 Good afternoon everyone. Am I audible to you? Am I audible to you all? Clearly. Tell me. Okay. We are here to discuss transport implants. Yes or no? You all know that in a multi cellular organism, in a multi cellular organism, what is there? There should be a system for exchange. There should be a system for exchange because nutrients, nutrition, hormone, etc. are needed to be supplied continuously. And all the waste material that is needed to be removed. Agreed? That is required. In human, your circulatory system is there. So one similar system. Okay. Not like human, rather one system having similar function is there in the plant also. Okay. The first question is what are the things that we need to transport? Agreed? What are the things that you need to transport? These are the water is there, minerals, sugar, plant growth regulators, etc. You can say. Lots of things are there that has to be transported. Agreed? Now what kind of transport is needed in plant? One is short distance transport. You people can reply a bit. Okay. You can unmute yourself. Reply and then mute yourself. Okay. So that I can interact a bit with you people. Agreed? Otherwise I am not able to understand whether you are listening or not. See over here. Transport is of two kinds. One is short distance transport. Yes or no? One is short distance transport. Another is long distance transport. Yes or no? Agreed? One is short distance transport. And one is long distance transport over here. You can say short distance transport takes place between cell to cell. One cell is there to nearby cell. Okay. Or within the cell. Like something is synthesized in this part of the cell needed to be transported in other part of the cell. Agreed? Agreed? So for that diffusion is there, cytoplasmic streaming is there. Agreed? And one is long distance transport. One is long distance transport. Just give me a minute. I think my headphone is disconnected. Yes. I told in long distance transport you people are going to require the vascular system of the plant that is xylem and phloem. Xylem and phloem. This is known as translocation. So transport over longer, you can say distances. Proceeds through distances. Proceeds through the vascular system xylem and phloem and is called translocation. What is the means of short distance transport? It is diffusion, cytoplasmic streaming. And what about long distance transport? It takes place through vascular system of the plant and that is xylem and phloem and called as translocation. Agreed? Everyone? Everyone? Tell me? Yes. Now, what are the means of transport that you people have? What are the means of transport that you people have? You have simply two kind of transport system. One is passive transport and one is active transport. What is the difference between passive and active transport? Can you people answer? What is the major difference? The difference is, you can say in terms of need of ATP. Yes or no? As far as passive transport is concerned, it is of following types. Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, etc. Diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, etc. Simply, we are going to discuss diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport. Because we are going to study osmosis in detail during plant-water relations. Yes or no? Tell me? During plant-water relations. We will be reading that. So here, what are the means of transport? It is diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport. Agreed? What is the more, you can say, phenomena of diffusion that you people can observe? The simplest thing that you people can observe during your daily life regarding diffusion, like just a minute. What is the most common example of diffusion that you people can see in your daily life? Try to understand. Like we are going to put any deodorant, you will see or some scent that is there. You spray it in one part of the room. Here it will be strongest, stronger. Here also it will be strong. But away from this, you are not going to smell anything. The strongest smell is over here, then here, then here, then here. After that, you will not be able to smell anything. Yes or no? Why it is so? Because here, the molecules are many. Here they are few. After that, the molecule of that, you can say, particular smell is not found. Agreed? So I would like to tell you all what is diffusion. What is diffusion? Try to understand my point. Now everybody pay attention. Diffusion. What is this? This is simply movement of any substance from one place to another place on account of concentration gradient. Agreed? Everyone? On account of no isus reas. And last we will discuss with you. I will discuss with you. Okay, we will discuss that whatever is left. So see over here. Movement of any substance from one place to another place on account of concentration gradient. This is diffusion. Agreed? Everyone? Now try to understand my point. I am making molecules of substance X. This is also X. The blue color substance is X. And now, one more substance. This gray color is Y. Try to understand my point. This is Y. What do you think? How diffusion is going to take place over here? Substance X having concentration more in this area. And Y is having concentration more in this area. So you try to understand. The net movement of substance X will be in this direction. I will say net movement. Why I am using this term? Net movement. And for substance Y, it is there in this area. Direction. It is there in this direction. Net movement, I am saying. See, you can see some molecules of substance X can move from here to here in this direction also. But the net movement will be there in this direction. Yes or no? Agreed? Everyone? Yes. A few people will see that substance X is moving in this direction and substance Y is moving in this direction. Now you try to understand. Molecules of X. Molecules, atoms, whatever you say. Of that is going to exert a pressure. It is going to exert a pressure that is known as diffusion pressure. What? See over here. Diffusion pressure. What is diffusion pressure? I will define it as diffusing particle. Diffusing particle create certain pressure called diffusion pressure. Agreed? Everyone? If X is moving, any particle that is moving, that is going to create some pressure that is known as diffusion pressure. Yes or no? What will be the sign convention? See over here. I will say over here that the molecules moves from higher diffusion pressure to lower diffusion pressure. Try to understand. I am going to mark this area as A and this area as B. What do you think? X having more diffusion pressure in which area? The diffusion pressure of X is more in area A or area B. Area A. Shraddha told. Area A. Anybody else? Everyone? Anybody have that? You can say any issue with this concept. So if diffusion pressure is more in area A for X and less in area B for X, so X will move in this direction. Hence, X will move A to B and Y having more diffusion pressure in area B and less in area A, so Y will move area B to A. Anybody having doubt in this? Yes? If X moves from A to B, then the diffusion pressure for X is greater than A or is it greater than B? Diffusion pressure for X is greater than A. Yes or no? See molecules are going to exert pressure. So more number of molecules. Why pressure is exerted actually? Because molecules move. Yes or no? If more number of molecules will be there, getting my point, that is going to cause more pressure. Yes or no? Yes sir. Agreed? Now see, I will talk about characteristic of diffusion. Let's say characteristic of diffusion. What do you say? First characteristic, do you people see over here any effect or any effect on the movement of X exerted by Y? There is any effect of Y on net movement of X. Tell me, is there any effect of Y on movement of X? Is it there? Is it there? Try to understand my point. The first point is very important. I must say over here, the direction of movement of one substance is independent of movement of another substance. Agreed? The direction of movement of one substance is independent of means. If I will like to explain it over here, I will say that movement of X is independent of Y. Do you people agree with me? Everyone? Anybody have any doubt? Is it there? No? Now, diffusion is a very important process for plant. Diffusion is one of the most important process for plant. Why it is so? Try to understand my point. It is very important to plant as it is the only means of or you can say for gaseous movement, gaseous within the plant body. Agreed? This is one of the very significant line as far as sentence-based questions are concerned. It is the only mean of gaseous exchange in the plant. That is diffusion. Agreed? Third thing, why other processes are required? Why not diffusion? You can say it is going to suffice everything because it is a slow process. Very slow process and independent of or you can say and not dependent on on living system. Living system is not at all necessary for diffusion to take place. It is taking place in normal you can say normal non-living conditions also. One important point I am taking a straight way from NCRT. You people try to understand this point. Diffusion in solids rather than off solids is more common. Have you people understood this line? This line is you can say I have taken from NCRT directly and this is important anytime they can ask you. Do you people understand this thing? Everyone? Have you understood this point? Sir can you go back to that? Diffusion in solids rather than off solids is more common. Take a minute, think it and please answer. You people can unmute and discuss with me. Yes, I am going to explain. Try to understand. This is one solid body and this is another. If you are going to put them in close vicinity, closer to each other, try to understand. Molecules are going to be present in solids. This is solid one, solid two. See, these molecules will move within the solid from in this direction to this direction or from this direction to this direction on account of their concentration gradient. Means within the solid it can take place. But this blue one will not go to another solid. Not at all will go to another solid. Neither the gray one will come to the blue side. Yes or no? The blue one is not going to go in the gray side. Yes or no? And gray one is not going to go in the blue side. But the blue particles that belong to solid one will diffuse amongst themselves. Yes or no? So I told diffusion in solid is rather common rather than diffusion of solid. Yes or no? Everyone understood this point? You all can answer. Not one or two only. If you have understood, you can say yes. Getting my point? And if you have not understood, you just ask me. I will explain. Now try to understand my point. Facilitated diffusion. Next one is facilitated diffusion. Try to understand. So I have a doubt. Yes. So diffusion in solids is rather than diffusion of solids is more common. But diffusion of solids never occurs, right? It is very difficult. You can say the forces that is going to join molecule in solids are very high. That is not going to let the molecule go in another solid. Yes or no? Rather if you will see diffusion in solid is very common. You must have read semiconductor. If you have read sometime in your studies. Yes or no? Lots of conductors are made like that only. Because electrons and all can move within the solid. Yes or no? Yes sir. Yes. Understood? Is it clear? Excuse me sir. Yes. Sir, could you give examples of diffusion of solids if there are any in the body? No, no, no. What I told. This is one of the rarest thing. Yes sir. Getting my point. Rarest thing. That is not going to occur. Getting my point. Yes. Got it. It is rather, you can say wise to ask some chemistry people. Okay. Maybe some metals are there. They can extend. But it is a very rare thing. Getting my point. I have taken this line directly from NCRT because what they will do, they will put this line in the sentence and they will ask you whether this line is correct or not. At that time you have to be a spot on. Agreed? Yes. Diffusion of solid is not going to take place because you know that why they are solids. They are solids because intermolecular forces are very high in them. So they are not going to let their molecule go into another solid. Yes or no? Agreed? Yes sir. All your doubts are resolved now? Yes sir. Yes. Facilitated diffusion. What do you people understand by this? Try to understand my point. I want to tell you people this is the structure of plasma membrane. You all know? You all know? What is this? Hydrophilic. That is water loving kind of thing. This is hydrophobic. So this much part of plasma membrane is actually hydrophobic. What? You can call them as non-polar. Agreed? Everyone? To this point? Yes. Lipid by layer. Agreed? See over here. Hydrophobic or non-polar part. So something that is lipid soluble. Go through it and diffuse through plasma membrane. Actually facilitated diffusion is a special kind of diffusion only. Agreed? Everyone? See over here. But anything that is polar or water soluble cannot directly through the non-polar tail part. It is very difficult for them to move. But you know that that inner system, cellular system, all the molecules, even water can go across the plasma membrane. Yes or no? Even the water can go across the plasma membrane. How it is happening? When you people were studying the structure of plasma membrane at that time only, you must have read about one, you can say protein. That is transmembrane protein. Have you read about that? Tell me. Yes. What they do? They create pore like this. Agreed? Forming a channel. Agreed? Many types of channel are there. Okay? It is well beyond your scope. And even if you have to read, you can read these things in plasma, you can say plasma membrane part only. These are known as transmembrane protein or tunnel protein. Membrane protein. They will facilitate movement of polar or water soluble substance through it. Yes or no? That is known as facilitated diffusion. Now, getting my point? Agreed? Now, one important thing is there. One important thing is there and that is the concentration gradient. I told concentration gradient means higher to lower concentration. Facilitated diffusion is also going to take place from higher concentration to lower concentration. Yes or no? Because energy is not used. So, you have to have the, you can say, concentration gradient. It should be present already. For facilitated diffusion to take place, the concentration gradient should be there. Yes or no? Agreed? Now, I will let you can define this thing. Try to understand my point. I am going to define it. It is the diffusion of hydrophilic, hydrophilic substance along the concentration gradient. Agreed? Trans membrane proteins without utilization of energy. Agreed? Everyone? It is diffusion only. But only thing I have done, I have used a transmembrane protein. That protein is facilitating the movement. Agreed? Everyone? Everyone? Noisos? So, diffusion of hydrophilic substances along the concentration gradient through transmembrane proteins without utilization of energy. Everyone? Noisos? Now, what I will tell you all? Types of facilitated diffusion. See over here. I have taken all these diagrams from NCRT only because only this is going to be asked. I will talk about types of facilitated diffusion. Please see to it. Try to understand my point. This is the carrier protein. Agreed? If a single substance is moving through this channel, a single molecule is moving through this channel. That is known as unipot. Agreed? If two molecules, molecule A and B are moving in opposite direction, this will be known as antipot. Agreed? And if two molecules A and B, they are moving in the same direction, this is known as simpot. Agreed? Tell me. Everyone? Noisos? Unipot? Antipot? Simpot? Can you people give examples for them? Do you know? Have you people done digestive system? Either say yes or no. Because after sharing the screen, I am not able to see you. Okay, you have not done. Noisos? See over here. No, noisos. See over here. This is your intestine. This is lumen of your intestine. Here is enterocytes. The cell that is lining the enteron means GIT. Everyone will try to understand my point. Now I am making this enterocytes over here. See, these are the enterocytes. Enterocytes. There is a channel present over here known as SG-LT, sodium glucose transporter. You see, glucose as well as sodium moves along with each other. Agreed? That is known as simpot. Means here glucose is there entering inside the enterocyte by simpot. You people are going to read this in digestive system. There is not a issue. See over here. Next thing is there, fructose is moving singly. This is known as unipot. This is known as simpot. At places, sodium and potassium moves in opposite direction. In the membrane only, at many places. In the muscle cells, in the neurons. That is known as antipot. Sodium and like 2K plus or 3K plus moves in one direction, 2NA plus moves in one direction. That kind of thing. That is there known as fuels. See that in neurons. 3K plus will move outside. Sorry, 3NA plus will move outside. 2K plus will move in. They are in opposite direction. Yes or no? They are in opposite direction. So antipot. You people are going to read all these things later on. So types of facilitated diffuser. Now one more thing that is there is active transport. What is active transport? Try to understand my point. What I want to make it over here. Active transport. Active transport. I am going to give you an analogy. See over here. You have to put water from the, you can say from the boarding or from the supply water into your tank. Water tank that is present at your roof. Yes or no? For that do you people require electricity? For that you require electricity. You are going to require electricity. The supply water is going to be put inside the tank that is there on your roof. For that motor is going to work and you will require electricity. Electricity is what? Energy. Means you are putting that uphill. Yes or no? Likewise, see over here. Some substance is there which is in lower concentration and here it is there in higher concentration. There is one partition, one pump. This is known as pump and you have to put the substance from lower concentration to higher concentration. For that what you require? You require ATP which is going to give you ADP plus inorganic phosphate. Agreed? Tell me. Can you please repeat what he said? I told here is lower concentration, lower concentration. Here is higher concentration. What usually happens? What usually happens during passive transport? Please explain. Passive transport you are always going to put substance from higher concentration to lower concentration. Yes or no? Higher concentration to lower. But here you have to put the substance from lower concentration to higher concentration. Have you people understood that analogy that I have given? If you have to put the supply water into the tank present at the roof. Usually in the societies it is not going to happen because that is done by some other people. But if you can say usually house is single in that case we have to do everything on our own. So if you have to put water from lower potential energy to higher potential energy. For that you will require a motor. But if you have to obtain the same water through the tank you do not require electricity. Yes or no? So that is happening from higher potential energy to lower potential energy. Means from more height it is going to lower height. In that case we will not require what? Electricity means energy. That is passive. So always you are putting something from lower concentration to higher concentration. That is what? Active transport. What will I say? I will say that try to understand my point. Over here it is the transport of what? Substance from lower concentration higher higher concentration against the concentration against the concentration gradient. By utilization of ATP is known as active transport. Now I am going to discuss with you people one very important thing. Whether in facilitated diffusion or in active transport there is a protein that is required. Yes or no? Trans membrane protein that is required. Everyone. Isn't it? Isn't it? Yes sir. It is required. So that protein is specific. Like if that channel is for sodium none other iron can pass through that. Yes or no? Wherever in the transport that membrane protein is required that transport is going to be a specific. Agreed? Agreed? Whenever. So out of diffusion facilitated diffusion and active transport which is going to be a specific and which is going to be known as specific. You can say specific or selective. See over here. There is a comparison table. I have taken a straight waveform and CRT. Have you people seen this year's paper? No sir. You can check. You can see on YouTube videos are there which is of toppers only. Some of them I personally know. The thing is there all of them are going to tell you that read and CRT. So I am not taking much outside and I am not going to going to go much outside and CRT. These things are very important. So you see over here. Out of simple diffusion facilitated diffusion and active transport which is going to require a membrane protein. In simple diffusion is it required? No. Here they are required. Out of simple diffusion facilitated transport and active transport which is selective or you can say specific. That means a sodium channel is specifically there for sodium only. Agreed? A sodium channel is there specifically for sodium only. None other ion can move through that. Wherever the membrane protein is present it is going to be selective or specific. So this and this is non-selective. This and this is selective. I didn't understand highly selective or specific. Highly selective means I don't understand. Now this point is there. This is a you can say channel. Sodium is passing through that. See over here. This is sodium channel. Or say this is sodium channel. Now only sodium can pass through this. Will potassium pass through this? No sir only sodium. Cannot pass through this. If it is non-selective in that case any ion can pass. Yes or no? Yes sir. So you understood meaning of these things? Being selective? Now try to understand my point. Is the transport going to saturate everyone? Can you people, any of you voluntarily explain me the meaning of saturation of transport? Can you tell me that? Can you tell me that? See try to understand everyone. Try to think. There is one big you can say misconception is there that we have to mug up biology. It is not like that. See I am making a diagram over here. This is a membrane. There is one channel, two channel, three channel. Three sodium channel is there. Initially one sodium molecule was there. It was passing. I have increased the concentration. Two sodium molecule is there. One is passing through this, one is passing through this. Now I have made it three sodium molecule. One is passing through this, this and this. Now if I will make five sodium molecule over here. Will the rate of transport going to increase? Is the rate of transport going to increase? If I will make fifty sodium channel, sodium atom in that case rate of transport will increase or not? Say yes or no please. Will it increase any other student? No sir. Why? Because now saturation has been achieved. Three channel were present. All are in the work. Now fourth channel is not available. Yes or no? So increasing you can say concentration on this side is not going to increase it. Yes or no? Agreed? So if channel is required in that case transport can be saturated. So it will be saturated in facilitated case and active transport. In diffusion no channel is required so saturation will not be there. Yes or no? Sir can you explain how it is there in facilitated transport? In facilitated channels are required not here. Channels are required no? Yeah. If channels are required in that case if all the channels are in use. Getting my point. Yes sir. All the channels in that case you cannot increase the rate of transport any further. Yes or no? Yes sir. That is saturation. Agreed? Yes sir. Now what is uphill transport from lower concentration to higher concentration? Is it possible in simple diffusion? Is it possible in simple diffusion? No. Here is it possible? No sir. In active transport uphill transport is agreed? No. Requires ATP or not? Simple diffusion do not require, facilitated do not require and active transport do not require. I will add one more point over here. Response to protein inhibitor. Channels are what? Channels are what? They are proteins no? Tell me that. Channels are protein no? Yes sir. If that will be inhibited in that case transport is going to be inhibited no? If channels are not working protein inhibitor means what? That inhibitor is going to destroy or close the channels. In that case will the substance move through that channel? No sir. No sir. No. So if protein inhibitors are there it do not have any response. It will respond and it will respond. Agreed? Everyone? Sir in simple diffusion, simple transport there are no channels right? Yes. No channels are there. So protein channels are not there so there is no role of protein inhibitor in case of simple diffusion. Everyone agreed? Agreed na? So this thing you can do. Now one important question. One important question. Please answer this. I am going to write it over here. Which of the following is not true with regards to active transport? See over here. Which of the following is not a feature of active transport solutes in plants? What do you say first? Requires ATP second. Second occurs against concentration gradient. Third non-selective. Fourth occurs membranes. Tell me. What do you think? What do you think? This is the last option. It told not a feature of active transport. Is it a third option? Everyone can answer. Not one or two. If you are getting it please answer. If you are not getting it please tell me that sir I have not understood. See it is not you can say advisable or it is not of any use if you are not getting things. Getting my point. What is the answer dear? Everyone has to answer. Then only I will move ahead. What is the answer? I have told you over here only it is highly selective. So being non-selective is the wrong option. Agreed. Pooja has told answer rightly Sraddha Sri Gauri. You also have answered it rightly. See over here. Do you know this is the question of NEET 2019 Orisha. I think some cyclone or something over there. So examination was conducted differently over there. Something like that had happened. I don't remember now. So you can see you are able to answer these questions. That is required. Now I will be discussing one most significant topic. Yes tell me dear. Sir just once again can you please explain that highly selective thing just once again. See being selective means what? I told if this is a sodium channel. Sodium channel. Only sodium can go through this. None other substance or electrolyte can go through this. Agreed? Yes sir. So this is what? Being highly selective means this only. Agreed? Anyone? Thank you sir. Anybody having doubt? Now we will be moving to plant water relation part. You know water is the most common solvent that is present in the living organism. Yes or no? It act as medium. Getting my point. For all the things that is there. In human body. In water melon around 90% of water is there. Yes or no? Tell me. So the first concept that you people need to understand is water potential. See over here. I am rubbing it off and I will make you understand. See over here. Water potential what? What is the meaning of word potential? If somebody asked you what is potential of some student acts? How teacher reply? They said that a student can you can say crack need with very great marks. Yes or no? Potential energy. All things you people keep on listening. What is the meaning of that? See I am going to write pure water and here is a solution. Try to understand my point here. I am going to depict water molecule with blue. Agreed? Here water molecule is there. Similar condition. But somehow with orange I am going to depict solute molecule. Agreed? Tell me. Agreed? Everyone? Yes sir. See over here. I am taking a unit volume. Any kind of volume for the sake of understanding this much volume I am taking. Here also I am taking that much volume. Similar. The volume taken over here and here is the same. Now I am going to define water potential. Try to understand my point. I am going to define water potential. Please see to it. I want to tell you all it is the sum of free energy of water molecules. Agreed? Everyone? Now how many water molecules can you see in this circle in case of pure water and how many water molecules can you see in this circle in solution? Please let me know. I can see 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 7 water or 6 water molecules in this circle. Agreed? Isn't it? Ujha can you understand this thing beta? Raghuram, Rishika, Sraddha understood. So what do you think? How many molecules are there? 6. And how many are there in this case solution? Anybody? Can you reply? Sir 2. 2. So I will add free energy of 6 molecules over here and here 2 only. You can say I am taking this thing that acts as the free energy of one water molecule for sake. Try to understand. Where it is more? Now water potential in pure water or in solution? For pure water. For pure water it is more. Yes or no? It is. So whenever you are going to put solute in pure water it is going to decrease its water potential. Everyone? So I will say the water potential of pure water is maximum and conventionally taken to be zero. Means if pure water is there, no electrolyte is there, what is the value of water potential? Tell me dear. Tell me please. And if I am adding solute, what is happening? Sir the water potential decreases. Water potential decreases and if it will decrease below zero, what will happen? Negative. It will be negative. So I will say water potential for a solution is negative and it is by convention only. Nothing like some logical reasoning is there. Agreed? Understood? What happened? When you are adding the solute, you can say solute. What is happening? Actually you are lowering the water potential and that lowering is known as psi s or solute potential. What? Psi s or solute potential. Agreed? Everyone? And it is always negative. Anyone? Any doubt? Please let me know dear. Doubt is there? Doubt is there? No sir. See. This is an open system. This is an open system. This is an open system in which water is kept. What is the pressure on the surface? Atmospheric pressure is there, no? If I am putting a glass of water on my table, what is the pressure is there on the water present in the glass? Tell me. It is at the sea level, so atmospheric pressure is there, not here? You people are not getting this? Yes sir, atmospheric pressure on the top. You got, no? Yes sir. Everyone? So if we are going to put pressure on this, we are not going to put any pressure on this. It is atmospheric pressure. And at this atmospheric pressure, what happens? At this atmospheric pressure, psi w equals to psi s. Atmospheric pressure. Means pressure is zero. But if I am going to put a pressure over here, that is known as psi p. Psi p is pressure potential. Pressure potential. If I will put any pressure or additional pressure on the surface of water, in that case psi w will become psi p plus psi s. I will make you people feel this thing. Don't worry. Let me add a page over here. We have some intense calculations over here. So you people have to be very careful so that you can understand things. Just a minute. Try to understand my point. See, what is the significance of water potential? Significance of water potential. First let me deal with this. Significance of psi w. I must say water moves from higher psi w to lower psi w. Agreed? Agreed. Please try to understand my point. Everyone, this thing you people know? This thing you people know? You people are not answering anything. See over here. What I am doing? I am putting pure water over here also and only pure water over here also. I have put an issue. What is the difference between water potential on both the sides? No difference. Everyone. Now let's see. I am putting some solute molecule on this side. Now what is the difference? So the one with the solute is lower than the other side. Side A, side B. On which side water potential is less? B. B side. So what do you think? Water should move in this direction. I am putting a piston over here. See, when we have not put the piston, in that case what is there? This pressure is atmospheric pressure. Yes or no? Yes sir. Now I am putting a piston over here. Everyone. Piston over here. I am applying a pressure P over here. What do you think? Moment of water in this direction will increase or no? It is increased. Why? You know that water is moving from higher water potential to lower water potential. That means what this pressure has done to water potential? Increased it. This is the effect of pressure on water potential. The water potential that is there on the earth getting my point. If you will change the pressure, the water potential will change. Agreed? Try to understand my point. Now, same scene I am applying this side. Same scene I am applying this side. Side W for here. Because your water is there. Here I am putting a piston. Earlier water was moving in this direction. Now I keep on increasing the pressure. Try to understand my point. I keep on increasing the pressure. Agreed? There is a point that is known as side W. P sorry. What happens? Try to understand. Due to dissolution of solute, the solute potential is side S. Agreed? Water was moving in this direction. I have started increasing the pressure in this direction. There is a point raised when movement of water H2O in this direction has stopped. Why it is so? Why it is so? Because of the pressure of the piston. This pressure is increasing water potential on this side. Agreed? Yes sir. When no water is flowing from this side to this side, that means water potential on both the sides were equal. Yes or no? Yes sir. You people are getting things right? Yes sir. Water potential on both the sides were equal. Agreed? Means on this side if this is side W. Earlier why water was moving in this direction? Because this has lowered the water potential and what has compensated for that? Psi P. So derivation of this formula is logical. You cannot mathematically derive this formula. Agreed? Everyone? Sir when the pressure of the piston is added to the water potential of the solute, it is equal to the water potential of the pure water. Yes. Only in one condition movement of water will stop when the water potential of both the sides were equal. Why earlier? Why earlier water were moving? Because this solute potential has lowered the water potential. Yes or no? Yes sir. Because this is a negative thing and that is compensated by what? The pressure of the piston. Pressure potential. I have increased the pressure and when some of both these two, you can say these two reaches equal to this. What happened? Flow of water will? Stop. Stop. Yes or no? Yes. This pressure, this pressure you are applying internally or externally. Why it is external pressure? External pressure and do you know what this pressure is known as? Means, this is a semi permeable membrane. Please observe here. Semi permeable membrane and what were moving? The solvent were moving. Agreed? I am going to define osmosis now. Yes, tell me dear. No movement. What's the condition for that? I am writing. For no solvent movement, what should be there? Water potential on both the sides should be equal. When there, the water potential on both the sides should be equal. Agreed? Agreed? If difference in water potential will be there, in that case on some side it will be more and on some side it will be less. So water will move from higher to lower. Agreed? Yes sir. Everyone? Sir, I have a question. Yes, please ask. If you applied external pressure to pure water, would the water potential increase above 0? Yes, of course it will increase. No, no, it will increase. That will equal to the pressure only. But sir, if pure water is already at maximum. It will raise, it will raise above 0 in that case. Yes sir. Zero is what? You have asked real, you can say a good question over here. Zero at a standard temperature and pressure. Temperature and normal pressure. Okay? Normal means atmospheric pressure. Agreed? Yes sir. Understood? It is zero at atmospheric pressure. If you will apply more pressure, it will increase above zero. Agreed? Try to understand. It is the free energy of what? Water molecule. If you will increase the temperature, in that case energy will increase, no? Yes sir. In that case also water, you can say water potential will increase. Yes or no? Agreed? Now, I am going to define that osmotic pressure. How you are going to define it? Tell me. Is it an external pressure or internal pressure? Do you people agree with this? External pressure applied to a solution so that process of osmosis and osmotic entry of water can be stopped? No? First I am going to define osmosis. Then I will again explain the osmotic pressure. Try to understand. I am saying movement of H2O means movement of solvent. Movement of solvent across a semi permeable membrane. Agreed? On account of or due to what? For account of concentration gradient, you can write that also. On account of concentration gradient means it is similar to osmosis only, similar to diffusion only. Yes or no? It is similar to diffusion only but two conditions were added. One semi permeable membrane, another. Only solvent can move. I am not moving the solute particle this way. I am just making the water molecule move across the semi permeable membrane. Yes or no? Agreed? Yes sir. So osmosis is movement of solvent across a semi permeable membrane on account of concentration gradient. Agreed? No issue? In that? Now to understand osmotic pressure, I am again going to take an example from NCRT diagram only. Have you people seen this diagram? Seed here. You all are serious neat aspirants. I am teaching neat aspirants for very long. So things are there. If you are serious neat aspirants, skip to your NCRT. Diagrams. Diagram based questions will be asked. Agreed? That diagram is going to be there from NCRT only. Okay? So please see all the things that is there in NCRT. You do not keep wandering here and there. Stick to your NCRT. Stick to your teacher's note. That's all. The institute is providing whatever material. You will read that one because teacher had worked on those materials. Either test or anything that is there. So see over here. Osmotic pressure is there. What is this? What I have done? Try to understand my point. I have put sucrose solution in this. I have put a sucrose solution in this. And outside, this is pure water. And this is a semi permeable membrane. You people can see. So where water potential is less? Here or here? Inside this fissile flan or funnel? Inside this funnel or in the beaker? You can say water potential is more. Pure water is present over here? Yes. So I am taking that point A and here is point B. So water will start entering. Agreed? Yes, sir. Water will start entering inside it. So it will push this piston. Now see, this piston is moving up. This piston was moving up. I have applied a pressure over here. I have applied a pressure till the point when I am able to stop this diffusion. Now, no water is entering inside it. Getting my point. The pressure that is been created by movement of water in this direction, I have equalizes that pressure by applying external pressure. So that water is not moving inside now. Agreed? So what I have done by applying this pressure? You have added it to the solute water potential. The potential of the solute and then that will be equal to the water potential. Yes, the thing is there. What I have done? I have stopped osmosis by applying this pressure. Yes or no? I have stopped osmosis by applying this pressure. Yes or no? Yes, sir. Please tell me. So this is the external pressure. What have I done? I have applied an external pressure which is equal to the pressure which has stopped what? Osmotic entry of water inside solution. Agreed? Tell me. Yes, sir. Everyone, you people agree with me? Yes, sir. Do you people agree with me? Now, can you understand this definition? We will note it down. Yes, you note it down. No issues. If you will require, I will provide you with the PDF also. That is not an issue. You just try to understand things first. These things are really very important. The only one thing that is there to be understood, the formula of water potential. You should have a physical feeling of that formula. By understanding it well, you can see water move. You can say in whatever direction it is moving. You can observe that nicely. After that you will understand this topic. Agreed? Anybody have any doubt? Osmotic pressure is the first thing you remember. Whenever you forget, you just see this diagram. External pressure? How much pressure? So that osmotic entry can be prevented. Agreed? Everyone? Yes, sir. Now, one important thing. One important thing that I need to tell you all. See this paragraph. That is written. I am asking a question. Osmotic pressure will be more in one solution is 0.1 molar and one solution is 0.2 molar. In which condition you think this is more? So, this is justified. The more solute you are going to add over here. More difference in the water potential is there. So, you have to apply a bigger pressure to equalize that. Agreed? The greater the concentration, the more pressure that is required. Yes, of course. Got it, sir. Now, I will like to tell you all. Osmotic potential. What's this? It is numerically equal to osmotic pressure. But have opposite sign. Have opposite sign. Agreed? I will say, try to understand my point. Osmotic potential is represented by that psi as only. Solute potential is also known as osmotic potential. And osmotic pressure is represented by this letter. What is the name of this letter? Okay. So, you see over here, psi w is equal to negative of, I am going to use this thing. I am going to use this thing. How you are going to calculate osmotic pressure? Maybe you people are going to read this thing in chemistry or not. As far as biology is concerned, formula is going to suffice. Osmotic pressure, or you can say, it is equals to C, R, T. Where C is concentration, solute. Moals per liter. Agreed? R is gas constant. And T is absolute temperature. Okay? If you people have any confusion in this, please consult your chemistry teacher because you people are going to read these things later on. Okay. In zoology, they can ask you the formula or simple calculation. In chemistry, they will ask you more. If it is there in the syllabus, I don't know the chemistry syllabus. You understood all these points. Tell me, dear. Could you show back the formula again, please? Yes. I was different from the psi p that we wrote. Is it the same, sir? Psi. Psi p in the osmotic. Psi p is that solute potential only. Psi p is the pressure potential here. That's different from this, right? Or is it the same? This is the osmotic potential. You can say osmotic pressure, negative of osmotic pressure. Osmotic pressure is related to this one. This is something else. I am going to discuss it now. In cell, you may have learnt about Terger pressure. Terger pressure. Terger pressure. It is related to, you can say that only. I am going to, you can say, tell you people. In plasmolysis, deep plasmolysis part. Try to understand my point. This osmotic potential or osmotic pressure, they are related and they are related to solute potential. Agreed? That psi p is pressure potential. That is the pressure that is going to be developed in the cell. I am going to tell you now. Please wait. Now, see one question. This is the cell, cell 1 and another is cell 2. Have you done this kind of, these kind of questions? Cell 2. See over here. Here osmotic pressure is 10 atm. Psi s is minus 10 atm. Here osmotic pressure is, sorry, just a minute. Osmotic pressure is 7 atm. Psi p is 5 atm. Here psi p is 2 atm. Or rather I will say 4 atm. Find out direction of movement of what? Please solve the question. From cell 1 to cell 2. See, I am calculating for cell 1. What is there? Osmotic pressure is 10 atm. In that case psi s will be minus 10 atm. Agreed? Psi w will be psi s plus psi p. That is minus 10 plus 5. 5 atm. Okay. What is the unit of water potential? It is the unit of pressure only. Agreed? Pressure is written. That does not mean you people keep on, you can say start writing volt and in that. Volt and all. It is not there. It is the, you can say unit of pressure only. It is nothing but the pressure only. Cell 2. Likewise it will be psi w equals 2. Psi w equals 2. Psi w equals 2. Psi s that is minus 7 plus 4 atm. It is not 5 rather minus 5. It is minus 3 atm. So which is more? This or this? Which is having more water potential? Which is less? So which is more? Sir, do we have to take the magnitude or with the sign? No, no, no. You have to take everything. Okay, then so minus 3 atm is greater. So it will move in this direction. Think over it. Solve some more questions like this and we will be discussing. Can I repeat the answer again? I have written. I have written. It will? Sir, thank you. Agreed? Agreed? Agreed? Now, you people can observe this phenomena. Plasmolysis. Have you heard of this? Agreed? Have you heard of this? Tell me. Plasmolysis. If you will, if you will, if you will compare the osmolarity of, if you will compare the osmolarity of the solution with the, because with respect to cell set. One thing is there. If you have to define the solution like isotonic, getting my point, hypotonic or hypotonic? You need two solutions. Yes or no? You need two solutions. Agreed? Agreed? Then only you can say this solution is hypotonic, this solution is hypotonic, etc. Agreed? See over here. A solution. I am going to put a cell in a solution. Getting my point. And if the solve, just a minute. I have to delete all these things. This is the cell's app and this is the solution. Agreed? If the concentration of solution, if the concentration of solution is equal to concentration of cell set, what will you say? Isotonic. Isotonic. If concentration of solution is greater than concentration of cell set, it is, solution is hypotonic. If concentration of solution is less than concentration of cell set, it will be hypotonic. Do you people agree? Do you people agree? See, have I written it rightly? Or yes or no? Yes or no. Either say yes or no. Agreed? Hyper means more. Hypo means less. Iso means equal. Agreed? Then what is the phenomena of, what is the phenomena of plasmolysis? Try to understand my point. Try to understand. I have to define few more things. One more definition is left. That is afterger pressure. And wall pressure. After that these things will be completing. See over here. What I want to tell you all? Plasmolysis. How it is taking place? Anybody have any input in this? Have you any input in this? Tell me. What the content in the cell's app is going to travel out of the cell? What is happening? This is the solution. This is the solution. Solutions should be hypertonic. Solutions should be hypertonic. Agreed? Try to understand my point. This is the cell wall. And here is the cell membrane. It is attached to the cell wall. Like this. This is cell membrane. Agreed? This is cell membrane. Yes or no? Now what happens? Solution is hypertonic means concentration of solution is more. Yes or no? Having more concentration means solute particle is more or less. Having more concentration means solute particle is more or less. I am saying some solution more concentration. What does this mean? Tell me. I am making a solution of NSCl. When it is more concentrated. When it is one molar or two molar. Sir there are more molecules of NSCl than water. More are there. More molecules of solute is there. Means here solute particle is more. Solute particle is more. And here solute particle is less. So where water potential is more? Inside the cell's app or the solution? Inside the cell's app. Inside the cell's app. Here psi w is more. And here it is less. So water will move from higher potential to lower potential. So what will happen? This cell wall bill. Cell wall is freely permeable. You can say entity that is there. Agreed? Cell wall is freely permeable. It is not going to hinder movement of water at all. Agreed? So water is moving out. So what happens over here? I am writing. It is the movement of water. Of water. Protoplast out from protoplast leads to its shrinkage when a cell is placed in which solution? Hypertonic solution. Tell me. Tell me dear. Do you people agree with this definition of mine? Do you all agree now? Only one student is going to agree. Aditya? Do you agree with this definition? Everyone? Harisika? Yes sir. Sreya? Yes sir. Agree with this definition? Yes sir. See. Over here. So we are doing plasmolysis over here. Now. Now. One thing I would like to tell you all. Types of plasmolysis. Now. Before going to this detail. I would like to tell you all one more definition. And that definition is of deep plasmolysis. Agreed? Deep plasmolysis. I am going to tell you all the process of deep plasmolysis. See. See. Important one. Deep plasmolysis. Then only you will be able to understand other definitions. Deep plasmolysis. Now you see. I am taking a solution which is hypotonic. Which is hypotonic. Solution is hypotonic. In that. A cell is placed. Which was earlier plasmolyzed. How a plasmolyzed cell is going to look like? This. Because cell wall. Is not going to change its shape. So plasmo membrane start leaving the cell wall. It will look like this. Now. This is a hypotonic solution. Hypotonic solution. Try to understand my point. So what happens in this case? Hypotonic means less concentration. Yes or no? Being hypotonic means less concentration. Yes or no? Yes sir. Everyone. Being hypotonic means less concentration. So water potential is more. Less concentration means solute particle is less. So water particle is more over there. Agreed? That means water is moving inside. And this will lead to. This will lead to. Again the cell will regain itself. Its shape. Means after plasmolysis. It is regaining its shape. This process is known as D plasmolysis. When it had happened? When the cell is kept into? When the cell is kept into? Which kind of solution dear? Hypotonic solution. Hypotonic solution. Agreed? Hypotonic solution. So is the plasmolysis reversible or not? Is the plasmolysis reversible or not? Yes sir its reversible. Plasmolysis is reversible. Agreed? Now try to understand my point. Everyone. I am going to define two more pressures over here. Try to understand my point. When water is entering the cell, the cell is trying to swell from within. Yes or no? Please answer everyone. When the water is entering the cell, the cell is trying to swell from within. Means cytoplasm or protoplast is actually trying to expand. Yes or no? Yes sir. But can you change the shape of cell wall? It is there to maintain the shape. Tell me. What is the shape remains the same? I told when cell is kept inside hypotonic solution. Even now. Once it is deep plasmolyzed. More water is trying to enter. In that case cell will try to swell from within. Yes sir. But cell wall is not a flexible thing. It will not let the cell swell much. In that case this protoplast is going to exert a pressure over here on the cell wall. This is known as TP. Trigger pressure. Trigger pressure. You people know? What is the target cell is there? When the cell is kept inside a hypotonic solution, protoplast is trying to swell from within. And that is going to exert a pressure towards outside. Yes or no? That is known as Trigger pressure. In that response the cell wall is going to apply a pressure. Equal and opposite pressure and that is known as wall pressure. What? So Trigger pressure is pressure applied by the protoplast on the cell wall. I am writing it over here. Pressure applied by the protoplast cell wall. Yes or no? And what is wall pressure? Wall pressure. What is wall pressure? Please let me know the idea. Equal and opposite pressure. Opposite pressure applied by cell wall in response to Trigger. Do you people agree? This is known as TP. You people are able to imagine these things. Yes sir. Any issue in this? No sir. No at all? No. Agreed? No. Yes sir. This Trigger pressure is going to be equal to pressure potential that is Psi P. This Trigger pressure is going to be equal to the pressure potential that is Psi P. So you understood things. Osmotic pressure is negative of solute potential. Agreed? And Trigger pressure is equal to Psi P. Agreed? That pressure potential. Everyone, now the last question that we are going to solve. See over here. Try to learn these things. If you will be good in these things, you people are going to understand plant water relation. Psi S equals to minus 12. All in, you can say unit is there in the ATM. Psi P is 9. Psi W is minus 12. And one more cell is there. Here osmotic pressure is 12. Trigger pressure is 7. This is A, B, C. You have to find the direction of movement. It is A, B, C. Second is A, B, C. Third is A, B, C. Fourth is A, B, C. All are similar at this time. I am going to put it like this. Which one is going to be there? Tell me dear. Done this question? Sir, one minute, I am just very solved in it. No issue. Please solve. If you are able to solve, it is all right. Otherwise this is your homework. So please go and solve this thing. I am going to tell you some conditions in the next class. And after that how water moves and how carbohydrate moves in the plant. Two things are left. We will be discussing. And one more thing. You people should go and read and see RT. If you do not have the physical feeling of these pressures and how water is moving, please let me know. I have more than 10, you can say, methods so that I can make you people understand. You have to say, sir, I have not understood. You be clear in your thoughts. If you are able to understand, let me know. If you are not getting that, please let me know that also. So that I can do something for you people. Sir, is the answer the second option? I will calculate. I do not remember the answer. See over here. Here it will be minus 3. Here it is minus 12. And here it will be minus 12 plus 7. That is minus 5. So it will move in this direction from this to this, in this direction. And here it will move in this direction. So A to B, A to C and C to B. I think second is there. You can see it once more. Agreed? Yes, sir. Everyone? Yes, sir. I hope you people have understood this class. Okay. You understood now? Everyone? Have you any doubt? No? No doubt, sir. Bye. Happy Diwali. Thank you, sir. Thank you, sir. Thank you, sir. Okay. Yes, I will send the note. I will send the note. You will get it.