 Okay, next, next, Jose Castillo, architect, academician, thinker, philosopher from Mexico City. So, I'm going to structure the presentation in two sections. I will talk briefly about Mexico City, but I'd like to start with this image because this is something that we've heard over the past couple of days. And this, what I feel is the sense of guilt of the architect and the sense of guilt of the urban manager. These are two emblematic images of how the urban manager was represented by Robert Moses or the hand of the creative architect as represented by Le Corbusier. How can we relate that to the whole notion of the problematic term of retrofitting? What does it mean for cities such as Istanbul or Mexico City for that matter to have to urbanize post-de facto? Mexico City, similar to many other cities in the developing country, operates in a country which is mostly urban. 53% live in metropolitan areas, 76% live in urban areas. And of course, the sensation of primacy both at economic level but at the population level in Mexico is very much evident. In a sense, when we talk about Mexico City, we have to distinguish what happens in other cities. Mexico City is taking place outside Mexico City. The jurisdictional borders of the federal district now hold less than 50% of the population. And most of the growth, most of the issues, most of the problems are taking place there. To acknowledge that through policies, through plans, through actions is quite relevant. I like to say some facts about the economics and the recent situation. If we look at Mexico City with regards to the country, of course, it's always better off. It's no brainer. But when we look at the way that the current crisis has hit Mexico City, then we might find some clues to the issues. As you may know, Mexico City, Mexico is going to be contracted by 9% from what we estimate in 2009 in economic terms. Just in the city, close to 9,000 business have been closed. And it seems that there's no real response to address these issues even less so through urban issues. More than 100,000 units of housing built just by the formal sector alone and another 100,000 units built by the informal sector, not unlike what happens here in Istanbul. A very high rate of motorization close to 400 cars per 1,000 people. 100,000 taxi cabs out of which a quarter of them are illegal. And more than 25,000 informal vendors. Big issue in Mexico City, security. I was just checking the numbers. In the Iraq war, in the past seven years, there's been a little bit more than 4,000 casualties. In the war on drugs of the past three years, there's been more than 3,800 people killed. How's that affecting not only what Sophie, dog would call the talk of fear but also the perception of crime? And how's that affecting how our architects and planners dealing with the situation? 13% of those crimes are taking place in the metropolitan area. And this is some of the responses not to the war on drugs but certainly to the talk of fear. This kind of gated community is this being the most extreme which we visited in the urban age Mexico City conference a few years back in which exclusion becomes a geography. But this is not only happening at the rich enclaves. It's actually happening at the poorest of the enclaves in which the sensation of fear is driving development. This is translated when was the last time that you let her out to play. And obviously the response to this lack of urbanity is the gated community. Another issue which has to do with the event the recent swine flu or human influenza to be politically correct which taking into account that tourists represents the third most important source of income for the country as a whole. It literally confirmed what some people call the black swine theory. Everything that could go wrong has gone wrong in Mexico and Mexico City in the past few months. To add up to the complexities we have a system of fragmentation party politics out of which the president from the center right party the mayor from the left wing party and the governor of Mexico which barely talk to each other. And they have no really or they have very limited relationship when it comes to planning decisions. It is very important to say that the two gentlemen on the right center and right represent the two most important relevant the dominant candidates to become the next president in the election. So again city power becomes federal power. In spite of that or maybe because of precisely because of that it seems that civil society and we should take that term with a sort of a quote has gotten rid of party politics as such in the last midterm elections of July there was over 10 percent of the people who declared their new boat for months after that this idea that one out of 10 people are sick and tired of the system as a whole has not translated into either a more engaging model of decision making or a more engaging model of city planning for that matter. It has nevertheless been reflected in people taking the streets again. This is one of the margins against security for million people taking the streets a few months ago or even to the micro protests where you have a small interest groups beginning to address the feeling that citizens are always outside of these planning and policy decisions to add up to the equation that is just last week major flooding a big failing infrastructure. A lack of investment in infrastructure prior to the current major that for 10 years left the city's water system to a total this array. This is happening as we speak to be to be absolutely honest there's no real answer from the planning or the architectural or the design realms to this type of situation. Let's move on to the optimistic side. It's not all bad news. Some of although some of them are when you look at some of the actions that the current actors are taking with regards to transportation you will focus you will see that actually the the most the most operandi of a few years ago which was the elevated highways which we know for a fact they as Enrique Peñalosa has clearly shown us they don't work they they're jammed they're clogged. They it is a system that even to these days has been repeated this piece of infrastructure which is called the Bicentennial by a doctor. It's a governor's Peña Nieto major achievement. This was just opened a month ago. So this is actually we're replicating we're not learning from our mistakes. And yet the it seems that this is the way to work. Even Mayor who has a more a much more liberal and progressive agenda in a way he developed. He he assigned more than 200 close to 250 million dollars just to repay the inner circuit which is only for private cars. On the other side of the spectrum there there has been a recent focus on some public transportation projects. Some of them are the the the suburban train to the northeast I'm sorry to the northwest a new subway line the first one in over 10 years and the extension of the Metrobus which is a BRT system. This is good news unless everything stays on the desk as it at some of these projects seem to be remaining. So whether and the issue the whole issue of mobility should be taken again with a grain of salt where in a in a city that extends over 1,400 kilometers is it about bringing the people to the city or is it about bringing city nest to these communities. And that's I think a question that has not been really addressed. This is major a bit of actually I believe the Annette said he can on the right on the recent conference of walk 21. So the mayor has a commitment to two different alternatives of transportation. He has implemented a program of closing streets during the weekends for the use of bike. And now he's replicating the program of the leasing the bicycle leasing in many parts of the city. So there's a little bit of optimism with regards to the policy but I should insist that these are all disjointed and fragmented actions. Maybe more even more radical is the closing of Madero Street which is one of the the most important streets and the historic center that has now been closed completely to a to private transportation. When we talk about housing this is the most emblematic housing project of the 1960s typical tabula rasa strategy cleaning up a site. This is a project a fantastic and perverse project done by Mario Pani the most prominent architect of the 20th century in Mexico. But this this type of housing policy has ceased into this other type of housing policy basically huge tracts of land in the periphery being developed. And on the other hand the other 50% is this modality of informal city making. Two other government led strategies and then I'll show very quickly five five projects. One of them is about retrofitting reform. The axis of development of the 50s finally is being rethought as a possible site for major interventions. This is only private investment we should keep into account. There's no real outspoken policy to to make this the the policy of the state. And there's over 10 new buildings which will be built over the next five years including Royors and Legorreta new headquarters for BBBA. Two major parks one of them by Centennial Park by Mario Shernan and Ricardo Legorreta on the north of former Brownfield site and then the new Sochi Milko Green City by Ten Architectos. Finally and I will go through this very very quickly. Maybe we have to think of retrofitting as a kind of new technique. If the Corbusier's creative hand legitimized expertise hand is one model and Robert Moses urban managerial authoritative orthocratic model is the other one. Maybe in the context of cities such as Istanbul such as Mexico retrofitting can be a much more meaningful way. Retrofitting is in a sense post the factor urbanization. If it is also that imagine that there was a devia and there was the entry via and urbanization happened prior to occupation. When we have more than 60 percent of the city and this is same as the same with the congluse here in Istanbul creating out of informality then we do have to imagine new techniques. And this is again not only only happening in the poor neighborhoods but actually in places like Santa Fe. Five very quick techniques three projects in the historic center one a Brownfield one in the periphery. In the historic center we have to imagine to go beyond the idea of preservation. Historical preservation heritage is not enough to actually activate and retrofit the city. It is a center that has been losing population steadily for the last 50 years. A project we're working with ITDP and for the Metrobus operators with Guillermo Calderon is the idea of bringing in two new BRT's BRT lights into in through the center. So in a sense these images of a congestion the private cars going through the historic center may change into a different model of BRT. Second project which very much relates to these light architecture maneuvers is turning and the market of to April in the forgotten corner of a historic center the kind of historic center no one wants to venture or talk about and transforming this into a pedestrian plaza where only minor interventions such as activating a roof terrace changing the stained glass and working to make this a real public space could be a way to retrofit the city and finally the Spanish Cultural Center expansion the result of a winning competition that along with Javier Sanchez we won on a former site an abandoned site that after the earthquakes of 85 remained an empty site as there are many in the historic center and this complex project has to do with negotiating with the many forces that deal with the historic center where it is the preservationists the clients the city the federal government this is a project that that it's the first new building to be built in the historic center in more than 25 years I think this is relevant in the context of getting beyond preservation and we managed to do a building which has two sub basements it has an archaeological site on the on the foundations and it has six stories above ground these are some of the images this is the archaeological site just next to the templo mayor this will be finished in the next three months a quick project which has to do with retrofitting brownfield sites as all major cities they're still huge tracts of land one of these are all sites owned by private investors so again similar to what case was mentioning earlier we have to negotiate and make the plans this is a collaboration between our firm and Arab from London and we're working at both ends convincing the clients of the virtues of the virtues of getting beyond the ordinary real estate development and we're convincing the the authorities that in order to change the model of development we have to change the protocols of planning the protocols of a density the protocols of public and private and we're doing a lot of transformation when it comes to typologies and finally the the last project which has to do with the peripheries the new BRT for Nesa Chit Malhuakan Nesa is the largest informal settlement in Mexico City and all Latin America over one and a half million people live there and this new 18 kilometer long BRT or Metrobus will connect and and serve for more than 500,000 people when it gets goes into operation sometime next year in a sense Nesa is almost all right and the question of bringing this kind of infrastructure to the city and to expand the notion of infrastructure just beyond beyond boss mobility and bringing a cycle way and bringing changes in land use is what we think is relevant about this project finally and it has to do with something that Richard Senate has been mentioning throughout this last couple of days maybe you have to think that the architect can regain a new role or an old role as a public intellectual I insist on the public aspect of it we tend to think that it's about experts versus citizens and obviously this model is outdated outdated but in a sense it becomes more active especially in the context of Mexico it's only a five it's only a 700 year old city it's only a 20 year old democracy only through a better city citizens only through a better city can we actually construct better citizens thank you very much