 In this module, we will give you the general introduction about a lab scale state fermenter. So, you can see in this diagram, this fermenter is a laboratory scale fermenter having the glass vessel body. So, you can see here that the first is on the top is this motor which help to agitate the fermenter. Sometimes in some fermenters, this motor is placed on the bottom, but most of the laboratory scale fermenters, this motor is on the top. But here you can see that vessel, this is known as a body vessel and then you can see on a upper plate that there are different electrodes, pH electrode, oxygen electrode and then there is a condenser from where the gas has to exhaust because when we have the aeration supply and then the air has to be evaporate, it has to exhaust and for the decrease for the minimum evaporation loss, we have to fix the condenser over the fermenter to reduce the evaporation. So, that is why this one is known as the exhaust gas condenser. So, along with that the dialysis unit. Some formatter that is having the part of that, but in some fermenter when we have a manual addition, this dialysis unit is only required when we have automated in feeding inside the fermenter. But if we have a manual input, then there is no use of the dialysis unit, but mostly when we talk about the fermentation process in the modern age, mostly all kind of the fermenter has the dialysis unit. So, if we see the detail about the dialysis unit, we can say that have a different microprocessors, in which we can have some programming because as concerned the fermenter control monitoring and the record, then a mini computer is attached specialized computer to run the whole fermentation. So, that is microprocessors logging and control system and then the gas supply rotameters because when we have to supply the gas to the fermentation process, then we should know that what is the pressure of the gas, either how much volume of the gas is fed to the fermentation medium. And then pump for pH control, anti-foam, nutrient feed, etc. So, you can see here there are the three pumps in this diagrams are available, which we can also pointed out in a previous figures, which we called as dialysis unit. So, these three pump act as the dialysis unit which actually used for the addition of acid, either addition of alkali to control the pH and the one pump for the addition of anti-foam. And in some fermenter, there is a four pump that is also used for the feeding of the inoculum inside the fermenter. So, if we go on a large scale fermenters, you can see that if there is a fermenter having a 100,000 later capacity, then that have a top driven agitator foam breakers because sometimes when we cannot use the chemical anti-foamers, then we have a mechanical anti-foamers or a foam cutters. So, that is mostly provision when there is a large scale fermenters. So, in this fermenter, you can see some accessories and some parts of the fermenters, which is only fabricated with the large scale fermenters. And then you can see that internal cooling coils and the baffles, you can easily see in this fermenter that these are the rounding coils. And then on the side, there is the baffles, which is required mostly in a large scale fermentations, sparger. So, sparger is very necessary part of the fermentation because we have to supply the air and in case of some archaea, then we have to give some other gases too. So, that is why the sparger is very critical. So, as concerned, the basic features are the accessories of the bio-reactor associated for monitoring, control and record. Then different systems we have to in a fermentation process. An agitation system, oxygen delivery system, control system, temperature control system, pH control system, cleaning and sterilization system and sump and dump line from the fermenter. If the fermenter is on a large scale and industrial level because we cannot manually add something inside the fermenter and then we cannot harvest the fermenter manually. We have a sump and dump line system associated with that fermenter.