 Okay. I think we can start now. Good afternoon. Distinguished guests, your excellencies, fellow scientists and friends. We are here today to celebrate the work of Slava Mukhanov, Alexei Starovinsky and Rashid Suniaev, who share the Dirac Prize for their outstanding contributions to the physics of the cosmic microwave background. CMB, as it is known, with experimentally tested implications that have helped to transform cosmology into a precision scientific discipline by combining microscopic physics with the large scale structure of the universe. And as a theoretical physicist myself, these are the names actually one encounters when one studies modern cosmology, and I know what a profound impact they have had on the development of modern cosmology. So let me say just a few words about ICTP. ICTP is governed by a tripartite agreement with Italian government, IAEA and UNESCO, and we are very grateful to these, our main stakeholders. And in fact, we stand here on Italian soil. So we are particularly grateful to the generous support of the Italian government. And as you, I'm sure all of you, many of you know, ICTP has a unique mission to promote excellence in science around the world, because one of the convictions of ICTP is that science is a shared language that transcends national borders and political ideologies. And it can really act as a catalyst is to bring people together, you know, overcoming differences. And in fact, when you're talking about the cosmology on the scale of the universe, which little part of the small planet you come from is really not important. But as it so happens that the three medallists today are of Russian origin. And so, and we are very pleased therefore that his Excellency Ambassador Kuznetzto, who is the Ambassador of the Russian Federation to UNESCO, and his Excellency Ambassador Mokin, who is the Deputy Ambassador of the Russian Federation to the IAEA. They are joining us today together with his Excellency Ambassador Riccardo, who is the Ambassador of Italy to UNESCO. So I'm happy that all our three stakeholders, their representatives in some ways are present here. I just want to add an amusing personal touch. Actually, Professor Starobinski just told me that, in fact, his grandfather was the first ambassador of USSR to Italy, something like 100 years ago, and his mother was actually born in the Rome Embassy. So, you know, this is where we are 100 years later. Let me just say a few words about the Dirac Medal. The Dirac Medal is announced annually on Paul Dirac's birthday on the 8th of August. It's given in the honor of Paul Adrian Morris Dirac. And of course the physicist in the audience would know that he's one of the all time greats in theoretical physics, a Nobel Prize winner, and a very good friend of ICTP, who has visited us on many occasions. The Dirac equation is among the really most beautiful and powerful equations of physics that rank together with Maxwell's equations and Einstein's equations. And in fact, it turns out that the first Dirac Medal in 1985 was also awarded to Witten and Zildovic, and Professor Zildovic is also happens to be of Russian origin. And he is one of the giants of modern physics, who has really made wide ranging contributions to astrophysics and cosmology. And in particular, this year's Dirac Medal, you know, having to do with the Harrison Zildovic spectrum and Sunaya Zildovic effect. I would say that we are celebrating the Dirac Medal of 1985 as well as the Dirac Medal of 2019 together. In fact, this week was planned as a cosmology week at ICTP with distinguished cosmologist Professor David Spargel giving these lectures for the he has already given two lectures, who has been a leader in the observations of the microwave background. And we thought that it would be a really wonderful opportunity to bring the theory and observations together, and normally it's a very festive occasion, and we meet together we discuss a lot of physics and go to dinners and so on. But unfortunately, because of the pandemic now we are holding it only online on virtual so let me take this opportunity to congratulate these three very distinguished scientists, and I'm happy that we're here to celebrate their work. Now the ceremony will begin with some opening remarks by the ambassadors, followed by the award ceremony and talks by three prize winners. And the medalist will be introduced by Professor Valerie Rubakov. He's himself, very well known distinguished theoretical physicist from Moscow, but he's also a friend of ICTP and he has been a member of ICTP scientific council for many years. I'm very glad that Professor Rubakov is here with us, and Professor Kriminelli who is the head of our high-level section here at ICTP. So one thing is that we will have time for questions and answers at the end of the event. But please send these questions to the dedicated email questions at ictp.it. Questions at ictp.it. This is just to avoid, you know, people sending silly things over the chat so we have a specific email here questions at ictp.it. So okay let's get started. So please Ambassador Ricardo you have the floor. Director Ratish, thank you very much. Excellencies, Ambassador and dear friends, Alexander Kuzenoff, ladies gentlemen. Let me at the outset congratulate the three medalists on the award. The drug medal testifies the outstanding contribution of your work to the advancement of our global scientific knowledge. What I would like to highlight in our experience is the impact of your studies on the development of theoretical physics for the benefit of other scientists who may further use your breakthroughs and discoveries. To me this is the most important aspect of the core ICTP activities and Professor Ratish stressed and presented the real goal of the ICTP. In collage iLevel research and scientific cooperation being a UNESCO Institute ICTP's global mission aims at sharing scientific expertise as a tool to enhance further international cooperation through science. Italy and ICTP's founding members is proud to contribute to the functioning of the Institute through its annual financial support. The challenging times that we are experiencing have confirmed once more how much we need to strengthen the dissemination of scientific knowledge. We know very well during the pandemic era how science is important and the debate around science are important. And advanced scientific expertise around the world. Let me conclude by thanking the ICP director for convening us today and wishing you a fruitful exchange in the upcoming session and to stress how important that this opportunity to show outside the UNESCO all the importance of ICTP and the work of ICTP. And thank you very much Professor for your engagement. I know very well that you're very engaging in this. Thank you so much. So everybody, Grazie a tutti quanti e un caro so. Grazie mille. Okay, now I give the floor to his Excellency Alexander Kuznetsov. Dear Mr. Director of ICTP. Caro Amico ambassatore Riccardo Buongiorno. Dear medalists. Dear participants of this ceremony. I'd like to thank the first of all the Abdul Salam International Center for theoretical physics for organizing this ceremony. I'm happy to participate all the more so that this time the prize winners are my fellow countrymen. The ceremony is very special as it is held online for the first time in the relatively long history of the ICTP DRAT medal. Of course it is due to the particular circumstances the world is facing now current pandemic underscores the pivotal role of science in the life of humankind. Science technology and innovation have been explicitly recognized as a vital driver of sustainable development. Sustainability depends on the capacity of states to put science at the heart of their national strategies for development strengthening their capacities and investment to tackle challenges such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This commitment resonates with the role of UNESCO the only UN agency having basic sciences in its core mandate. The Russian Federation is a long standing advocate of basic sciences. I would say even more since the moment our country joined UNESCO it has always been sort of a visiting card of our country in this organization. Basic sciences bring new knowledge leading to the educational cultural and intellectual enrichment of the humanity providing the basis for all human activity advancement in the basic sciences underlies technological breakthroughs and innovations and offers unique opportunities to meet almost all human needs. From the outset UNESCO gave priority to institutional capacity building in the sphere of basic science, and it has established developed and supported many centers of excellence throughout the world, including ICTP. ICTP the only category one institute of UNESCO in science has been a reliable partner of my country since its establishment. Its noble aim to promote scientific excellence in the developing world is more demanded than ever as the part of the globe was dramatically hit by the coronavirus. Since 1985, ICTP Durak Medal has become a well-known award in physics. It is a great honor that in 2019 three distinguished scientists, scientists of Russian origin, Professor Mukhanov, Professor Starobinsky and Professor Suniaev became its laureates for their contribution to the modern cosmology. Men must at all costs overcome the earth gravity and having reserved the space at least of the solar system. Road Russian scientists, pioneer of the astronaut theory, Konstantin Zelkovsky. Physics opens an anticipated opportunities to explore the history of the whole universe and to discover its remote parts where according to the renowned astronomer Karl Sagan something incredible is waiting to be known. The nominees researches that are of broad scope definitely bring the humanity closer to the truth about the universe. It's a great honor and a big privilege for me to convey to you, Professor Mukhanov, Professor Starobinsky and Professor Suniaev, my warmest congratulations and I wish you further advances in your researches. Thank you very much and I wish all the best to all the participants of today's ceremony. Thank you. Thank you very much for the excellency. Now I invite the excellency Daniel Morkin to please say a few words. Thank you. Thank you. Distinguished Professor Dabholkar, distinguished awardees, Professor Mukhanov, Professor Starobinsky, Professor Suniaev, Excellencies, ladies and gentlemen, it's a honor and privilege for me to participate today in the 2019 Dirac Medal and the award ceremony. This is one of the most prestigious awards in the theoretical physics. We are delighted and proud of the fact that three outstanding Russian scientists, allow me to call them like that, were awarded the Dirac Medal for their research on modern cosmology, which contributed to the better understanding of the third universe. It is gratifying and symbolic to note that the award ceremony takes place in the year 2021, as the international community celebrates the 60th anniversary of the first human journey into outer space, conducted by our fellow citizen, Yuri Gagarin. Russia pays great attention to the work done by scientists, researchers, and we in many ways promote the efforts. You may be aware of the declaration by the President Putin, the current year 2021 as the year of science and technology. Thus emphasizing the value of the work of people employed in these areas, their contribution to the development of the world and underlying special recognition on the part of the state and society. In this regard, we would also like to highlight the important work done by the ICTP in terms of advancing scientific expertise. For more than 50 years, the Institute has been promoting cutting-edge research, education, and training, and the impact of ICTP extends well beyond the center's facilities. We appreciate the Institute's efforts aimed at promoting and encouraging high-quality research in the field of physics. We welcome the support and contribute here in Vienna. Welcome the support that the IAEA, the International Atomic Agency, along with other partners, provides to the Institute. We would like to take this opportunity to draw your attention to the initiative of a state cooperation, Roscosmos, to set up on the territory of the Russian Federation a regional center for space, science, and education affiliated with the United Nations. We hope that this center will become a kind of talent factory for young researchers and scientists, and someday they may become prize winners of the DRAC medal as well. And in conclusion, I would like to congratulate once again, wholeheartedly, the 2019 RODs, and wish all of you health and new inspiring achievements on the track of theoretical physics. Thank you very much. Thank you very much. Your Excellencies. Now we will move on to the award ceremony online. So I request Professor Rubakov to say a few words about each winner of this 2019 DRAC medal. Dear Professor Davokar, dear colleagues, your Excellencies, I'm very glad to introduce Vyacheslav Khmukhanov, the DRAC medalist of 2019. And I'm really very glad that this medal comes to so great people who are participating in this ceremony. Vyacheslav Khmukhanov was born in 1956 in a small town of Kanash in Chuvash Autonomous Republic in the Volga region of Russian Federation. He graduated from Moscow Physical Technical University, famous school, famous university in 1979. And then he worked in Lebedev Institute, where he made his great contributions. Then at the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, actually my own institute, I'm still there. And then he moved to ETH Zurich. And since 1997, he is a professor at Ludwig Maximilian University in Munich. By far the most the best known achievement of Slava Khmukhanov is his creation together with late Gennady Chibisov in 1981. The quantum theory of creation of density provisions at inflationary stage of the cosmological evolution, which is very likely the way that the whole current structure in the current universe, in the present universe, galaxies and clusters of galaxies in the end of our Earth, that was the way it was created. These are the first instances of the evolution of the universe. They predicted properties of this, of the seeds of these provisions, which in the end were triggered by measurements of the CMB, Cosmic Makarov Background. The properties of Cosmic Makarov Background are excellent in the excellent agreement with what Gennady Chibisov and Lebedev Slava Khmukhanov predicted back in 1981. In fact, of course, he is a very inventive person, very inventive theoretical physicist. He has a lot of results in theoretical cosmology. I will not talk about those, K-inflation, K-sense, etc. There are a number of excellent contributions. And of course practitioners in the field and in general people who are interested in doing cosmology know very well his seminal review papers with Feldman and Brandenberger which sort of established the current theory of current way the perturbations are considered in cosmology and the growth of these perturbations and their origin. And of course his excellent book, Physical Foundations of Cosmology, which was published in 2005 and it is still the book on tables of every practitioner in cosmology. So let me congratulate you, Slava, and I'm very happy that ICTP awards this medal to you. So I think we move to the next slide. Sure. I'd like to introduce Professor Starobinsky. Let me introduce now, let's say, Starobinsky, another famous cosmologist. He was born in 1948. He graduated physical department of Moscow State University in Moscow in 1972. And the supervisor of his master thesis was Yakov Zoldovich who was also already mentioned today. And indeed, even before he graduated the university, they wrote a paper together on particle production in anisotropic universe, which at that time was a shock to essentially every person every theorist who worked on gravity and particle physics as well. Since his graduation of the Moscow State University, he works at Landau Institute of Theoretical Physics. His most famous result, which is probably the result triggered this award, was his first inflationary model that he put forward back in 1979, which is now called Starobinsky model. And eventually this was, this is still the one of the best models on the market, the best inflationary models on the market, it is consistent with all what we know about our universe. Furthermore, he did the first, made the first calculation of the spectrum of gravitational waves born at inflationary stage of the evolution of the universe and this calculation serves as the tool for actually proving the fact that inflation did exist. And did occur in our universe. He contributed strongly to the study of generation of density perturbations at inflation. His famous work on stochastic theory of inflation is, is a great achievement in this direction. He contributed strongly to the theory of post inflationary heating, which is one of the important epochs in the cosmological evolution. He has a number of other great achievements including including works on dark energy in the present universe and many others. I forgot to say that both Slavo Mukhanov and Alexei Starobinsky are of course winners of a number of most prestigious prizes in science. They are members of many academies of sciences, in particular Alexei Starobinsky is the member of the Rational Academy of Sciences, which I'm very proud of. So, they both are, as an example, the academicians of German Academy of Sciences, Leopoldina, etc. National National National Academy of Sciences of the United States and many others. So Alexei, I congratulate you with this prize. I'm very happy, very glad that you, you are getting this prize. And I wish all the, you know, recipients of this medal, the future great achievements as well. Now, Rashid Ziniaev is also extremely well known and famous physicist, cosmologist. He was born in 1943 in Tashkent, which is now in Uzbek Republic and at that time it was Uzbek Republic of the Soviet Union. He also studied at Moscow Physical Technical Institute. He graduated this institute in 1966, and went to graduate school at Moscow Physical Technical Institute, and his supervisor there was, again, the President of the Soviet Union. So two of these of the winners today are actually, you know, students, former students of another winner of this direct prize. That's a very good, you know, event property. Works at the Institute for Cosmic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences since 1974. And now he's also a director at Max Planck Institute for Astrophysics and Garhing and Hendricks Professor at the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton. He has many achievements, many, many great results. And let me mention just a few in 1968. Together with Yakov Zoldovovich and Zoldovovich and Kurt, he studied and established essentially the main features of the theory of recombination of hydrogen in the universe, which is still an important issue. And Rashid, to spend some time from time to time on this issue. And hopefully there will be interesting developments, interesting measurements of delicate effects that exists in this period of the cosmological evolution. And then in 1970 together with Zoldovovich, he predicted the properties of angular anisotropies in cosmic microwave background. Famous peaks in this power spectrum of the cosmic microwave background, and also the baryon acoustic oscillations, which are now one of the main, both are main tools in observational cosmology. Furthermore, in 1972, Suniav and Zoldovovich wrote a famous paper on Suniav Zoldovovich effect, was it 72? Maybe I'm wrong, around 1970. There was a paper on Suniav Zoldovovich effect, which became relatively recently one of the main tools in studies of clusters of galaxies. And it's amazing that in 70s, in the beginning of 70s, the ideas about cosmic microwave background were developed to the extent that after more than 20 years, the real measurements confirmed and brilliantly confirmed their predictions. Now, one more contribution is Suniav and Shakura theory of accretion disks, which is the basis of understanding of accretion disks in various astrophysical objects. He has a lot of other results in theoretical astrophysics, I don't have time to even mention them, but what's also important that he is strongly involved is in experiments in observations using the satellites, the cosmos. Since he entered the Institute for Cosmic Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, there were Rungan experiment at module quantum at Space Station Mir, then there were Granat integral Planck. And currently, he is busy with the data from new satellite, Spectrum Rungan Gamma SRG, together which is used together, which is against satellite experiment done together with German colleagues. He also has huge list of prestigious awards and prizes. He's a member of many academies of sciences, including of course Russian Academy of Science and National Academy of United States Royal Society, Academia, so we also congratulate Rashid with this prestigious medal, and I'm sure that this, this was an excellent choice of the selection committee to award this medal to these three distinguished people and I'm happy to participate in the ceremony, I'll bite on distance, which unfortunately is the case these days, but I remember in 19, around 1977 or 1988, the ceremony of Dirac, you know, presentation to academician Zeldovich was a lot more lively, a lot more, you know, rewarding, but unfortunately, this time we have to, we have to do it in this way, but I hope at some point we will meet, come together, meet together and celebrate in person. 1986. Okay. Well, thank you very much, Valerie for this very nice introduction, and I certainly echo your sentiment that I hope that we have the opportunity to, you know, welcome you here in person, all of you who are in the panel here and also those of you who are watching in this beautiful city of Trieste on our campus of ICTP to celebrate and also to continue this great tradition of ICTP of science. So thank you very much. Congratulations once again. I think this is the best we can do is clap in this way. And now the ceremony will, we will take a short break of five minutes, and then we will have half an hour talks by each of the Dirac medalists together with questions and that will be moderated by Professor Caminelli. And then at four o'clock, we will have the third Salam distinguished lecture by Professor David Spargel. He talked to us about the observations of microwave background location in his first lectures, and also what we have learned about fundamental physics from it. In his second lecture on the third lecture will be about the future. So I'm sure you will find that lecture also very interesting. So thank you very much, everybody. Thank you, your excellencies for participating. And congratulations to the medalist again, and we will reconvene in five minutes. What is the time now 13. Let's say at 1418 we will reconvene. Thank you. I think we can restart. Okay, welcome back. So, first of all, let me join in congratulating with the three, our diesel. I was just thinking that basically 95% of my work and publications are based on their discoveries. So, so it's particularly good to to join this celebration. Let me also mention before starting the ceremony that the talks that questions can be sent via email to questions at ictp.it. And we'll have some questions at the end. So now I, I leave the floor to Professor Mukanov. So maybe you can share the screen. And his title will be I'll predict it are cosmological observations. Okay, okay, so you can hear me right. Okay, good. Yes, yes. So, let me begin with a quote, which I intentionally first of all, thank you all to all my sweat, which I should okay. But let me not to extend this thing because I will try to save time for the short presentations. So, let me start with some quote, which I didn't sign intentionally because you will realize why I did it in a minute. I never understood why the series of relativity with its concept and problems so far remotely from practical life should for so long time meet a lovely or indeed passionate resonance among a broad audience, the public, I have never yet heard a truly convincing answer to this question. This quote belongs to Einstein. In fact, he actually quoted it in different said it in two different forms twice in 1943 1953 shortly before his death. Why, because Einstein was a reasonable person. And he knew that he should not take general relativity as just a Bible, like many of us take it. And it needs experimental confirmation. Before Einstein died, there was one to two, I guess, some kind of experimental confirmation was a perturbative. Real confirmation of general relativity with all its beauty and with its nurturing with quantum Siri came recently with cosmology. It was done, thanks to experimentalist during in fact last 28 years, even last 28 years, yeah, beginning from Kobe satellite. Now, let me, okay, start and ask question how predictive other cosmological series I put question mark but because, but perhaps you guess if I ask this question then I have answer to this question. They are very predictive and let me start with my last very successful confirmation of the prediction, which I made six years ago, you perhaps remember that there was some experiment called by set which claimed that they discovered gravitational wave in 2014. And it was in all newspapers, even before the papers were published, especially in New York Times. And this time analyzing what does it mean this thing, okay. I took into account three questions or three statements, Siri is right. Plunk is right. And bicep to Israel and discovered that these three things do not cover all together. Either Siri plus Plunk, Siri plus bicep or Plunk by bicep. But three statement cannot be true unless you start to screw the series. But you understand that Plunk plus bicep would mean catastrophe for the series. Everybody knows how to screw the series to fit all the data. And I was telling, give me two free parameters and I will feed you any experimental curve. Of course to confirm that I made this prediction. I was not allowed to do it in New York Times but I did it in the Deutsche Zeitung. And it was at the end of April, although I was doing this thing before but you know that there was too much press. Okay, and it was written that who thinks that he can explain the world by screwing small and spectral index. It gets to do with me perfect nonsense. As I was complaining the magazines are full of it but still it remains a perfect nonsense. As you understand in a year Plunk experiment signed this certificate for bicep. It was very good for Siri. Now you could ask the question how predictive is the theory of quantum origin of the universe structure and cosmic inflation. And I would answer to this question. Yes, it's very predictive, unless you will start to spoil this theory. How to spoil this theory. I described in details in this physics report. Which was called the series of cosmological perturbation long before experiments. Precision experiment and it was in the chapter three. Okay, which was called extension and which perhaps right now I would call rather garbage collection. Because as we have shown that if you would consider start to build the model. And playing with two scalar field you can get whatever you want a model for entropy perturbation mountain and valley inspector suppression of the wave long wave length perturbation modulation of the spectra. There was even curvat on there and everything was done in a very easy way you were writing just two scalar field and playing with potential. Then you could get everything non gaussian it is, and whatever you want. But it's the same physics report it was written that however this procedure is extremely unappealing since it completely spoils the series the series lose its predictability. Now, let me say in which sense inflation is predictable series really predictable series it's only in the case when it's understood as the series. As a stage as a as a series of the stage of unbroken accelerated expansion due to the same ingredient which is responsible for for quantum fluctuation. In this case, it's becoming rubbish without any predictions but with possibility to fit any experimental curve you see, and it's not very good. Now, sorry. In this case, okay, when I understand the series like this one, it becomes unbeatable as predictive series because it allows us to calculate the effect of amplification of quantum fluctuations in completely controllable weak coupling regime. The most alternative cannot even compete with so called what I call rubbish inflation in the cells of controllable reproduction of outcome for the quantum fluctuations. Now, if what does it mean inflation, if I will take cosmology as a physics and extract from it theology with all this multiverse and cetera with what I will be left only with the exponent ht which by the way, describes accelerated expression because the first time was written down by the metro in 1925. So, what I need is exponential expansion during at least 70 so called defaults, but less than one million of defaults, which correspond to the scale much much beyond the observable horizon of our universe. In this case, there is no any problem with prediction which could be falsified in the sea in falsifies the series in poppers sense. Now, what is relevant for predictions, of course, you could write all kind of effective field series whatever you want, but you understand the general relativity deals with a big amount of matter. Similarly, it doesn't care about gravitational field which is produced by one electron for it's because it's too weak. Therefore, all this matter could be described by the energy density and pressure and the only requirement, which we need to satisfy to have the stage of this exponential accelerated expansion is that energy plus pressure divided by energy density should be much smaller than unity. So the pressure is equal approximately to minus energy density to provide us with accelerated expansion and gravity x like anti gravity during last 70 e falls and defaults I defined here it's the size of universe at the end of inflation minus exponent minus n is the number of code is the number of a false till the end of the inflation. So, the only requirement which I have to satisfy in this case is that one plus w should be much smaller than unity for n at least 70 much larger than one I call it. And one plus w by definition should be of the order of unity at the end of the inflation because it's the end of the inflation that should be graceful exit. And, okay, these should be a smooth functional fit. Now, of course, right now the literature is full with so cold inflationary scenarios and therefore there was some kind of statement in the letter published in scientific American inside by very distinguished people recently couple of three years ago that inflation is not a unique theory but rather a class of model based on similar principle. I think that this statement is completely wrong, because the only purpose of all these inflationary models, which are relevant for observation is the mapping of so cold. This is the example of scalar field because scalar field is providing required equation of state to the equation of state precious equal minus energy density and this mapping happens happen to be not crucial for a vast predictions for a vast predictions, but important only for excluding definite potential which anyway will, will never be able to verify in any other independent experiments. Okay. Because people build a lot of this kind of potential, each potential is a subject for some publication, everything what you need from this potential normally for explaining observation. The value and the couple of derivatives therefore, for instance, I cannot understand why people need to write so long expression. Okay, which I have shown here is specially taken into account that anyway, only one point in this whole horrible function. These two derivative can be checked by observation, no chance to go further. Or some people are drawing potential like this one keeping in mind that for instance only this point is relevant for observation I don't understand the reason. Okay, for the rest of this curve, which of course you could argue that it should be there follows from some fundamental theory but you understand that fundamental no fundamental theory cannot be trusted. On the basis of beauty, it should be experiment which is behind of it as we know all very well. And this quote of Einstein, I provided not accidentally because right now people started to say that this theory can be true because it's beautiful I think it's complete nonsense. Okay. Now, if now I will take this effective description hydrodynamical description of the state of matter on the stage of accelerated expansion that the only reasonable function which satisfy these conditions that I have more than 70 if all of this exponential inflation. Okay, it should be a smooth function of the number of defaults to the end of the inflation, could be presented in this form that epsilon plus pressure divided by energy density is some unknown constant beta divided by n number of a false in power alpha. And in fact, okay, I could write also here logarithm of n and some power. If I want to cover the whole encyclopedia. There is a paper which is called encyclopedia of inflationary scenarios but you should understand that all this encyclopedia is parameterized by two numbers beta which is not so essential and the most crucial is alpha. And of course, it doesn't cover all the functions but why should I consider these functions like this one without any need. Otherwise, some mathematician will come and tell me you should consider function which takes value one in rational numbers and zero in rational numbers so if you want to stay reasonable is the only possibility. Now, what is relevant for observation is only this piece of this course. Now, if I will take this kind of effective description. They are then I immediately come to predictions, which are so called smoking guns, non confirming any of them would falsify the theory. I think it's a clear case when I use articles there correctly normally I am very bad with articles. Yeah, so first of all, if inflation last more than 70 falls and you have to get flat universe is so called omega equal one perturbation should be adiabatic because you are working in one field model. There are very small non Gaussianities. Okay, at the level of unity because Einstein equation are non linear, but in linearized series there should be no non Gaussianities at all because perturbation you are getting as a result of amplification of the initial Gaussian state of so called harmonic oscillators quote unquote. In the external gravitational field. And the last most important things and most perhaps non trivial prediction is so called the red tilted spectrum for the gravitational potential, gravitational potential which I denoted here by five can be represented as a function of scale in some small power in fact it's logarithmic. That's what I am getting, but since we are verifying series in finite range of the scale this logarith can be approximated as some lambda in some scale in some small power and this power can be expressed in terms of equation of state and the rate of change on the equation of state as you see here in my illustration both terms here are positive. Therefore, it means that these, what is called spectral index should be less than unity. Moreover, you can show that it should be less than 0.75. And this is unbeatable or unavoidable prediction of inflation as the series which some people call simple inflation but only simple inflation. Okay, is the series which can have something to do with nature, at least about which we can be sure making experimental measurement that it has something to do with you. Moreover, I was making this statement for a long time. Okay, for instance, in this kind of letter in Scientific American it's written that inflation predicts nearly scale and variance spectrum. It's roughly speaking wrong statement because they consider that small deviation one side on the other side, okay, can be because of some kind of reason or not perfectness, but as I wrote already on this kind of transparency in Cambridge in 2002 that spectrum is never what is called Harrison Zildovic spectrum. Okay, it always red killed it and spectral index should be in this range. Moreover, in some short note in 2003, okay, when already WMAP experiment came delivered first result, I wrote that contrary to erroneous belief inflation doesn't predict scale and variance Harrison Zildovic spectrum. The spectral index should be in the range between 0.92 0.97 and it's given or expressible this 0.97 is not trivial number you see it's not one it's not zero. So you could ask from which kind of parameters we are building and in fact we are building it from the ratio of galactic scale to the typical scale of CMB what relates in principle macroscopical scales with the scale of the load of megapartics. And there is also some unknown coefficient here because we do not know precisely when reheating of the universe happen it's within reasonable interval. Okay, and this is the formula and perhaps the only formula in physics in the whole physics, which much one constant and gravitational constant simultaneously there is also this kind of formula for Hawking radiation but for Hawking radiation, it was never proved experimental as you understand, but here in this particular case this formula, which in fact unifies gravity and quantum physics was verified in Planck experiment at the level of eight sigma. As Valery said, therefore it's most probable okay eight sigma I think it's very probable. So, now. Okay, when there was some kind of perspective, vague perspective still of measuring of this constant. What change in 2003, I mean spectral index with Lyman page where he was writing to me specifically if you will find 0.99. Would you throw in the toilet on inflation I wrote to him, of course, if you will find 0.99 plus minus 0.1 as all three sigma, no problem. You see, therefore, it was always robust prediction and it was actually the most retrieval prediction because as I said, it merges quantum series gravity. Now, the unavoidable uncertainty in this coefficient, because we do not know when precisely reheating happen is not so good news for model builder builders by because it leads to theoretical uncertainty in prediction of the order of 0.05 for any model of inflation, and hence further increasing of experimental accuracy here will not help us too much in model selection. Next question, which you could ask, because it's discussed a lot in the literature that did the current CMB measurement proves that gravitational field is quantized from my point of view yes for that you do not need to find primordial gravitational waves why because first of all, we can decompose the things in scalar vector and tensor perturbation linearized level at high order, they are coupled anyway, but if you take only scalar perturbation, then scalar perturbation characterized by these four function five function four function of metric. The energy density two of them correspond to the freedom and the coordinate choice. But, nevertheless, there are remain three functions on which you have to put heads without heads, you will never be able to do calculations therefore this kind of theory of production of the perturbation for the galaxy formation also proves the optimization of gravity at least at nonlinear level at linear level you see now as we know all very well that all these predictions were confirmed perfectly well all smoking guns okay stop to be smoking in 2013. Smoking gun was perhaps this gaushanity as before last plan to release people spread rumors that FNL is about 400 they made even some conferences about it. They prepared special workshops in Santa Barbara I remember yeah I saw that okay, if it's really the case either there should be mistake what it means that okay we can forget about cosmology is about verified by experiment physics. But when plan was released and it gave gaushanity to plus minus five in perfect agreement with the prediction of the series and spectral index now I think in the legacy release it became 0.04 but if you take it even in 2013 it's clear that deviation or confirmation of logarithmic growth or perturbation to larger scale is confirmed. As scales, okay, or as the unprecedented level HC. Now let me say few words about further prediction which I do not call smoking guns and about romantic multiverse and said right you have skip you see because I have something to say there but. Okay, I have no time because I have to keep time also for the other speakers. So further predictions are primordial gravitational field and non gaushanities due to non linearity of Einstein equation three four point correlation function five point correlation function. As you know, good series predicts much more than it can be measured, but right now already we made simple assumption want to fluctuations plus accelerated expansion stage, and then irrespectively on the model we got four predictions tell me how many. Okay, serious you know, which would be so successful and so generic now. First of all, the ratio of primordial gravitational way to scalar perturbation was never predicted in the following sense. You understand that the specific model is characterized these kind of parameter alpha, which can be one like it's for m squared five square Syria can be two like for starabinsky model. You see, or it could be three like for so called new inflation. Therefore, you could really draw this ratio, unless you know spectral index by 50. Okay, without any problem, because and in the region where we measure the things is 50. So, but after spectral index was measured here. We can think about low about prediction of low bound on the amplitude of generated gravitational waves because if you fix spectral index here. When you approximate your model, you know when inflation ended it ended at 10 minus 12 energy density plan can energy density because you have to get the amplitude for the galaxy stand minus five. And then in this case, the low bound for the gravitational wave is given by zero point zero zero four. There is also upper bound which you get. For instance, in M squared, five squared model and which by sub claim to five. And right now, there, right now, for instance, there is so called experimental low bound is at the level of zero point zero seven. Yeah, so combining cake plank experiment and center now. You prepared some experiment which is called light bird, if you will not find, for instance, this number wouldn't rule out the whole sphere. The answer is not. This is why I called it non smoking gun. Why not because you have experimental uncertainty and as and if you will take experimental 30 for the spectral index within two Sigma. Then spectral index could be zero point 95 and in this case the low bound on the ratio of tensor to scalar perturbation becomes zero point zero zero six or seven times less, which becomes also non realistic unrealistic from the point of your future measurement keeping in mind for instance the light bird, the purpose of which to find are at the level of zero point zero four thus detection of the primordial gravitational waves would provide us extra confirmations of quantum fluctuations will amplify on the stage of accelerated expansion but failing to detect it at this level would not have drastically application and in no way can be considered as a proof of alternative for amplification of quantum fluctuations. Okay, inflation generate this small number, but there comes already. Of course, as a result of subsequent evolution much larger non gaussian it is at the level of two or four it's because of non linearity of Einstein equation I think Pablo was the first one who has considered this number. Yeah, but what are the perspective of measuring of F. I think they are not extremely promising because we are already at the level of so called cosmic variance there. In the sense we will wait now for the next satellite light bird to see gravitational waves now okay I will skip this class multiverse or universe yeah and go directly to conclusions also by the way there is the wrong statement that inflation requires postulating of bunch Davis vacuum state for initial perturbation which is completely wrong statement. One can begin visibility in homogenities provided that they do not destroy right away the stage of accelerate expansion as a result of garbage will be thrown away from the observable horizon and remaining quantum fluctuations will be amplified and produce galaxies in this sense. Initial condition problem doesn't exist in this in this scenario. Okay, now let me skip about multiverse and let me come to conclusions so I think CMB measurement have rapidly proved the quantum origin of the universe structure irrespective of any alternative to inflation and future measurement of the primordial gravitational waves. And by the way, all alternatives also use quantum fluctuations to produce the universe structure. Okay, thank you very much. Thank you. Thank you, Slava. So I thank you on behalf of all the other participants. So in the interest of time, I would move on to the second talk. I remind you that if there are questions you can send an email to questions at the ictp.it as you see on the screen. But we go to this to go questions will go to the end. So now we have the second talk by professor Alexei Starobinski and his title will be the beginning of the universe from the maximally symmetric state in the past. Alexei, the microphone. Yeah, I just, I've already turned it on. Yes, I'm trying to do share screen. Okay. Can you hear me? Yes, sir. Okay, slide show. Okay. Please. Okay, so let the first thing, the committee, the committee of direct metal and price and ICTP director and ICTP as a whole for awarding me this very prestigious, very prestigious price. And also, I would like to extend my extend my thanks and to thank the same people from the whole my Institute for theoretical physics, because actually I am already the sixth person from the from the Landau Institute which was awarded the direct metal. It's a kind of record, I think maybe only Princeton and maybe some other institute university in the United States might have more direct metalists. So, in the chronological order, they were for Lyakov, Sinai, Zaharov, Zamolochikov, Kitaev and finally myself. So, once more from my whole institute, let me thank all the three people including the ICTP director and the whole ICTP for this honor. Okay, and so I shall also present my way how to introduce inflation. Well, due to see it was a little bit different from what Mochanov had just taught us and addresses shortly in a topic about which I would like to see a few words, I think I don't have time to discuss all this in details. But really, let me know why I was interested in this topic. So, so aims and actually I'm speaking about about my, my, my aims, why I'm interested in this topic. So, as first to know more about the history of our universe to determine the remote part of our universe at first. And second now from, sorry, in some sense this is from the technological point of view because history is it's a phenomenon and from theoretical point of view that really the aim or the aim is to find some observable potential effects. In fact, inflationary scenario provides us with this possibility. Okay, so what methods do we actually use in the existing viable models where I exist, as Slava Mochanov mentioned where exist, there exists much more models but we are not viable. So I'm speaking about existing viable models which are certainly still phenomenological models we do not pretend to go even up to a plant scale, not that I'm speaking about the final, final side solution. The methods are actually find like some artifacts, renamed from the remote time and of course assumed to be a regional and well and well pre-resolved and using them to extract this information what was really in our remote past. And so this work actually this work of cosmologist is in fact similar to the work of archaeologists which found some shards and not simply shards but shards with some very specific coloring and looking at the specific coloring we see all in this place where was this culture, where was the Phoenician culture or something like this. And so in our case, so in case of cosmology, speaking about the previous periods where the whole Big Bang with artifacts of cosmic microwave in the background is a whole and some of its features, particular acoustic piece, acoustic peaks and abundance of light of light chemical elements, but in case of inflation, our artifacts are just a primordial spectrum of the scholar or nervous, adiabatic method perturbations. Okay, so this is in some sense from the observational point of view. When I was speaking about the figures, all the existing tribal inflation remittals are, I would say on the level of quantum and liquidation, not at some more fundamental level as a stink figure. So we use the results of the normalizable quantum field theory in curve space time, and we assume that long invariance and general patterns are not broken and additional spatial dimension do not show themselves for the energies of our interest. And it is sufficient, it is sufficient for the present, at least, it is sufficient to assume these are the energies, the 10 and 12, 14, 11, 12. Once more, I am not saying that this will hold for higher energies, but in principle, I have nothing in contrast, I think, to this level, I have nothing against the figures, rich troubles with the ones in the variance and the additional spatial dimensions appear earlier. My statement is that at present, to explain existing observational data, it is not necessary. And actually, when we begin over science, indeed, the skepticism, is it really possible to assume this? The answer is yes. It appears that this natural, I would say, in natural assumptions work. And of course, it is required also that we assume that gravity or, in other words, space time magnetic is quantized, it's similar to other quantum fields. Because assumed not only for naturalness or other, I would say aesthetic, it is required. We could not obtain self-consistent predictions for perturbations. We assume some assumptions that say, gravity is not quantized, but only follows the energy momentum. So that's why, and I shall repeat this later, this is why all this prediction, actually, beyond the so-called semi-classical gravity. Okay, so, and finally, I would say that from the theoretical point of view, we really have since the eight of sixties, and that participate in this area from the point of view of the 71, that we have much developed area, the quantum field theory in curved space time. But before inflation, this area was, I would say, completely academic. So that's why one of the advantages of inflationary scenario was it just completely changed all things. And now it's made quantum field theory in curved space time, including gravity itself, is that really made just as science as well related to observations to experiment as a usual standard model of elementary particles. That's very shortly mentioned some of my contributions, but most of my interest, I would say, for me, contributions to this area is different situations. So, in particular, in this, for both of these papers, it's here for, I don't see some, the reference in the second paper is also the property of Zildar. So, in this paper, it was the first calculations of the renormalized engine momentum tensor of average value of engine momentum tensor of massive scalar field in anisotropic, anisotropic homogeneous brilliant human space time. And this simulation method actually coincides with later proposed adiabatic regularization by Parker and Fulink. Okay. Okay. And this is speaking about now particle calculation. This is a part of the formula. Actually, it's a useful many places when we consider what happened both in curing inflation and after that, I would say rather elegant in general, of course, creation of particles is a non-local process, but in some transformations, it appears that the rate of particle creation may be made in this local form. Okay. And this is now how we think of the history of our universe. And you will see here, now we assume that the universe has passed four main historical stages. Inflation accelerated stage when it accelerated the stage for the big band when once more accelerated stage met the minute and finally the fourth stage on second accelerated stage by that energy. Okay. So in other, but I prefer, instead of this picture, I prefer to come back to the same statement. So you see here the four main historic epochs, but once more, I'm not saying that inflation was the first one. So sometimes was the something was before inflation and some something that will be that will be after it simply with that present we don't have any observational data. We don't have a decisions of figures or theoretical models. We don't have any theoretical data which could make us which could give us the ability to make choice. And actually just want to know the difference with. I have nothing against many models. In fact, I should speak about many models of inflation, but since it's suitable for physics, I would say there are many models of inflation, but there are numbers smaller than the number of models of modified gravity at low, at low, at low curvatures. And with that existence of so much models of modified gravity at low curvatures does not mean that Einstein Einstein in general, the TVT is bad. Okay, because all this, all these figures actually most of these figures are projected and even more models that exist. So let's think about an extension of the standard model of elementary parts. So it's nothing but that to have many competing models for future investigations. And this is in this line, it is shown how this, this stage is the looks like from the point of view of the behavior of a Hubble first and this line just shows you all the behavior of the effects. So just the form of Einstein's idea that geometry that is defined by physics and vice versa, and this is very effective equation of states. So here and here is something equals to the cosmological constant. So here it is a symmetric equation of state and and this is your iteration of each stage in terms of the number of defaults. Okay, so now let me just because I don't have much time, but let me move to the inflationary hypothesis and follow just that way. So actually I introduce it. So, and where I would say, I really, many, many statements about inflation or that type of inflation explains everything. It's not so it's not so the context statement would be okay. There are some narrow class of inflationary models and I show which class way you really can explain in many things but not all things. And some things which we still have to take from observation and that's why I prefer. I use some hyper dynamic models, I even prefer to classify models, not even by the equations but simply by in the arithmetic ways. How many parameters for the models which can be always made dimensionless how many parameters cannot be derived should be taken from observations only. So the statement that present the situation with variable inflationary models that were simplest models, they have to assume only one constant one constant. So, of course, one would like to have the integration of this constant constant but at present it's not possible. I would say that one constant is a bit comparing with about 23 parameters of standard mode of elementary particles. Okay, so it's still just once more speaking about my approach, just see as we see around us even in a strategic sense where we do not make some efforts when there's other years growing this time. So no, but there is more physical statement about the growth of entropy but in the case of long range force entropy is not well defined quantity. So that's why I'm saying entropy in some not well defined sense. But still, we see the reason, we see that the universe is rather ordered now and so in the past it was even more ordered and so the extreme hypothesis, extreme hypothesis, that's what some part of the world, which includes all its present, the observable part was as much symmetric as possible during some periods, actually in the previous period. In the past, speaking once more about our part of the rules and both with respect to geometrical background and the state of the quantum field. And, but still, it's so actually it gives produce of what the reality it explains it's only one place in which I should actually use what explanation I don't like it, I prefer your prediction. Okay, so it's explanation of the cosmological error of them but it is not, I would say it's not universal it's only due to specific initial conditions. But with specific conditions were once more my statement, they are not unique, still the state is an immediate attract, so which has no zero measure. Okay. This is a very general idea so it's a piece that's successive the other decisions of this idea is, is actually based on two independent to independent assumptions are sure. I mean, that's why they're independent. So the first assumption that refers to the background so it's an assumption of the existence of the meta stable because this stage. The second is about international interest that were auditioned just, just, just this effect, not any other potential location of particles, antiparticles and field fluctuations. Inflation from which says when the adiabatic weapon states for for the most capturing all observable of skills so this effect once more is one of the effects in the content field field theory. So it's actually the same as particle patient, but in the course but here, unfortunately, we have no problems with the loss of information so close firewalls transplant and energy insist that there is no no problem with transplant and energy. If you, if you look more carefully, as far as observational predictions are calculated, if you'd like to calculate the entropy of the genius in the whole is directly observing observable quantity. So, so my statement, once more, many, many statements, actually, I would say, famous statements. In particular, I use the term adiabatic welcome for some range of for the most so it's not the bunch that is stating the rigor sense used by bunch of there is in the paper bunch there is vacuum is the assumption that adiabatic welcome for almost. The statement is, it's never possible to realize it in any way will inflationary model. And so that's why that's why the inflationary models does not predict. Okay. Okay, of course, these two hypothesis are hypothesis which usually should be confirmed. So it's classified by observations. My remark is that's why I once more they are very typical. We see in the usual physics of the in particular at low temperatures in particular the existence of the initial maximum selective stages. So the properties of the sun fixate method or geometry which drives this initial stage are very, very similar to the problem. And, of course, we have to estimate a little bit more about the present back. And we are sure that the present this is the stage three can exist at least say three falls about the regretting primordial. The second option is once more the theory of respect is is is constructed essentially similar to the effect of almost almost experimentally confront. So what we have from inflation is the final outcome of any model of inflation is in the synchronous system of references also possible to write the metric of the inflation in this form. And the statement is that this quote there exists some some some more some specific more of such of such which is important independent as far as they are in the solution. The first part is just this scholar scholar perturbations, but what we are just trying to transfer some person is this part, this is not just an application which is so that prediction with a primary location the way so all inflation model predicts some amount, both scholar perturbations of the traditional ways. And when you were most important quantity, our spectrum of this perturbation is slow and risk quantity over car. And so, okay. And so, once more, very short remark that actually the existence of constant mode actually for ideal fluids it was known already to patients when for some in it was for more general class, but actually, if you look more carefully, the existence of this constant mode is simply follows from the fact it's sufficient for any, any figure of grace even even not maybe generally covering it's sufficient simply follows from the existence of Monday, Monday generate in the mathematical sense. The solutions of the same models in the way as I thought they can specially flat freedom. Space time because this solution always contain free gauge arbitrary constant which corresponds to different rescaling, you know, three coordinates, and I'll make just using the larger and making this constant slightly. The terms can be found in the reading term or physical constant mode and actually it's straightforwardly follows that you need to assume that even within how much unity. And this is so it is so called quasi as a topic side editions. Next comment that of course it's it's it's quantum field so it's not that so actually all this quantity is always ages, always ages actually quantum but fortunately, fortunately, it's a piece that we're non non commuting path, non commuting path is much less than when we spot and so that's why it's possible to have a quantum to classical tradition but in the new sense, not to some of the things that quantity but to a stochastic quantity. And so that's, Professor Starobinsky, can I ask you to finish in a few minutes because we're a bit late. Yes, and so all this prediction actually beyond semi classical galaxy in the sense just because we have average value zero for all perturbation, but this does not mean the absence of and so this equation will not work but what does work actually you should average always. Okay, when I think that let me also show you, I think I should skip, but let me also because of this, this is not emphasize the really already looking at this temperature. And I thought to be how what inflation, it says about this in the scope of inflation they had offices, if you some of it over one degree large oceans just corresponds to the points where inflation was a little bit longer just the opposite large mountain regions could respond to the point where in inflation was a little bit a little bit inflation proceeds a little bit less and how much less okay just skip a few, a few slides here, I want to show you. And this follows from the actually from the fact that it can be proved and even without using the Sasaki-Mukhanov equation I obtained it be therefore it was it was direct. It can be shown but in the linear approximation with the quantity R gauge in the curvature perturbations is just difference in the number of defaults in different points of space and really more over it can be easily. It was it was in this paper that actually this non-linear generalization that has this form. Okay, and then, and then speaking about now looking at the T over T for this large space for L equals 50 is sufficient sufficient to consider only such one effect. And then this follows that delta T is equal to minus you know the same minus that which is usually, I mean, you know, concentration of square quantities. So it's minus one five F minus one five delta N. And so that just we see that delta N, which we can really see in this prime time, then two minus five. And so it really, this means for typical inflation remodels one, I don't have time. I only said that we also see that one that exists to one parameter models to one parameter models for which in particular large squared mode and large non-linear capital scale. And from which it follows it follows when this parameter is this unit parameter is determined from the amplitude of our spectrum. And when it's it follows in particular that we can see the curvature of this energy. And so this means that it really the difference in the time spent on the inflation stage is over what the point that you may need to see how how it's possible at all the answers because it refers to the average its average of the scale of the other one. And that's the end of inflation. It's just in the same way as we really measure using gravitational wave antenna, we really measure shifts of the order of 10 to minus 18 centimeters. And to describe in this way, you need to think about what happens at energies over 10 into 10 to power of 5G. Okay, then I think I said, okay, and this is also only say about one. All viable models, all viable models existing now, they use a specific way of the key of inflation stage for so called slow, slow roll dynamics. And that's why I want to emphasize that actually it first appeared in my 78 paper actually for a, for a, for a, in fact, for the alternative to the inflation for a bolstering model. In fact, I had slow climb after that slow, slow, slow, slow, slow roll. So once more, in contrast to the key for Coleman when at the instantons, viable models exist, all use inflation slow roll dynamics. Okay, so let me now shift many interesting things which you can see from this, from this, if you're interested, and let me finish with my conclusions. Okay, so conclusions, so inflationary stage, so advantageous. Inflationary has provided us with a possibility to make one more step into the history of the universe beyond the hood. And then once more, using observation data, so it's not only coming from our, our, different of our, of our. Then advantages of the inflationary scenario has made the quantum field in terms based on a theory definitely related to observations, not just an academic. Now I'm saying about confirmed inflationary predictions. And this one is small and all the order of this quantity, I forgot to emphasize it so it's, it's logarithm and nature is very, it's very logarithm of the ratio of the cosmic microwave, the current temperature. And also R does not exceed this quantity, this negative prediction and confirm, and when initial perturbations are the Gaussian with high accuracy. Typical consequences for this, it was the statement is that there was a period in the past of all the humans when our, when the curvature was as high as this one. So in some sense, it's first time that we see that there really were signals for predictions about gen, about curvatures. The singularity there indeed, rather single because we don't see anything like this even inside Newton stars. And then the statement is that we, if you don't assume additional small parameters where should exist some scholar scholar degree of freedom. Okay, then in the simplest one parametric models we have predictions, target predictions about R. So the target prediction doesn't mean that it's on the possibility, the statement is that any other result will mean the discovery of new physical constant. So that's more either this will be covered or this will discover some new, some new constant. And the set of predictions for those four weeks and makes a squared model's inflation is generic in this model and close one and the rest is so the problem with inflation is not it's beginning. The beginning does not require causal connections of all part of inflecting fetch of space time similar just similar to all statements about space like similarities where exist in the absence of causal connection. But what is critical is the crucial exit because it requires fantastic synchronization, as I said, approximately the duration of different trajectories on the space time should be synchronized up to even up to one time. Okay, and then some still one, I don't have time to speak now but let me only possible some possibilities for pre-inflation stage and we begin now to think about pre-inflation stage. Actually, we thought a long time ago, but now we may be close to observation. So what may be different question? I have a general space like a singularity with curvature much exceeding that during inflation and when it appears that it is physical inflation, it's difficult to have inflation from low curvature state, but it's easy to have from that high curvature state. But another possibility actually which appeared already in my 19th, 17th and 18th paper that bound to the positive spatial curvature with some basic in connection stage. But one more possibility also mentioned in my talking, I think, in 1981 that our universe was not independent unity of inflation and was in several parts of something much more gradual. Okay, thank you. Thank you. Thank you very much, Professor Straubinski. So thank you on behalf of all the participants. So I'm sorry, we are running a bit late since it's a busy afternoon so I, we can just move to Professor Rashid Sunayev. If he can share this. Oh, you hear me. Yes. Yes, we can hear you. Yes, you can show your screen. So, yes. Do you see now my, my slide? Yes. Yes, we can. Okay, very good. And now slide show and is it fine? Yes. So, okay. So now you will talk about the X-ray map of the universe, please. Yes. I knew that two of my friends will speak today about very deep theory and when I was informed that I will be, that all talks will go in alphabetical order, which is natural. I understood that I should only show nice pictures because people are very tired. And fortunately, fortunately during starting of 1987, with great help of Zildović, Sakharov, Sakdeev, and many other, many other physicists in Russia, we were able to include to the Russian in 1987. We were able to include into this program Spectrum X spacecraft with broad international international collaboration. We practically, I have no time to show beautiful spacecraft on images at least, which was practically ready in around 1990s. But due to great changes in Russia, that program was canceled. But fortunately in 2003, people told me in space agency, chief of space agency told me Russia, country became smaller, your spacecraft also should be smaller and rocket will be smaller. And please do some, please think what you can do instead of that huge spacecraft which we were prepared. And I will show you now the spacecraft, which really was created in Russia after that and in first version of Spectrum X gamma spacecraft, we had collaboration of 12 countries, including also Italy and many, many other countries. But finally, we launched in July of the 19, July 2019, we launched this spacecraft, which is here, it's nice to see it, just in the clean rooms of the Lavochkin industry in the sub-barp of Moscow. And it was ready to fly to Baikonur to launch, well-known launch site in Kazakhstan. And you see here spacecraft itself, navigator platform, you see it, it's there. I can tell you I'm very suspicious everybody who is working in space astronomy or in space research, they are all very, very suspicious. I can tell you that till yesterday or till this morning, this spacecraft was working absolutely perfectly, we were happy. What will be tomorrow, nobody knows. This is Russian telescope grazing with grazing incidence optics, first Russian X-ray telescope with grazing incidence optics Arctic Sea created by Mikhail Pavlinsky. Unfortunately, he died during, he died last summer. And it is created, it is produced in the Russian, in the Space Research Institute in Moscow and Russian Union Nuclear Center in Sarov. Everybody who is working in nuclear physics knows this place. And this is a Rosita X-ray telescope, which was very result of very long negotiation in Germany, with Germany, because Germany was most experienced country in the field of all surveys in the X-rays. Rosat spacecraft was really the best and created first great map of the universe in X-rays. And finally we came to the, but my request was only one, let us create X-ray telescope, which will produce, which will enrich us with the data in cosmology. And in particular, will detect 100,000 clusters of galaxies to detect bryoric acoustic oscillations and a lot of other cosmological tests. 100,000 is not simple number because 100,000 reach clusters of galaxies. These are all clusters of galaxies practically observable in observable universe up to the horizon. It is huge that yes, in the beginning people Germans proposed to get to install small telescope, which was able to observe several thousands of clusters of galaxies. But goal was 100,000 and in reality we put seven telescopes inside this. A Rosita 808 kilograms and a lot of huge energy consumption and a lot of data. This is 3.5 meters and 1.9 meter diameter. And these are real people in the working in the law which can industry. Let's go further. This is, I told you that chief of the Russian space agency told me in the beginning that you will get now smaller rocket, but because we requested to fly into the L2 point 1.5 million kilometers from the ground. Finally, we got the biggest Russian rocket, which is proton with very powerful upper stage them zero three, which was prepared many years ago for the flights to the moon. And this was tremendously beautiful launch. And I can show you the past now trajectory of our spacecraft. This is our Earth. This is moon orbit. You see it very far to the left. There is sun. This is us. And this is L2 point just for children. I'm usually explaining that it may to point a force of gravity attraction to the earth and to the sun is balanced by the centrifugal force. And therefore it is behind us and sun and it is a satellite of our sun, but our spacecraft is going on the hello orbit very extended orbit around a two point, which is quasi stable. And you can see these distances 1.5 million kilometers. And we flew this one and a half million kilometers then made maneuver. And now we made, we are making certain revolution around full revolution around L2 point every revolution around L2 every half a year and full sky map. Therefore, we dream to walk for years only scanning the sky. And this will be eight maps of the sky index race. But I can tell you that we were flew flying to this point during 100 days. This is a fact because our rocket was very powerful. Therefore, we flew directly and there were a lot of adjustments of the telescope collaborations. And then we had very long observations of interesting areas and sources in the framework of performance verification. I will show you, we have a lot of them, a lot of beautiful results. I will show you only cluster of galaxies, comma, where Fritz Wickey discovered dark matter. And therefore we have the longest observation of this cluster and we have beautiful information about physics of this object. Yes, now what we will do, you see again this 150 million kilometers to the sun and we are in one and a half million kilometers from the earth and our spacecraft is rotating so that it makes a big circle on the sky. And plane of this circle is perpendicular to the direction of the to the earth and sun. And every one day sun is moving on the sky because it's moving relative to the distant seem be a distant, distant stars. Therefore, we should change the angle and plane, our plane is shifting to one degree every day following the sun. I always remember a song of Beatles, I follow the sun and our spacecraft is doing the same. And after one day, every day we are getting one degree wide strip on the sky where we can measure what are the x-ray sources there. And every pixel, every source we are observing during the day, only 200 seconds. It is unbelievable because our second Russian telescope which is most sensitive today in the hardware x-rays, it needs in reality to observe in detail, weak sources as weak as we are observing just during these scans. It needs thousands of, tens of kilo seconds. Yes, let us do further. And in 2008, there was a question how we will divide because we are working, we are interested in cosmology, how we will, and we dream to detect millions of sources, how we will divide the sources. Finally, Roscosmos and German Air and Space Agency DLR came to the decision that the data processing and publication of SRG-ERASID results on one half of the sky will be given this honor to Russian scientists. One scientist will be responsible for results from another hemisphere. And these are galactic coordinates, a lot of well-known objects, for example, Sigma-61, well-known black hole candidate, coma cluster of galaxies and so on. This is center of our galaxy, black hole, Sagittarius A star. And from North galactic pole to Southern galactic pole, there is line and right part of the sky, you see this, but belong Max Planck Institute for extraterrestrial physics in Garhiem gets responsible for this data. And left side, it is space research institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, is responsible for data processing here. Therefore, bulk of the data which I will be telling you about today, they came from this left hemisphere. Okay, let's go. We are scanning the sky, it's already our hemisphere, it is hemisphere, and you see these are our first attempt to scan. The strips with one degree, which we left at that moment. And this is one day we were not walking, and I'm showing this to all radio dishes, giant radio dishes, 70 meter in the near boundary with China and North Korea, and second dish 64 meters near Moscow, which are getting cold data and sending comments. I was showing to all these people, look, one day we are not walking, and on the map, there is an empty space, please walk every day. Fortunately, again, I am very suspicious, but we are one and a half year in the space, not one and a half, a little more than one year, but there is a set scan now is going, and we do not have no one empty strip. Everybody is walking with us and almost, yes, it is very nice. Average exposure during one sky survey, I told you, in every point in only 200 seconds, but in the North ecliptic pole and southern ecliptic pole on the other hemisphere, all our big circles intersect, and here we have very deep survey region. It's also rather interesting, and look what we see here, for example, in this region immediately in 200 seconds, this two to two degrees region and immediately galaxy cluster at redshift and quasar at redshift 2.7. They immediately are coming every day. And I am afraid that I will not have enough time. I can tell you, we are observing now in 200 seconds and discovering new quasars with a lot, maybe five quasars now with redshift of the odd of five. And one quasar we discovered, which is shining at redshift 6.2 and we are detecting nobody knew about these objects. We are detecting them in 200 seconds. It's a normal. Okay, let's go further. And this is after a year. We discussed how to follow. We got first map of the whole sky, and then we agreed with our German colleagues that every one, each side will prepare for half of the sky. And then we will just join them because we are not permitted to exchange data. We will do this in the end of the mission when we will join everything and we will publish final papers together. And you see here is this is center of our galaxy and giant black hole, Sagittarius A star, you see clusters of galaxies immediately. Yes, and they, you see now this is immediately everything became the same. Here are 400 million X-ray photons on this map and 1 million X-ray sources. And you see also a lot of diffuse emission. I will tell you more details. After what I told you already, this is Sigma 61, well-known black hole, galactic black hole, Perseus cluster, Coma cluster, Virgo cluster, and these are nearby brightest clusters of galaxies. And this is beautiful three-color map. Blue is high energy photons and red is the softest photons which correspond to the temperature of the less than 1 million Kelvin. And this blue, these are several tens of millions Kelvin. This is a map and I can tell you three quarter of X-ray sources which we are detected are supermassive black holes. For me, you know, I was very young when we started to walk with Nick Shakura. Nick was student, I was just grade, just made, how to say, had the defense of my PhD. And at that time, now even Nick is 75 years old. But at that time, when we were telling to different people that we are working on a creation on the black hole, everybody was smiling because there were no black holes observable. This was just theory and great predictions of general relativity. But you see how to make this black hole visible because as a student, I knew that black hole is invisible because it's absorbing light. And main idea was that this is gas which is falling to black hole has angular momentum and turbulent viscosity helps to take away angular momentum and permits a radial motion and release of gravitational energy. Therefore, this ground becomes very, very bright. And because black hole is rather small, temperature of this gas around becomes very high and it should radiate in the next race, because main dissipation of turbulence hits this, but surface area is really very small of the world of few gravitational radius. Now look to this map. Do you see, I don't know the quality of transmission, but you see this here enormous amount of very small white dwarfs. I hope that you see them everywhere. And these white points, these small white points, these are X-ray sources, point X-ray sources which we cannot resolve and which now we know that three quarters of all these objects are supermassive black holes when we are far from our galaxy. This plane of our galaxy, you see it, very bright and high X-ray heart sources which are mainly neutron stars and few are creating stellar mass black holes. These are, I will show this several times, this beautiful region of star formation in Cygni where a lot of massive star exploded and you see here different supernova remnants, very hot gas which is expanding and you see how bright are they and these are also supernova remnants. And I will tell you now a few words about these features which Irozita sees so well now. I can tell you that is beautiful picture. After second year we see really not as bright in the south as north, but the structure is really visible much better. And this is old name is North Polar Spur, you see it. It was detected in radio waves as very bright feature and all many years when I was student, when I was walking, everybody believed that this is very remnant of supernova explosion, very close to the sun. Therefore it's so big on the sky. Now, because we detected also similar symmetric feature here on the south, I can tell you that this is a giant explosion in our galaxy which occurred. We see, we measure practically velocities here, we see shocks, we see a lot of lines. Every point is observed only 200 seconds, but we can say that this, I don't know what, but huge energy release, huge explosion occurred maybe 20, maybe 40 million years ago. It was a enormous activity. It is equivalent to 100,000 supernovae exploded less than in few hundred thousand years. It's unbelievable. I told you already that there are 400 millions of photons with energies from 300 TV to 2.3 TV and only in half a year. We are working already more than one year. And I told you about this explosion. There is Fermi spacecraft, American spacecraft, and this Fermi spacecraft discovered this Fermi bubble. This is a mission of the gamma rays at energies higher than 100, maybe 1GV and it's coming from the interaction of cosmic rays with gas in our galaxy, in the plane. But near the center of galaxies there are these two symmetric bubbles, Fermi bubbles. They were discovered maybe 10 years ago. And look, our erosita bubbles, just guess, and with temperature few million Kelvin, and we see a lot of lines, radiation of hydrogen like oxygen, for example, or helium like magnesium, a lot of different elements. We measure the abundance, you see it, and it's going like 2000 to the north, and it's obvious that somewhere it's centered just onto the black hole, but maybe this was a huge formation of a lot of stars. There is a nature paper by Peter Predell, PI of erosita, and me and 30 co-authors in nature in December. Yes, I can show you that our map in half a year was contained more than 8 times, times more extra resources than the best, world best map of Rosat satellite, which was German spacecraft, obtained in 1990. This well known, every body, every astronomer knows Rosat spacecraft. Our map is, has better angular resolution, it has much better sensitivity, and it is, but it's okay. And three quarter of million objects on this map are distant quasars and active galactic nuclei powered by a creation of matter onto supermassive black hole residing in the centers of other galaxies. They are far beyond of Milky Way, and we are observing, I told you, them at ratchet 6.2. It's interesting that we can detect this object using small telescopes, because these black holes, if I will take compare with Eddington mass, these black holes have masses higher than 1 billion solar masses, already at ratchet 6.2 when all lines emitted by this quasar are shifted in its spectrum, 7.2 types. And we have now a lot of such objects. Excuse me. This is wrong. I will show you. Okay. What is important that we see here also 200,000 galactic stars with active coronary. These stars are sometimes thousands times brighter in its rays and they provide enormous flares than our sun. Fortunately for us, our sun is very good, because it's not very active. And there are many, many active stars rapidly rotating, which radiate in X-rays much more. And fortunately for us, there is Gaia astrometry spacecraft, very close from our spacecraft near L2, and Gaia spacecraft has enormous precision. It measures what are the velocities of the objects which are close. And quasars are very far. They are not moving during five years of observations of Gaia. Therefore, we immediately see that these objects are stars. There are 10 other methods to distinguish stars from a creating black hole, but this is easiest. We just cross-relate to catalogue and immediately see which are stars and which are extra galactic objects. Okay. I will tell you very unexpected things. You know that maybe that there is during last 10, 15 years, there is a great progress before mankind knew only about planets around sun. And then people dreamed, oh, maybe there are planets and so on. Now we know thousands of extra, how to say, exoplanets which are discovered, and we know also that there are many stars which are in habitable zone, where people see that there is a, how to say, liquid water is possible. It's not frozen and it's not evaporated. Therefore, it's habitable zone. And you see, we measure it and we detect it during first scan only on our part of the sky, 90 stars with known exoplanets which are extremely bright in X-rays. Thousands, there should be thousands times more active in productive, a lot of cosmic rays in comparison with our sites. But I can tell you immediately that we do not see, we do not see even one habitable, even one star with an exoplanet in the habitable zone. Maybe people, not people, life there is happy and enjoying low radiation. Let's go further. This is some two of two scans of the sky, the site which we are processing. And you can immediately, this one hemisphere, and we immediately only here, we see practically one million of black holes here. I should ask you to finish this soon, because unfortunately we are running a bit late with the program. Okay, I will go very rapidly. Thank you. I can tell you that we are discovering also a lot of clusters of galaxies. We see the tidal star disruption, because first map and second map, they are different, more than, there are 30, maybe 1000 objects, we changed drastically their brightness, many tens of times. And these are in particular tidal disruption events when star is moving near supermassive black hole, is disrupted, and then we see, and then we see the huge X-ray emission during half or one year. And I told you that I will show you X-ray image of Coma cluster of galaxies where Fritz Wiki discovered dark matter. This is cluster of galaxies and it's merging, which group of galaxies satellite. As I can show you, we see a lot of shocks. Nobody can see till now secondary shock here, primary shock. This is a bridge between two objects. A lot of things are observed. You see it. Yes. No, I am moving in the wrong direction. Yes, you know that Millennium Simulation, this is the very narrow slice of our universe and there is cosmic web. And in lots of these cosmic web clusters of galaxies, and we can see its cluster of galaxies and how matter comes, and mergings and there are shock waves, and we see now these shock waves. Why we are interested in this? You see the evolution of cluster mass function at ratio zero. There are many massive cluster at ratio point, according to theory, at ratio point five much less and at ratio one point four, many orders of magnitude less. This is just cluster mass function. This is the same using the SZ effect and you see the picture of Coma and many other things. I can tell you this practically I am close to the finish. I can tell you that there is a novice competition between X-ray astronomy. Today we have of the order of only in one hemisphere 12,000 new discovered clusters of galaxies. In microwave band where people are using as that effect, Atacama cosmology telescope discovered 4,200 clusters, South Pole telescope just on the South Pole, discovered 1,600 clusters, Planck spacecraft discovered 13 cluster. Real competition. But we are dreaming about 100,000 of clusters. This was prediction by South Pole telescope, erosita sensitivity and what they were dreaming to observe themselves. At higher ratio they should be better than erosita, erosita much better up to reach point seven. And I am just finishing and there are 100,000 clusters of galaxies with masses higher than two, three, 10 power 14 solar masses is dark matter and we dream to detect all massive clusters in the observable universe. This 100,000 and in addition after four years of all sky survey we dream to observe three millions of X-ray selected clusters. These things that we will be able to measure baryonic acoustic constellations. We will be looking for the curve of growth for equation of state of dark energy but till now this is for us great theory. We need sample of three billion X-ray selected quasars and 100,000 clusters of galaxies to do a lot of cosmology. Thank you very much and this image of Yakov Zeldovich he was how to say mentor of Aleksei Starabinsky and my mentor and he just directed us in this direction of cosmology and we are very happy this great science. Many thanks for your interest. Thank you. Thank you very much, Professor Sumaev. So, in the interest of time we are running late, we don't have time for questions. So let me congratulate once again with the three hour days. And I don't know if Atish you want to say some final word. I mean, I guess I would congratulate all the deduct medallists once again. I'm very happy for this very nice ceremony. And I just want to announce that more or less immediately now we go over to the next part of our program which is on a on a different zoom ID, and many of you would have registered for that zoom ID. It will be the third lecture in the salam distinguished lecture series by Professor David Spargel. And just before that we also today is a nice occasion because it's the birthday of the salam and we also announced the awardees of the spirit of salam award which we will proceed to do on this other zoom ID. So I'm sorry about the time is too tight actually, but also because of the time zones and so on because David Spargel is joining from the United States. So thank you very much for this very nice ceremony and congratulations again and I hope to see you in the SES sometime in the future. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.