 In Pennsylvania, we are very fortunate to have many different sources of energy. Some of them renewable, some of them non-renewable. In fact, every geographic province of the state has access to a wide variety of different types of energy, and different ways in which we can complete a pretty well-balanced pie with the different options that were presented. However, it is very easy to become a little bit complacent when we're talking about renewables and look at the end game instead of looking at what the individual steps that takes us to producing energy do. So in this module, we're going to be talking about life-cycle analysis. In life-cycle analysis, we break out the different parts of the system in a way in which the inputs and outputs of each one of the steps are going to be easily measurable. For example, when you think about production of hydropower, you think about a lot of its positive. You know that there is basically no carbon emissions and you know that it's renewable and you know that in some ways you're not affecting the water in the dam to a very large extent. But you're ignoring a number of other possibilities and you're ignoring things like the effect of sedimentation behind the dam or the effect that putting that kind of discharge will have in the biota of the water downstream. You're also ignoring many social aspects. In particular in this dam, a Native American population was displaced in order to build it. Therefore, being able to see these areas as a system and putting on the life-cycle analysis along with the other components of economic and social analysis will give us a much better picture of what we're getting for our renewables. This stream has been exposed to extensive passive mind-brainage as you can see. So that brings us to an end-of-the-pipe solution quite literally. And one of the main questions that we face when we try to remediate and a system that has been extensively disturbed is what is it that we are trying to achieve? What is our ultimate goal? Do we want to return this system to its original state? And that is our goal. What is that original state that we're searching for? We can also take a more pragmatic approach and decide that we want to just basically clean up and remediate, get rid of the major contaminants, get rid of whatever hazardous materials that might be present. But even under those conditions, we face the challenge that this maintenance needs to occur in a long-term perspective. So if we think about different companies coming and extracting some of these resources, many of those companies are not able to commit to cleaning up and to maintain the local environment in the long term. So a lot of these responsibilities end up holding in the hands of the government. And the long-term management has also been something that has been managed by governments as a general rule. Clearly this needs to change. And these changes through application of life of cycle analysis, where you're understanding the consequences of each one of the different processes that are taking place in the chain of production from the time of extraction to the time that you are disposing your product. And the fact that you might have many different endpoints, depending on how many different sources of materials and services you are needing in order to produce a certain end result.