 Hello, my name is Julian, and I'm a PhD candidate at the University of Applied Arts in Vienna. I'm part of a doc team sponsored by the Austrian Academy of Sciences, called the Various Stories of Ethosos. We are three members. One of them is studying the geophysical part and concerns with what's not visible in Ethosos. The other one was the restoration, and I'm doing the heritage part, which is mostly this presentation, like an overview, since we started the project in June 2018. So, the ancient city of Ethosos was transformed by natural processes and human interventions into a site of memory, at which stories are told. The Ethosos of today is nevertheless not simply preserved, but instead is artificially created. Various narratives still exist and depends on who's telling them. In this case, archaeologists, restorators, local community, national stories, or tourist guides. Additionally, the cultural complexity in Ethosos is also influenced by its Greek or Roman past, its location in the Republic of Turkey, and the fact that it's been excavated by an Austrian mission for over 120 years. Ethosos is located in western Turkey, next to the city of Seljuk, the nowadays Seljuk. And in ancient times was one of the most important cities in Asia Minor. Nowadays, it's one of the biggest excavations in the world as well, but also one of the most visited archaeological parks with approximately 2 million visitors every year. The ruins of the ancient city were never completely covered by soil, and they already aroused interest of travelers and researchers since the late 15th century. The first excavations were conducted by the British Museum. John Turtle was looking for one of the seven wonders of the world, the Arcanitian. But soon after, they ran out of funds, and then from 1895 the oceans took over the excavations with small breaks. The scientific focus of the research was strongly influenced by the respective excavation directors throughout history. A collaboration between archaeologists and conservators did not exist at the beginning of the activities. Extensive rebuilding of the ancient ruins and intensive excavations led to a radical alteration of the appearance of the city. So nowadays, Ethosos is like a small laboratory of restoration, you have different techniques. Some of them were done in touristy purposes, some of them are properly done, especially the latest. And since 2015, Ethosos is on UNESCO World Heritage List. The research aim, the common goal of this planned project is to demonstrate through an interdisciplinary analysis which parameters and reasons are crucial for the image of Ethosos, as it is presented today, and how and why change over the course of its long period of research. Particular attention will be paid to the methodologies and research strategies which were used and which were strongly formed by individuals, as well as administrative guidelines and social circumstances. Cultural heritage is fundamental to the identity and human dignity of communities and it's an integral feature of every landscape that we as archaeologists explore, excavate, study or redevelop. The way we engage with communities and stakeholders to protect and manage the heritage of archaeological sites and landscapes greatly affects the quality of our relationships with those communities. And positive relationships with those communities help the engagement with the heritage places and a better protection of those. And although Ethosos is a major site in Turkey, no extent the cultural heritage studies were done, just a few studies on tourism but compared with other world heritage sites as Angkor Wat or Fetra, there's not much. So I believe that this is why this research was necessary in order to fill this gap, but also to highlight differences between archaeological world heritage sites and also compare them. The study focuses on the role of the excavation at the world heritage sites in the life of the local community, explores the effect of cultural heritage processes of local identity formation, remedy the current lack of data and insights concerning archaeological heritage management, designing community engagement projects, but also the impact of mass reuse. These are the three overarching questions of all our three projects and there's disability and eligibility alterations, agents and agency. I'll just walk you through all of them now. The problem of visibility and eligibility of Ethosos has been strongly shaped by archaeologists, conservators and architects. The legibility of the ruined site is also addresses questions dealing with the relative importance to the visible monuments in research, preservation and communication and their connection to the non-visible monuments. To the case of alteration, the problem of ability or even willingness to represent historical processes and settlement questions in the ruined city. The cause of alteration of Ethosos are found in natural environment since it's an area where earthquakes happen quite often. But it's also human interventions and the development that has not yet been concluded. Today, no romantic ruined landscape untouched by human hand informs the character of Ethosos, but instead it's a concentration of excavated areas, conserved buildings and reconstructions that attract tourists. The third overarching team is that of agents and agency. Ultimately individuals and groups are responsible for the appearance and narratives of this ancient site. The impact of Ethosos provokes reactions not only within the scientific community, but also in the public realm as an identity enhancing power, but also as a cash cow since tourism is one of the main revenues of the site. The research questions will deal with the influence of individuals and groups to the development of research strategies and methods in the area of field archaeology, preservation and cultural heritage management. As well, Ethosos is a really wide site and in order to fit all four of us we also choose four specific case studies where we can apply this interdisciplinary approach to it. The first case study is the antiquity urban districts, which usually form the character of the city. Today there are architectural colleges of put together ensembles. The questions will deal with the comparison of the ancient city quarters and the modern re-erected ensemble. If the ancient urban image finds expression in the modern presentation and if not is this mediated to the visitors. The public space was the center of social interaction in antiquity. In this regard, plazas and streets attain particular significance, which is also valid for the phases of reconstruction and presentations of ruins. It would be asked if the concepts and the appearance of the reconstructed plazas reflect the original significance and dimensions of the plazas in antiquity and what role do those play nowadays. The third case study focuses on Christianity and already since antiquity, Ethosos was one of the most important pilgrimage destinations in the ancient world and housed a lot of chapels, basilicas and monasteries, but only a few of them are excavated. With the Geophysical Survey prospections, a lot more Christian structures can be detected. The two largest church sites, the Church of Mary and the Basilica of St. John and the I.S. Lucchio, have been reconstructed and restored partially reconstructed. Additionally, they are available for the celebration of masses and therefore location for the extensive pilgrimage tourism in Ephesus. Even the Pope was there on two occasions and gave a mass during the celebration of Mary. On this question will be how does the Christian sacred topography of Ephesus can be reconstructed and how does it shape the landscape and what role do the Christian monuments play in tourism? For the basis of the individual research and by answering those research questions as a team, we are able to illustrate the development of the Christian sacred landscape in Ephesus from its expansion in the late antiquity to the conserved re- erect constructs we find today as in modern usage and significance. And the latest case study is a Byzantine city quarter, which is a project that started in 2011 and it's supposed to finish this year and hopefully two weeks. And this represents a new approach of an integrated research strategy in Ephesus. It's a project that combined archaeology restoration and heritage management as early as the beginning of the planning stages. And it will be constantly supposed to re-evaluation. It's probably going to be transformed and it's going to be put on the tourist path in a couple of years when they'll do the arrangements to it. To what concerns cultural landscapes and intercultural dynamics of Ephesus, there are a few cases where contesting values are clashing or they go hand in hand or values that in theory would be contesting by they go hand in hand. So, for example, the case of Shininger, which is a village that was populated by a Greek population, but which since 1923 when this exchange that was mentioned earlier was repopulated with the Turkish community. And they haven't changed none of the traditions and they still look a bit back to the Greek heritage although there was no continuity. And then there are other examples as the House of Virgin Mary or the Cave of Seven Sleepers, which both represent values of Christianity and Islam. They're both presented in the Koran and it attracts annually pilgrimage from both sides. And unfortunately, this is just an overview. There's no preliminary results, but hopefully in three years I can come and present more results. Thank you for your attention.