages entered and departed from the city and by this route came all the Javala, Lone Pine Solidad and Owens River Trade as well as that of the Bologna and Cinega districts. 6th Street also led to the Farragounds and over its none to even service dashed most of the sports and gallants on their way to the race course. I've said that I returned to New York in 1867 presumably for permanent residence. Soon after I left Los Angeles however Samuel Cohn became desperately ill and the sole management of H. Newmark and company suddenly devolved on Sam's brother Caspar. This condition of affairs grew so bad that my return to Los Angeles became imperative. Accordingly, leaving my family I took passage on October 31st, 1868 for San Francisco and returned to Los Angeles without delay. I then wired my wife to start with the children for the coast and have the furniture including a chicory grand piano just purchased shipped after them. And when they arrived we once more took possession of the good old Adobe on Main Street where we lived contentedly until 1874. This piano by the way which came by freight around Cape Horn was one of the first instruments of the kind seen here, John Schumacher having previously bought one. While we were living in New York, Edward J. Newmark, my wife's brother died here on February 17th, 1868. Before I left for New York hardly anything had been done in subdividing property safe perhaps by the Lugos and Downey and at Anaheim and Wilmington. During the time that I was away however newspapers and letters from home indicated the changes going on here. And I recall what an impression all this made upon me. On my way down from San Francisco I and Captain Johnson's Orizaba in December. About the same time that the now familiar locomotive San Gabriel reached Wilmington land agents were active and people were talking a great deal about these subdivisions. And by the time I reached Los Angeles I too was considerably stirred up over the innovations and as soon as possible after my return hastened out to see the change. The improvements were quite noticeable and among other alterations surprising me where the houses people had begun to build on the approaches to the Western Hills. I was also to learn that there was a general demand for property all over the city. Colonel Charles H. Larrabee, city attorney in 1868 especially having bought several hundred feet on Spring and Fort streets. Later I heard of the experiences of other Angelinos aboard ship who were deluged with circular's advertising perspective towns. To show the provincial character of Los Angeles 50 years ago I will add an anecdote or two. While I was in New York members of my family reported by letter as a matter of extraordinary interest the novelty of a silver name plate on a neighboring front door. And when I was taken to inspect it a year later I saw the legend still novel, Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Meyer. In the metropolis I had found finger bowls in common use and having brought back with me such a supply as my family would be likely to need I discovered that it had actually fallen to my lot to introduce those desirable conveniences into Los Angeles. William Ferguson was an arrival of 1868 having come to settle up the business of a brother and remaining to open a livery stable on North Main Street near the plaza which he conducted for 10 years. Investing in water company stock Ferguson abandoned his stable to make water pipes a couple of years later perhaps than J.F. Holbrook had entered the same field. Success enabled Ferguson to build a home at 303 South Hill Street where he found himself the only resident south of third. This manufacturer here of water pipe recalls a cordial acquaintance with William Lacey Sr. an Englishman who was interested with William Rowland in developing the Puente oil fields. His sons William Jr. and Richard H. originators of the Lacey manufacturing company began making pipe and tanks a quarter of a century ago. C.R. Rinaldi started a furniture business here in 1868 opening his door almost opposite the stern's home on North Main Street. Before long he disposed of an interest to Charles' daughter and then I think sold out to I.W. Lord and moved to the neighborhood of the San Fernando Mission. About the same time Sydney Lacey who arrived in 1870 and was a popular clerk with the pioneer carpet and wallpaper house of Smith and Walter commenced what was to be a long association with this establishment. In 1876 C.H. Bradley bought out Lord and the firm of daughter and Bradley so well known to households of 40 years ago came into existence. In 1884 H.H. Markham soon to be congressman and then governor of the state with General E.P. Johnson bought this concern and organized the Los Angeles furniture company whose affairs since 1910 when her husband died have been conducted by the president Mrs. Catherine Fredericks. Conrad Hafen a German Swiss reached Los Angeles in December 1868 driving a six horse team and battered wagon with which he had braved the privations of Death Valley. And soon he rented a little vineyard two years later buying for the same purpose considerable acreage on what is now Central Avenue. Rewarded for his husbandry with some affluence Hafen built both the old Hafen House and the new on South Hill Street once a favorite resort for German arrivals. He retired in 1905. End of chapter 25. Chapter 26 of 60 years in Southern California 1853 to 1913 by Harris Newmark. This LibriVox recording is in the public domain. Recording by Kay Hand. Chapter 26 the Cerro Gordo Mines 1869. It was early in 1869 that I was walking down Spring Street one day and saw a crowd at the city hall. On a large box stood Mayor Joel H. Turner and just as I arrived a man leaning against the Adobe wall called out, $7. The Mayor then announced to the bid for an auction was in progress, $7 once, $7 twice, $7 three times and as he raised his hand to conclude the sale I called out, a half. This I did in the spirit of fun. In fact, I did not even know what was being offered. $7.51, $7.50 twice, $7.53 times and sold to Harris Newmark called the Mayor. I then inquired what I had bought and was shown the location of about 20 acres, a part of 900 being sold by the city at prices ranging from $5 to $10 an acre. The piece purchased was West of the City Limits and I kept it until 1886 when I had almost forgotten that I was the owner. Then George Williamson, one of the first salesmen of H. Newmark and Company who became a boomer of the period bought it from me for $10,000 and resold it within two weeks for $14,000, the Sunset Oil Company starting there as the land was within what was known as the Oil District. Since the opening of streets in all directions I have lost trace of this land but inclined to the belief that it lies in the immediate vicinity of the Wilshire District. My experience reminds me of Colonel John O. Wheeler's investment in 50 or 60 acres at what is now Figueroa and Adams Streets. Later, going to San Francisco as a customs officer he forgot about his purchase until one day he received a somewhat surprising offer. On January 1st, A.J. King and R. H. Offit began to publish a daily edition of the news hitherto a semi-weekly, making it strongly democratic. There was no Sunday issue and $12 was the subscription. On October 16th, Offit sold his interest to Alonzo Waite and the firm became King and Waite. In another year, King had retired. How modest was the status of the post office in 1869 and may be gathered from the fact that the postmaster had only one assistant, a boy, both together receiving $1,400 in greenbacks worth but $1,000 in gold. Henry Hamill for years connected with the Bella Union and a partner named Bremmerman leased the United States Hotel on February 1st from Louis Mesmer and in March John King succeeded Winston and King as manager of the Bella Union. King died in December 1871. In the winter of 1868 to 69 when heavy rains seriously interfered with bringing in the small supply of lumber at San Pedro a cooperative society was proposed to ensure the importation each summer of enough supplies to tide the community over during the wintery weather. Over 100 persons it was then estimated had abandoned building and many others were waiting for material to complete fences and repairs. Thanks to contractor H.B. Titchiner's vigor in constructing the Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad public interest in the venture by the beginning of 1869 had materially increased. In January a vessel arrived with a locomotive and a steam-piled driver and a few days later a schooner sailed into San Pedro with ties, sleepers and rails enough for three miles of the track. Soon also the locomotive was running part of the way. The wet winter made muddy roads and this led to the proposal to lay the track some eight or 10 miles in the direction of Los Angeles and there to transfer the freight to wagons. Stern's Hall and the plaza were amusement places in 1869. At the latter in January the so-called Paris Exposition Circus held forth while Joe Murphy and Maggie Moore who had just favored the passengers on the Orizaba on coming south from San Francisco with a show trod the halls more classic boards. Ice a quarter of an inch thick was formed here for several days during the third week in January and butchers found it so difficult to secure fat cattle that good beef advanced to six and a quarter cents a pound. On January 20th I purchased from Eugene Meyer the southern half of lots three and four in block five fronting on Fort Street between second and third formerly owned by William Buffham and JF Burns. Meyer had paid $1,000 for 120 feet front and 330 feet depth and when I bought half of this piece for $1,000 it was generally admitted that I had paid all that it was worth. Isaac Lancashim, father of J.B. Lancashim and Mrs. I.N. Van Wise who first visited California in 1854 came from San Francisco in 1869 and bought for $115,000 part of Andres Pico's San Fernando Rancho which he stocked with sheep. Levi Strauss and company, Scholl Brothers, L&M Sacks and company of San Francisco and others were interested in this partnership then known as the San Fernando Farm Association but Lancashim was in control until about one year later when Isaac Newton Van Wise arrived from Monticello where he had been merchandising and was put permanently in charge of the ranch. At this period Lancashim lived there for he had not yet undertaken milling in Los Angeles. A little later Lancashim and Van Wise successfully engaged in the raising of wheat cultivating nearly 60,000 acres and consigning some of their harvests to Liverpool. This factory caused a heavy loss in the spring of 1881 when the Parisian, which left Wilmington under Captain Reum founded at sea with nearly 250 tons of wheat and about 75 tons of flour belonging to them. J.B. Lancashim owner of the well-known hotel bearing his name after the death of his father made some very important investments in Los Angeles real estate including the Northwest corner of Broadway and Seventh Street now occupied by the building devoted to Bullock's department store. M.N. Newmark a nephew of mine and president of the Newmark grain company arrived in 1869 and clerked for H. Newmark and Company until 1871 in which year he established a partnership with S. Grand in Compton selling general merchandise. This partnership lasted until 1878 when Newmark bought out Grand. He finally disposed of the business in 1889 and with D.K. Edwards organized the firm of Newmark and Edwards. In 1895 Edwards sold out his interest. Victor Ponnais a native of Belgium and once Belgian consul here while traveling around the world landed in California in 1867 and two years later came to Los Angeles. Attracted by the climate and Southern California's possible future Ponnais settled here engaging first in the pioneer manufacturer and importation of mirrors and picture frames and before his retirement to live in Sherman he had had experience both as undertaker and banker. Footnote died February 9th 1914 and footnote. In 1869 General W.S. Rosencrantz came south in the interest of the proposed San Diego and Gila Railroad never constructed. The general as a result took up land around Salsul Redondo and there by the summer of 1869 so many people who insisted that Rosencrantz had appropriated public land had squatted that he was put to no end of trouble in injecting them. The way of witness most of the progress in Southern California it is still difficult to realize that so much could have been accomplished within the lifetime of one man. During 1868 to 69 only 2200 boxes of oranges were shipped from Los Angeles while the Southern County's crop of oranges and lemons for 1913 and 14 is estimated I am told at about 12 million boxes. Due to the eight day shindig marking the celebration of the Chinese New Year demand for more concentrated rumpus was voiced in February 1869 threatening an agitation against John Chinaman. The same month residents wishing a school in which German should be taught and a gymnasium petitioned the Common Council to acquire a lot in New High Street for the purpose. About 1869 the Los Angeles Social Club which to the best of my recollection was the first of its kind in the city was organized with headquarters in the earliest building erected by I.W. Hellman at the Northwest corner of Los Angeles and commercial streets. Among other pioneer members were Captain Cameron E. Tom, Tom Mott, Eugene Meyer, Sam and Charles Prager, Tom Rowan, I.W. and H.W. Hellman, S. Lazard, W.J. Broderick, John Jones, Kaspar Kohn, A.C. Chauvin, M. and J.L. Morris, Leon Loeb, Sam Meyer, Dr. F.A. McDougal, B. Kohn and myself. Someone later the club moved to the east side of Los Angeles street between commercial and Aliso. Still later it dissolved and although it did not become the direct ancestor of any of the several well-known social organizations in the Los Angeles of today, I feel that it should be mentioned as having had the honor of being their precursor and model. Speaking of social organizations, I may say that several Los Angeles clubs were organized in the early era of sympathy, tolerance and good feeling when the individual was appreciated at his true worth and before the advent of men whose bigotry has sown intolerance and discord and has made a mockery of both religion and professed ideals. It must have been early in the 60s that Alexander Bell sold the southern end of his property to M. Heinch the Saddler. On February 23rd, 1869, the directors of the San Pedro Railroad selected the Mike Madigan lot on Alameda Street on a part of which the owner was conducting a livery stable as the site for the depot in Los Angeles and Heinch having allowed the authorities to cut through his property, the extension of commercial and Rakina streets eastward from Los Angeles to Alameda was hastened. Late on February 14th, the news was circulated of a shocking tragedy in the billiard saloon of the Lafayette Hotel and it once aroused intense regret affecting, as the affair did, the standing and happiness of two well-known Los Angeles families. About eight o'clock, Charles Howard, a young lawyer of prominence and a son of Volney E. Howard, met Daniel B. Nichols, son of the ex-mayor and some dispute between them having reached its climax, both parties drew weapons and fired. Howard was killed and Nichols wounded, though not fatally as was first thought. The tragedy, the cause of which was never generally known, made a profound impression. The work of extending water mains along Fort Spring and other streets progressed steadily until the Los Angeles water company struck a snag which again demonstrated the city's dependence. Difficulty in coupling pipes called a halt and the management had to send all the way to San Francisco for a complete set of plumber's tools. In the spring till it's in Emery and Company, a Los Angeles and San Gabriel firm brought south the first steam separator seen here and took contracts to thrash the farmer's grain. On June 3rd, they started the machine and many persons went out to see it work. Among features pointed out were precautions against fire from the engine which the contractors declared made everything perfectly safe. From its inception, Wilmington sought in one way or another to rival Los Angeles and in April they threw down the gauntlet. A. A. Paul Hamas, a workshop engineer of the Los Angeles and San Pedro Railroad, in 1887 a manufacturer of straw wrapping paper somewhere between here and Wilmington had bought a velocipede and no sooner was it noised about than John Golar set to work to eclipse the achievement. About one o'clock, therefore on April 25th, one of Golar's apprentices suddenly appeared ready to make the first experiment. The streets were soon crowded and interest was at fever heat. The young fellow straddled the wheels, moved about half a block and then at the junction of Main and Spring Streets executed a first class somersault. Immediately however, the other intrepid ones tried their skill and the velocipede was voted a successful institution of our young and progressive city. By the first week in May, the velocipede craze had spread, crowds congregating daily on Main Street to see the antics of the boys and soon H.F. Lawrence announced the opening in Stern's Hall on May 14th of a velocipede school where free instruction would be given. Afternoons to ladies and evenings to men and to further stimulate interest, Lawrence announced a raffle on May 15th of a splendid velocipede. By May 22nd, J. Eastman had obtained permission of the Common Council to build a velocipede track on the historic old plaza but evidently he did not make use of the privilege for a newspaper writer was soon giving vent to the following sarcasm. However, city followers tried to make a little coin by leasing the plaza as a velocipede circle or square but so far the velocipedest has failed to connect. I dare say the cost of cleaning up the place of weeds backed the poor soul out. It happened in 1869 that Johnson, the financier and Debellshaw, a practical miner began working their lead mines in Cerro Gordo in the Owens River Country and as the handling of the ore necessitated a great many wagons Remy Nadeau obtained the contract for the transportation of the ore brought down to Wilmington and then shipped by boat to San Francisco. Remy had returned here about 1866 after having been in San Francisco for four or five years and eventually he built the Nadeau Hotel at the corner of Spring and First Street where Abel, father of Frank Abel had formerly kept a little grocery store in Ann Adobe. This ore was loaded onto very large wagons each drawn on level stretches by 12 or 14 mules but requiring as many as 20 or more mules when crossing the San Fernando Mountains always regarded as one of the worst places on the route. In order not to return with empty wagons Nadeau purchased supplies of every description which he sold to people along the route and in this way he obtained the best financial results. This was about the same time that Victor Bodry Prudence brother who came in 1855 to mine at San Gabriel opened a store at Camp Independence in Neal County became a stockholder in the Cerro Gordo mines. In their early 80s Bodry was interested with his brother in local real estate movements. He died in Montreal in 1888. After a time the mines yielded so much ore that Nadeau found himself short of transportation facilities but with the assistance of Judson and Belchaw as well as H. Newmark and Company he wasn't able to increase his capacity until he operated 32 teams. Los Angeles was then the southern terminus of his operations. Although during the building of the numerous Southern Pacific tunnels his headquarters were removed to San Fernando and still later on the completion of the railroad to Mojave. Nadeau's assistant Willard G. Halstead son-in-law of HKW Bent handled most of the business when Nadeau was absent. A. E. Lott was foreman of teams and continually wrote up and down the line of operations while Thomas O'Brien was station agent at Cerro Gordo. The contract had been very profitable to Judson and Belchaw yet when the agreement expired on January 1st, 1872 they wished to renew it at a lower figure. Nadeau, believing that no one else could do the work satisfactorily refused the new terms offered whereupon Judson and Belchaw entered into an arrangement with William Osborn, a liveryman who owned a few teams. The season of 1871 to 72 was by no means a good one and Barley was high involving a great expense to Nadeau in feeding four or 500 animals and right there arose his chief difficulty. He was in debt to H. Newmark and Company and therefore proposed that he should turn his outfit over to us but as we had unlimited confidence both in his integrity and in his ability we prevailed on him to keep and use his equipment to the best advantage. This suggestion was a fortunate one for just at this time large deposits of borax were discovered in the mountains at Wordsworth, Nevada and Nadeau commenced operations there with every promise of success. In his work of hauling between Cerro Gordo and Los Angeles, Nadeau had always been very regular. His teams with rare exceptions were arriving and leaving on schedule time and even when occasionally a wagon did break down the pig lead would be unloaded without delay tossed to the side of the trail and left there for the next train. A method that was perfectly safe since thieves never disturbed the property. Osborn on the other hand soon proved uncertain and unreliable his wagons frequently breaking down and causing other accidents and delays. To protect themselves, Judson and Belshaw were compelled to terminate their contract with him and reopen negotiations with Nadeau but the latter rejected their advances unless they would buy a half interest in his undertaking and put up $150,000 for the construction and maintenance of the numerous stations that had become necessary for the proper development of his business. Nadeau also made it a condition that H. Newmark and company be paid. The stations already constructed or proposed were Mud Springs, Langs Station, Mojave, Red Rock, Peniment, Indian Wells, Little Lake, Hiawai Meadows and Cartago. Before these were built, the teamsters camped in the open carrying with them the provisions necessary for man and beast. Cartago was on the south side of Owens Lake, Cerro Gordo being on the north side, 18 miles opposite. And between these points, the miniature side wheeler Bessie of but 20 tons capacity operated. An interesting fact or two in connection with Owens Lake may be recorded here. Its water was so impregnated with borax and soda that no animal life could be sustained. In the winter, the myriads of wild duck were worth talking about but after they had remained near the lake for but a few days, they were absolutely unpalatable. The teamsters and miners operating in the vicinity were in the habit of sowsing their clothes in the lake for a few minutes and when dried, the garments were found to be as clean as if they had passed through the most perfect laundry. Even a handful of the water applied to the hair would produce a magnificent lather and shampoo. Judson and Belchal were compelled to accept Nadeau's terms and Nadeau returned from Nevada, organized in 1873, the Cerro Gordo Frading Company, and operated more extensively than ever before until he withdrew, perhaps five years after the completion of the Southern Pacific Railroad and just before the pedering out of the Cerro Gordo mines. In their palmy days, these deposits were the most extensive lead producers of California and while the output might not have been so remarkable in comparison with those of other lead mines in the world, something like 85 to 90 bars, each weighing about 100 pounds, were produced there daily. Most of this was shipped, as I have said to San Francisco and for a while at least from there to Swansea, Wales. Nadeau at one time was engaged in the industry of raising sugar beets at the Nadeau Rancho near Florence, now Nadeau Station, and then he attempted to refine sugar, but it was bad at best and the more sugar one put in coffee, the blacker the coffee became. On April 24th, 1869, under Mayor Joel Turner's administration, the Los Angeles Board of Education came into existence. In the early 60s, the city authorities promised to set out trees at the plaza providing neighboring property owners would fence in the place, but even though Governor Downey supplied the fence, no trees were planted and it was not until the spring of 1869 that any grew on the public square. This loud demand for trees was less for the sake of the usual benefits than to hide the ugliness of the old water tank. On May 9th, F.G. Walter issued the first number of the Los Angeles Chronic, a German weekly journal that survived scarcely three months. The 10th of May was another red letter day for the Pacific Coast, rejoicing as it did in the completion of the Central Pacific at Promontory Point in Utah. There with a silver hammer, Governor Stanford drove the historic gold spike into a tie of polished California Laurel, thus consummating the vast work on the first transcontinental railroad. This event recalls the fact that in the railway's construction, Chinese labor was extensively employed and that in 1869, large numbers of the dead bodies of celestials were gathered up and shipped to Sacramento for burial. William J. Broderick, after wandering in Peru and Chile, came to Los Angeles in 1869 and started as a stationer. Then he opened an insurance office and still later became interested in the Main Street Railway and the water company. On May 8th, 1877, Broderick married Miss Laura E., daughter of Robert S. Carlyle. On October 18th, 1898, Broderick died having been identified with many important activities. Hacks and omnibuses first came into use in 1869. Toward the end of May that year, J.J. Reynolds, who had been long popular as a driver between Los Angeles and Wilmington, purchased a hack and started in business for himself, appealing to his reputation for good driving and reliability as a reasonable assurance that he would bring his patrons right side up to their scattered homes. And so much was he in demand, both in the city and at suburbs, that a competitor, J. Hewitt, in the latter part of June ordered a similar hack to come by steamer. It arrived in due time and was chronicled as a luxurious vehicle. Hewitt regularly took up his stand in the morning in front of the Lafayette Hotel and he also had an order slate at George Butler's livery stable on Main Street. During the 60s, Dr. T. H. Rose, who had relinquished the practice of medicine for the career of a pedagogue, commenced work as principal of the Boys Grammar School on Bath Street and in 1869 was elected superintendent of city schools. He held this office but about a year, although he did not resign from educational work here until 1873. During his incumbency, he was vice principal of the first teachers institute ever held here, contributing largely toward the founding of the first high school and the general development of the schools prior to the time when Dr. Lucky, the first really professional teacher, assumed to charge. On leaving Los Angeles, Dr. Rose became principal of the school at Heldsburg, Sonoma County, where he married a Mrs. Jewel, the widow of an old time wealthy minor. But he was too sensitive and proud to live on her income and much against her wishes, insisted on teaching to support himself. In 1874, he took charge of the high school at Petaluma, where the family of Mrs. Rose's first husband had lived and the relationship with the two families probably led to Rose and his wife separating. Later, Dr. Rose went to the Sandwich Islands to teach, but by 1883, shortly before he died, he was back in Los Angeles, broken in health and spirit. Dr. Rose was an excellent teacher, a strict disciplinarian and a gentleman. The retirement of Dr. Rose caused a minor couple of years during which Los Angeles had no city school superintendent. While Rose was principal, a woman was in charge of the girl's department and the relations between the school master and the school mistress were none too friendly. When Dr. Rose became superintendent, the school ma'am instantly disapproved of the choice and rebelled. And there being no law which authorized the governing of Los Angeles schools in any other manner than by the trustees, the new superintendent had no authority over his female colleague. The office of superintendent of city schools consequently remained vacant until 1873. Dr. James S. Crawford had the honor, as far as I am aware, of being one of the first regular dentists to locate in Los Angeles. As an itinerant, he had passed the winters of 1863, 1864, and 1865 in this city. Afterward going east, and on his return to California in 1869, he settled in the Downey Block at Spring and Main Streets, where he practiced until on April 14th, 1912, he died in a Ventura County camp. In 1864, the California legislature, wishing to encourage the silk industry, offered a bounty of $250 for every plantation of 5,000 mulberry trees of two years growth, and a bounty of $300 for each 100,000 salable cocoons. And in three years, an enormous number of mulberry trees in various stages of growth was registered. Prominent among silk growers was Louis Provost, who rather early had established here an extensive mulberry tree nursery and near it a large cocoonery for the rearing of silkworms. And had planned in 1869, the creation of a colony of silkworms whose products would rival even those of his native Belle France. The California Silk Center Association of Los Angeles was soon formed, and 4,000 acres of the rancho once belonging to Juan Bandini, 1,460 acres of the heart-shorn tract, and 3,169 acres of Yerupa on the east side of the Santa Ana River were purchased. That was in June or July, but on August 16th, in the midst of a dry season, Louis Provost died, and the movement received a serious setback. To add to the reverses, the demand for silkworm eggs fell off amazingly, while finally to give the enterprise its death blow, the legislatures, fearful that the state treasury would be depleted through the payment of bounties, withdrew all state aid. The Silk Center Association therefore failed, but the Southern California Colony Association bought all the land, paying for it something like $3.50 an acre. To many persons, the price was quite enough. Old Louis Robodeau had long refused to list his portion for taxes, and someone had described much of the acreage as so dry that even coyotes in crossing took along their canteens for safety. A town called at first Yerupa and later Riverside was laid out. A $50,000 ditch diverted the Santa Ana River to a place where nature had failed to arrange for its flowing, and in a few months, a number of families had settled beside the artificial waterway. Riversiders long had to travel back and forth to Los Angeles for most of their supplies, a stage still in existence, being used by ordinary passengers. And this made a friendly as well as profitable business relation with the older and larger town. But experiments soon showing that oranges could grow in the arid soil, Riverside in the course of time had something to sell as well as to buy. Who was more familiar both to the youth of the town and to grown-ups than Nicolas Martinez? In summer, the purveyor of cooling ice cream. In winter, the vendor of hot tamales. From morning till night, month in and month out during the 60s and 70s, Martinez paced the streets, his dark skin made still swarthier in contrast to his white costume. A shirt scarcely tidy, together with pentaloons, none too symmetrical, and hanging down in generous folds at the waist. On his head, in true native fashion, he balanced in a small, hooped tub, what he had for sale. He spoke with a pronounced Latin accent, and his favorite method of announcing his presence was to ball out his wares. The same receptacle, resting upon a round board with an opening to ease the load and covered with a bunch of cloths, served both to keep the tamales hot and the ice cream cool. While to dispose the latter, he carried in one hand a circular iron tray, in which were holes to accommodate three or four glasses. Further for the convenience of the exacting youth of the town, he added a spoon to each cream-filled glass, and what stray speck of the ice was left on the spoon at the youngster had given a parting lick. Nicolas, balling anew to attract the next customer, vestitiously removed with his tobacco-stained fingers. End of chapter 26.