 A very good evening aspirants, I welcome you all to the Hindu Daily News Analysis brought to you by Shankar IS Academy. Now before getting into discussion, I have an important announcement to you. The announcement is regarding prelims test series. Shankar IS Academy is going to start pre-stroming batch 1 for UPSC prelims 2024. The orientation for the first test will be on 11th September 2023 and the first test will be conducted on 18th September. A total of 48 tests including C-SAT and Mach test will be provided in the test series. The fee details are also displayed here, kindly register to the test series immediately and try to boost your prelim score. With this exciting announcement, now let us get into the daily Hindu news analysis. Today I am going to cover important news articles from the Hindu newspaper predated 18th of August 2023. Daily here is a list of news articles that we will be discussing today. You can go through it. At the end of the video, we will also have prelims practice question discussions. So try to watch the entire video and a kind request to you all, those who haven't yet subscribed our YouTube channel, do subscribe and hit the bell icon button so that you will get regular notifications about our current affairs videos. Now let us get into our first news article discussion. Take a look at this editorial article. This editorial article is about the new scheme announced by our Prime Minister during his Independence Day speech. It is another than the PM Vishwakarma scheme. Since the scheme was announced by our Prime Minister, we can expect a question from this scheme either on prelims or main examination. The editorial covers the provision of the scheme, its advantages and disadvantages. So in our discussion today, we will see the points mentioned in this editorial in detail. Okay. Now let us start with the PM Vishwakarma scheme. See the PM Vishwakarma scheme aims to provide economic support to traditional craftspeople and artisans. The scheme aims to provide economic support by providing them affordable credit. By providing affordable credit, the scheme aims to improve economic viability of craftspeople and artisans. Okay. Now let us see the important provisions of the scheme. The scheme offers loan of up to Rs. 3 lakh in two tranches to eligible individuals. The eligible individuals include people practising 18 trades like cobblers, toy makers, laundry men, barbers, masons and coir weavers. See these loans come with a concessional interest rate of 5%. In order to make sure the scheme is implemented without any constraints, the scheme has a budget of about Rs. 13,000 crore. The government aims to cover 5 lakh families in its first year of implementation. Over a span of 5 years, the scheme is expected to reach 30 lakh families. Okay. Apart from this, the scheme also has a component for skill enhancement. The scheme includes skilling programs that offer a nominal stipend. It also provides financial assistance to help artisans to purchase modern tools then aiming to enhance their skills and capabilities. Okay. These are the important provisions of the PM Vishwakarma scheme. Now what are the advantages of the scheme? The first major advantage is access to credit. See currently, traditional artisans face the challenges of access to formal credit. So the PM Vishwakarma scheme addresses this challenge by providing them with affordable loans. By assessing the loans, the artisans can make investments in their trades and improve their livelihoods. Okay. So access to credit is the first major advantage. Then the second advantage is affordable credit. See the PM Vishwakarma scheme provides credit at a concessional interest rate of 5%. This makes the loans more affordable for artisans. This in turn will help them avoid the burden of high interest depth from informal moneylenders. Okay. So affordable credit is the second major advantage. Then the next advantage is skill development. As I mentioned, the scheme has a provision of skill development. This provision will enhance the artisans skills and enable them to produce high quality goods and adapt to changing market demands. Okay. Then the last advantage is that the scheme will help the artisans to increase the market for their goods. By offering financial assistance to purchase modern tools, the PM Vishwakarma scheme help artisans to tap into new markets. This in turn will broaden their customer base for their products and services. Okay. So these are some of the important advantages of PM Vishwakarma scheme. Now let us see the hurdles in releasing the full potential of the PM Vishwakarma scheme. The first issue is that the scheme narrows its focus on credit availability alone. See the schemes focus on credit availability might only address a symptom of the main issue faced by artisans. The original main issue faced by the artisans is the lack of economic viability for their products and services in the market. If their businesses are economically viable, then formal credit will automatically reach them. Therefore, the government by providing access to formal credit facilities without addressing the issue of economic viability will only be a short term solution. Okay. Then the second issue is risk of debt burden. If the PM Vishwakarma scheme solely extends loan without facilitating market expansion, it could lead to a situation where the artisans and their families become trapped in debt without experiencing significant economic improvement. Okay. This is the second important issue. Then there is the issue of intergenerational impact. See the PM Vishwakarma scheme emphasizes on knowledge transfer from one generation to the next. This could lead to low paying traditional trades. This in turn will limit the next generation's opportunities. In addition to this, this will reinforce societal inequalities, particularly if such trades are associated with caste constraints. Okay. And the last issue is implementation complexity. The scheme's success depends on effective implementation. The implementation of the scheme requires expertise in both the artisans trades and entrepreneurial skills. So only if the government involves professionals with the necessary knowledge and expertise, the scheme will be implemented in a successful manner. Okay. So in a sense, the PM Vishwakarma scheme has the potential to provide crucial financial assistance and skill development training to traditional artisans, but the scheme's success in creating actual positive impact depends on addressing deeper challenges beyond credit availability. The challenges include market assess, valuation and economic viability. Okay. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about the objectives of PM Vishwakarma scheme, then about the major provisions of PM Vishwakarma scheme. And finally we saw some points about the advantages and disadvantages associated with PM Vishwakarma scheme. So this is a new scheme. So we may expect a question in both prelims and mains. So make note of each and every points that we discussed with these points in mind. Let us move on to the next news article discussion. Take a look at this news article. Last Wednesday, two tiger cubs were founded in the buffer zone of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. Later, a post-mortem was conducted on the dead cup. The post-mortem revealed that the stomachs of two cubs were empty. So there is a possibility that the cubs could have been abandoned by their mother. The post-mortem further revealed that there were no signs of injury and poisoning. And one of the forest officials said that samples have been collected from the dead cubs and it has been sent for a forensic analysis. And this is all about the news. As Mudumalai Tiger Reserve made news today, let us understand some points about Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. See Mudumalai Tiger Reserve is located in the Neelgri district of Tamil Nadu. It is situated at the tri-junction of three states including Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Note that Mudumalai Tiger Reserve forms part of Neelgri Biosphere Reserve. The Neelgri Biosphere Reserve is the first biosphere reserve in India which was declared during 1986. The Mudumalai Tiger Reserve has a common boundary with Vayanadu wildlife sanctuary on the west. Then Bandipur Tiger Reserve on the north and the Neelgri's north division on the south and east and Ghudalur forest division on the southwest. Now moving on to say about the forest cover of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. See the 2009 forest survey of India says that the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve has 47.05 square kilometers of very dense forest, then 214.98 kilometers square of moderately dense forest and 56.16 kilometers square of open forest. This is all about the forest cover of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. Now talking about the climate of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, the climate of Mudumalai is moderate. Mudumalai Tiger Reserve experiences cold weather during the month of December or the beginning of January and hot weather is experienced during the month of March and April. This is all about the climate of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. Now finally let us see about flora and fauna of the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. Mudumalai Tiger Reserve has tall grasses which is commonly referred to as elephant grass. Then a giant variety of bamboos are also grown in the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. Apart from this valuable timber species like teak, rosewood are also seen in the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. Now talking about the fauna, the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve is inhabited by a variety of animals which include tiger, elephant, indian gore, panther, sambar, spotted deer, barking deer, mouse deer, common langur, malabar jain squirrel, wild dog, jungle cat, hyena and so on. Then some of the important word species like malabar, whistling thrush, peacock and jungle fowl are also found in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. Okay and that is all regarding this discussion, this discussion we saw about the location of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. Then about the forest cover and climate of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve and finally we saw some points about the flora and fauna of Mudumalai Tiger Reserve. See this topic is very much important for your prelims exam. So make note of each and every points that we discussed. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Now take a look at this small article from the text and context page. It says that a study was conducted recently by the RBI. According to the study, the risk of stagflation in India is low with a probability of only three percentage. This is due to improved financial conditions and stable domestic fuel prices. Okay, this is all about the news article. Now in this context, let us understand what is stagflation, then about the causes for stagflation and finally the measures that has to be taken to overcome stagflation. Now let's start with the term stagflation. The word stagflation is the blend of two words namely stagnation and inflation. This term was first used in 1965 by the British politician Ian Messliot in a speech during the time of economic stress in the United Kingdom. See stagflation is actually an economic situation where a country experiences both high inflation and high unemployment at the same time. As we all know, inflation refers to the general increase in the prices of goods and services. And unemployment means the condition of one who is capable of working or actively seeking work but he is unable to find any work. Normally inflation and unemployment move in opposite directions. For example, if there is high inflation, the unemployment rate starts to decrease but the stagflation is unusual. This is because the stagflation is associated with high inflation and high joblessness. I hope you understood about stagflation. With these basics, now let us see the causes of stagflation. See there are many causes. Now let us see them one by one. The first and foremost cause of stagflation is supply shocks. See unexpected disruptions in the supply of important resources like oil can cause prices to rise suddenly which in turn lead to inflation. At the same time, these disruptions might harm industries and lead to job losses. This symptom causes unemployment. So supply shocks is one of the causes of stagflation. Then the second main cause is cost push inflation. See when production costs increase, businesses raise prices to maintain their profits. This can spark inflation. And if costs increases a lot, businesses might cut production and jobs which lead to unemployment. So cost push inflation is one of the reasons for stagflation. And the final cause is demand shortfall. See if people are not spending as much due to economic uncertainty, it can slow down businesses. So the businesses in turn might respond by reducing production and laying of workers which in turn leads to unemployment. So demand shortfall can also be one of the reasons for stagflation. Okay. This is all about the causes of stagflation. Now moving on to see about the measures that can be taken to overcome stagflation. The first measure is making corrections in monetary policy. See the central bank like RBI can reduce inflation by increasing interest rates. This makes borrowing more expensive which in turn can discourage spending and slow down the increase in prices of goods. Secondly, correcting fiscal policy. See the governments can increase public spending on infrastructure projects or provide financial assistance to struggling industries. This in turn can boost demand, create jobs and reduces unemployment. Then third measure is addressing supply side issues like improving infrastructure, reducing regulations and promoting innovation can help reduce production cost and in turn encourages economic growth. This eventually reduces both inflation and unemployment. Okay. And finally developing long term economic strategies to balance growth, inflation and unemployment can also help to prevent stagflation in the future. Okay. This is all about the measures that can be taken to overcome stagflation. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about what is stagflation. Then we saw about the causes of stagflation. And finally we saw some points about the measures that can be taken to overcome stagflation. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Take a look at this editorial article. Recently the parliament passed the registration of births and deaths amendment bill 2023. So in this context only this editorial is written. The author of this editorial highlights the major issues with the amendment bill. So in our discussion today we will see the major provisions of the bill and the issues with amendment bill which is highlighted in the editorial. Now before getting into discussion the syllabus regarding this discussion is highlighted here. You can pass the video and go through it. First of all know that the registration of births and deaths amendment bill 2023 seeks to amend the registration of births and deaths act 1969. Note that this 1969 act was enacted to regulate the registration of births and deaths in India. Now with this information let us see the important provisions of the amendment bill. The first important provision is regarding registrar general of India. See the 1969 act provides for the appointment of a registrar general of India. The important function of the registrar general of India was to issue general directions for registration of births and deaths. Here the 2023 amendment bill expands the role of registrar general of India further. According to the amendment bill the registrar general of India will have to maintain a national database of registered births and deaths. Ok. This is the first change proposed by the amendment bill. Then the second change is regarding registration of birth and death. See the 1969 act specifies certain persons to report births and deaths to the registrar. For example a medical officer in charge of a hospital where the baby is born or the jailer when the birth takes place in a jail they have to report birth to the registrar. Here the 2023 amendment bill has a provision. According to the amendment bill in case of births the specified persons shall also provide the other number of the parents if available. Ok. The second major change proposed by the 2023 amendment bill. Then the third one is regarding connecting databases. As we already saw the amendment bill 2023 mandates the registrar general of India to maintain a national database right and this national database may be available to other authorities who are preparing or maintaining other databases like population registrar, electoral roles and ration card. And note that the sharing of national database maintained by the registrar general of India should be approved by the central government. This one changes proposed by 2023 amendment bill. The next one is regarding the use of birth certificates. See for people who born after the bill comes into effect it is mandatory that they must use only the birth certificates to provide their date and place of birth. For example currently we are using the 10th mark sheet as a proof for date of birth right. So people who born after the bill comes into effect they cannot do that. They must use only the birth certificate as a proof for date of birth. Ok. Then the next important provisions in the amendment bill is regarding death certificates. According to the amendment bill for deaths occurring in hospitals the hospital must provide a certificate regarding the cause of death to the registrar. A copy of the certificate will be provided to the nearest relative whereas if death occurs in any other place that is other than a hospital or medical institution the medical practitioner who attended the person shall issue the death certificate and the certificate issued by the medical practitioner must be provided to the registrar. Ok. See here registrar are officials appointed by state governments for each local area jurisdiction to ensure the maintenance of birth and death databases. And the last important provision is regarding the appeal process. Now before seeing that let us see the organizational structure for maintaining births and deaths in states. See at the state level there is chief registrar and at the district level we have district registrar and at the local level we have registrar. So if any person is aggrieved by any action or order of the registrar an appeal can be made to the district registrar and if anyone is aggrieved by the action of district registrar an appeal can be made to the state registrar. Ok. Note that the appeal must be made within 30 days and the decision regarding the appeal must be provided within 90 days. These are the important provisions of the bill. Now moving forward let us see the major issues of the bill that are highlighted in the editorial. The first issues regarding the changes made to the role of registrar general of India. Earlier the role of registrar general of India was limited to coordination and unification of registration system. But according to the new amendment the registrar general of India must also maintain a national database. Here the author questions this expanded role of registrar general of India in maintaining a central database. See the government's argument is that the national database will be made available to authorities dealing with the preparation of databases relating to population register, electoral roles, other number, ration card, passport, driving license, property registration and such other databases at the national level. But here the author is of the opinion that this does not require an amendment expanding in the role of registrar general of India as the birth and death certificates are public documents that can be easily assessed from the respective set government. So the expanded role of registrar general of India does not serve any real purpose. This is the first issue highlighted by the author. Secondly the author of the editorial questions the necessity of creating both national and state level databases of registered births and deaths. The author argues that the responsibility of birth and death registration lies with state governments and asking the registrar general of India to maintain a separate central database is a wasteful exercise. This is the second issue highlighted by the author. Then the third issue is issue of privacy. According to the amendment there is a list of reasons for this national database to be shared. This list is approved by the parliament. The future additions to the list will be made by the government. This is a major privacy concern as the new addition to the list made by the government might be more dangerous than those listed and approved by parliament. For example in the future if the government plans to create a list with women who have more than two children with the intention of extending family planning service to them it can do so. Although the plan is well-intentioned it is an invasion of privacy. In the fourth issue is that the amendment has no provision to update the author number of deceased persons. See one of the main aim of the amendment is to ensure efficient and transparent delivery of public services and social benefits. Without the provision for updating the other number of deceased the aim cannot be attained. Then there is the issue of conflicting provisions. While the amendment prohibits including cause of death in certificates it also mandates issue causing of death certificates to relatives. So these two provisions are contradictory to one another. The amendment will make the issue of death certificates very complex. Before the amendment the process is that the medical practitioner who attended to a person before that particular person passed away should provide a cause of death certificate along with the death report and this requirement is mainly for deaths in hospitals and it was not necessary for deaths occurring outside hospitals. Here the new amendment made some changes. According to the new amendment in the case of death occurring in hospitals the medical practitioner must issue a cause of death certificate and sent it to the register of births and deaths. Also a copy of the certificate needs to be given to the closest family member. For deaths occurring outside hospitals the medical practitioner who took care of the person during their recent illness must provide this certificate. However, this approach has some issues. The first issue is that sometimes the medical practitioner might not have a definite reason for the person's death. In the second issue is that the forms used for recording the cause of death follow World Health Organization guidelines. So if the person was treated by an Ayush that is the alternative medicine practitioner the record cause of death might not match international standards. So this makes it hard to analyze and the last issue is that sometimes under treatment for one condition the patient might die from a completely different cause outside a medical facility when the practitioner wasn't available. So it is not fair to expect the practitioner to accurately determine the cause of death in such cases. So all these make the issue of death certificates very complex. This is also one of the major issues in the amendment bill. The next issue is regarding the use of birth certificates as the proof of death and place of birth for many purposes such as school admission and issue of passport. The author questions the necessity of amendment to enable this provision. According to the author this can be done by making changes to the relevant rules or executive orders governing them and it does not requires amendment. And the last issue is that the amendment makes no changes regarding the certificate for the presumed death. See when disasters or accidents happen many people could go missing and some might have passed away. Often the police stop searching after a while but the families of these missing persons need to wait for 7 years to ask for a certificate saying that the person is presumed dead. It would have been better if the amendment allowed for a presumed death certificate when it is likely that the person died in the disaster or accident. This would help the families get death certificates sooner. But this provision was not included in the amendment bill. These are some of the issues highlighted by the author of the editorial. And that's all regarding this discussion. This discussion is about the major provisions of registration of births and deaths amendment bill 2023. Then you saw about the issues associated with the bill. Now with these points in mind let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this news article here. Yesterday our president Draupadi Murmu launched INS Vindegri which is the last frigate in the series of project 17 alpha. This ship has been built by the Indian Navy at the Kolkata based garden reach ship builders and engineers. Okay. This is all about the news. Now with this discussion we shall see some points about project 17 alpha frigates. See the project 17 alpha frigates were launched by the Indian Navy in 2019. This project was launched to construct a series of stealth guided missile frigates to the Indian Navy. Now what is this frigate? See frigate is a type of small ship owned by the naval force which can be able to move at faster speeds. Frigates are often used to protect other ships. Okay. The frigates weigh between 3000 to 5000 tons. They are usually equipped with different weapons including guns, torpedoes, missiles and anti aircraft systems. The frigates are employed in maritime security operations like anti-piracy patrols and counter narcotics missions. Weapon systems and sensors of frigates enable them to track and deduct illicit activity on the sea. Additionally, frigates are utilized for humanitarian operations like disaster relief and search and rescue missions. Okay. This is all about the basics of frigates. Now coming back to the project 17 alpha frigates. See the frigates under project 17 alpha have been constructed by two companies namely Musagon Dog Shipbuilders and Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers. Under the project 17 alpha program a total of seven ships have been constructed with four at Musagon Dog Shipbuilders and three at Garden Reach Shipbuilders and Engineers. Note that the frigates have been named after the hill ranges in India. Now the names of seven frigates include INS Nilgiri, INS Himgiri, INS Udaygiri, INS Dunaagiri, INS Tharaagiri, INS Vindhyaagiri and INS Mahendraagiri. Okay. Note that frigates under project 17 alpha have been designed in-house by Indian Navy's Warship Design Bureau which is the pioneer organization for all warship design activities in India. The frigates have been constructed with a specific stealth design. See the frigates has radar absorbent coatings. So the frigates developed under project 17 alpha are low observable which can make its approach undetectable for the enemies. Apart from this a new technology is also employed in frigates to reduce the infrared signals of the ship. This is also one of the stealth features. Okay. This is beginning with India's commitment to earth maneuver Bharat, a substantial 75 percentage of equipments and systems of frigates under project 17A were obtained from indigenous frames. This includes MSM is also. Okay. And that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion we saw about what is a frigate. Then we saw about project 17 alpha frigate in detail. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next news article discussion. Look at this news article here yesterday, the National Disaster Management Authority has tested the emergency sill broadcast technology developed by CDOT. This technology will alert people to natural disaster through message, which is the title emergency alert severe. Currently the testing has done on Geo and BSNL networks and if you said that later the testing will be conducted at pan India level. Okay. This is the crux of the news article given here. Now in this context, let us see some points about National Disaster Management Authority. Okay. See the National Disaster Management Authority, which is in short called as NDMA is a central government agency. It is responsible for formulating policies, plans and guidelines for disaster management in our country. The NDMA was established in 2005 in accordance with Disaster Management Act. As it was established based on the Parliamentary Act, the National Disaster Management Authority is a statutory body. Now coming to the objective of NDMA, the primary goal of NDMA is to create a proactive and holistic approach to disaster management that emphasizes prevention, preparedness and effective response to disasters. Apart from this, the NDMA also aims to minimize the impact of disasters on lives, livelihoods and the environment by fostering a culture of disaster resilience in India. Okay. This is all about the objectives of NDMA. Now talking about the composition of NDMA, see under the provisions of Disaster Management Act 2005, the Disaster Management Authority has been established at three levels, that is at national, state and district levels. Now if you talk about national level, the National Disaster Management Authority is the national level agency responsible for disaster management. It has been established under the chairmanship of Prime Minister. Apart from this, there is also a committee called the National Executivity Committee of Secretaries. It has been created to assist NDMA in the performance of functions. Now coming to the Disaster Management Authority at state level, seen state level, a state Disaster Management Authority has been created under the chairmanship of Chief Minister of the State. The State Disaster Management Authority has been assisted by a state executive committee. Okay. Now let us see about district level Disaster Management Authority. At the district level, there is District Disaster Management Authority. They have been created under the chairmanship of District Magistrate or District Collector or Deputy Commissioner. Okay. This is all about the composition of Disaster Management Authorities at various levels. Now moving on to say about the important functions performed by National Disaster Management Authority. As I already said, the NDMA formulates policy to guide disaster preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery efforts. Apart from this, the NDMA also performs a variety of functions. Now let us see the functions one by one. Firstly, the NDMA plays a crucial role in establishing and enhancing yearly warning systems for various types of disasters like cyclones, floods and earthquakes. These systems help in timely communication of alerts and warnings to at-risk populations. Secondly, the NDMA focuses on building the capacity of various stakeholders including government agencies, local bodies and civil society organizations to effectively manage disasters. This includes providing training, workshops and awareness programs. Thirdly, NDMA facilitates coordination and integration among different ministries, departments and agencies involved in Disaster Management at the national, state and district levels. Apart from this, the NDMA also works towards ensuring adequate resource mobilization both during and after disasters to support relief and recovery efforts. And finally, the NDMA promotes research and development in the field of disaster management. This includes studying disaster trends, then understanding vulnerabilities and developing innovative solutions to address challenges. In addition to this, the NDMA also collaborates with international organizations and foreign governments to exchange knowledge, expertise and best practices in disaster management. That's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw about National Disaster Management Authority, then about the objectives of National Disaster Management Authority, then we saw about the composition of the authority and finally we saw some points about the functions of National Disaster Management Authority. Now with these points in mind, let us move on to the next part of the video that is to discuss preliminary practice questions. Today we are having three questions I will solve two and one will be a quiz question to you. Now for the first question, this question is regarding National Disaster Management Authority. Now for the first statement, it is responsible for formulating policies related to disaster management in India. Actually, this statement is correct. It is one of the objectives of NDMA. Now for the second statement, it is chaired by the Home Minister of India. See, this statement is incorrect. The NDMA is chaired by the Prime Minister of India, not Home Minister. So second statement is incorrect. Now coming to the third statement, it is a statutory body. Actually this statement is correct. As we saw in the discussion, the National Disaster Management Authority was established under Disaster Management Act of 2005. As it was established under the Parliamentary Act, it is a statutory body. So third statement is correct. Here second statement alone is incorrect. So the correct answer for the question is option B, one lead two. Moving on, let's take up the second question. Here four measures are given. We have to identify how many of the measures can be taken by the government to overcome stack inflation. First one, adopting expansionary monetary policy by lowering interest rates. Second one, implementing wage and price controls. Third one, reducing regulatory barriers and promoting technological innovation. Fourth one, increase public spending on infrastructure projects. As we saw in the discussion, the third and fourth measure can be taken by the government to overcome stack inflation. Now if we take adopting expansionary monetary policy by lowering interest rates, see lowering interest rates through expansionary monetary policy might worsen inflation instead of mitigating the inflation. It can also lead to unintended consequences in a stack inflation scenario also. So it can't be a measure. Now coming to the implementing wage and price controls, see implementing wage and price controls can be counterproductive and distort market dynamics. So it potentially lead to unintended consequences in the stack inflation scenario. So first and second won't be a measure to control stack inflation. Only third and fourth can be done to overcome stack inflation. Therefore the correct answer is option A, one lead two. This is a quiz question for you today. I will pose this quiz question in a community section, try to answer it. The answer for the quiz question will be posted in the comment section of the quiz question itself. You can verify the answers. And displayed here is the main question for your practice. Go through the question, write your answer and post it in the comment section. With this we have come to the end of the video. If you found our video to be useful, do like, comment and share it with your friends. And don't forget to subscribe to Shankaray's Academy YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.