 Welcome, I welcome you all to this lecture in the course Introduction to Paninian Grammar. We are studying the features of the meta language and we are also studying as an important part of it, the concept of it, the concept of a marker. We have seen that this ith or marker is very effectively used by Panini to form another technical term which is generically referred to as a pratyahara like ak, ach, hal, ik, yen, etc. This technical term allows Panini to describe linguistic phenomena, facts of object language related to certain sound set in a very concise manner. We have also seen how these pratyaharas are formed and the role of ith in it. Then as an important feature of the meta language of Panini which is different than the object language, we started studying the definition of ith provided by Panini himself in his astadhyayi. And mind you this is the beginning of any grammatical learning traditionally in the Paninian grammatical tradition, be it the Kavmudhi tradition or be it the Kashi ka tradition, it is these iths, the markers and the pratyaharas, they are taught right at the beginning. If you master this technique, if you know which sound coming at the end of an element is marked as ith by which sutra half the battle is won, that is the feeling a student gets after he studies these sutras and after he enters the grammar of Panini. So we have studied 1, 3, 2 which termed avaval which is also assigned the feature of nasality as ith. Then we also studied how consonants at the end of different verbal elements be it a nominal root, a pratipadika or a verbal root adhatu or a suffix a pratyayya or an augment an agama is termed as ith and we have seen examples which illustrate this particular point. We also saw the negation. So which sounds at the end of the verbal elements are not to be termed as ith and that in a very restricted, very limited domain namely vibhakti and the sound set which is not to be termed as ith is the varga, the thadadhana, sir and ma. These 7 sounds are not to be termed as ith when found at the end of the verbal elements namely the pratyayas, the vibhakti pratyayas. After seeing these two sutras we also summarized by saying that there should be an ekavakta that should be made of both these sutras and then we can get the meaning about the sutras, the meaning of the sutras dealing with the technical term ith. So now the topic, broad topic that we are dealing with is the markers in the metal language of Aninyan grammar and the consonant markers. These are the sutras which deal with which define the consonant markers and out of these we have already seen these two sutras. Now vibhakti uttas maha and halantyam. Now today we shall see these next sutras in which some other questions get addressed. For example, we raise these questions. Can the technical term ith be stated to consonants, other consonants at other positions, other than final? Is it possible to term a consonant ith which appears at the beginning of an element? And is it possible to term a cluster of vowel and consonant as ith? So let us study these questions in the light of these two sutras in detail. First we take up 1.3.5 for our study. 1.3.5 is adir yi tu da vaha adir yi tu da vaha. In this sutra there are two padas that are visible. One is adihi and the other one is yi tu da vaha yi tu da vaha. This is a very special character, special symbol and a special sound. This one, this is a nasal consonant in the cha class and to be pronounced as yin cha cha ja ja yin. So yi tu da vaha. Now adihi is one one of adi meaning initial and yi tu da vaha is 1 slash 3 of yi tu du. Yi tu du is a compound word made up of three components namely yi and tu and du yi tu du and this is 1 slash 3 of yi tu du yi tu da vaha. Now we have two words in 1 slash 3. The two words that continue from the previous sutra are upadeshe and ith. So now the meaning of this sutra is upadeshe adayaha yi tu da vaha ith saudnya sihu. In the initial enunciation yi tu and du at the beginning of a verbal element are termed ith. I repeat in the initial enunciation yi tu and du at the beginning of a verbal element are termed ith. So the next point is what is this yi tu and du? Let us study them one by one. So we observe that they are nothing but the clusters consonant plus vowel. So yi is made up of a consonant yin the fifth consonant in second row that is cha cha class and vowel yi. Both these together are termed as ith as a cluster yi. The element which has yi as ith in the initial position will be then called yi ith. An element which has yi as ith is called yi ith and this will qualify another verbal element which possesses this property. So for example if a verbal root has yi at the beginning. So this verbal root will be called ith, ith dhatuh and so on. And then this feature will be used to trigger certain grammatical operation for example 3.2.187. What is this? 3.2.187 is yi taha khtaha. What this sutra means is that add a suffix khtuh after a verbal root having yi ith in the sense of present tense. So khtuh is added in the sense of present tense after a verbal root which has yi as ith, yi cluster. Generally the suffix khtuh is added to a verbal root in the sense of past tense but the exceptions are treated by 3.2.187 notably the verbal roots which have yi at the beginning as ith. So the example is yi me da over here yi me da this is the verbal root and as you can observe yi as a cluster appears at the beginning of this verbal root. So this yi will be termed as ith and this a at the end is termed as ith by 1.3.2 and after we delete these two we get the verbal root mid and the suffix tuh is added to it and this khtuh will be termed as ith by 1.3.8 which we shall study later on and then it will be deleted and you will get the form tuh. So we will get mid plus tuh as the next step in the derivation. Further doing some more processing on this we will get the form minna, minna something which is getting anointed now in the present tense that will be the meaning of minna. So this tuh suffix will denote the present tense and not the past tense why because it has marker yi at the beginning and so yi tuh khtuh gets triggered and so we get this meaning derived from this word. Let us look at tuh as a ith. So tuh is also a cluster it is made up of consonant tuh and vowelu both these together are termed ith by 1.3.5. The element which has tuh as ith together in the initial position will be called tuh ith an element which has tuh as ith is called tuh ith and this will qualify another verbal element which possesses this property. So verbal root dhatu will be called twit, twit dhatu and then this feature will be used to trigger certain grammatical operation for example 3.3.89 which is twito athuch, twito athuch. What this sutra means is at the suffix athuch which has chur coming at the end as ith by of course 1.3.3. So the suffix that is visible in the object language is athu. So at the suffix athu after a verbal root having 2 ith in the sense of bhava that is state. Let us look at 3.389. 3.389 is twito athuch, twito athuch. The meaning of this sutra is at the suffix athuch in which chur coming at the end is termed as ith by 1.3.3. So the suffix that is visible in the object language is athu. So at the suffix athuch after a verbal root having 2 as ith in the sense of bhava that is a state. So for example we have a verbal root stated in the dhatupatha as 2-way proof company, 2-way proof company that is to tremble. So here is a verbal root 2-way proof at the beginning of which appears a cluster 2 and at the end appears root. This root will be termed ith by 1.3.2 because this is stated to be a nasal and coming to this beginning 2 it will be stated it will be termed an ith by 1.3.5 adiri 2 davaha. So this is 2. This is ith. When we delete both these markers we get the verbal root vape to tremble. Then we add 1-3 by 3.389 we add the suffix athuch. Then chhe is marked as ith and it is deleted. So we get the form vaipathu the state of trembling. Now let us look at ith coming at the beginning of a verbal element which is termed as ith by 1.3.5. Do is once again made up of a cluster consonant dha and vabalu. Both these together are termed as ith by this sutra 1.3.5. The element which has do as ith in the initial position will be called now dhvith an element which has do as ith. This will qualify another verbal element which possesses this particular property namely dhvith. So dhatu will be called dhvith dhvith dhatu and this feature will be used to trigger certain grammatical operation for example 3.388. So what is 3.388? 3.388 is dhvitah ktrihi dhvitah ktrihi. What this means is add the suffix ktrihi and khe becomes ith by 1.3.8 we shall study this later on. So the suffix that is visible in the object language is 3 only. So add the suffix ktrihi after a verbal root having dhu ith in the sense of bhava that is a state. The example is dhukroi dhukroi karani dhukroi means to do. So what is dhukroi? Dhukroi has two ith elements one at the beginning and one at the end. This end here which is a consonant will be termed ith by 1.3.3 halantyam. Now coming to this dhu this entire dhu will be termed ith by this 1.3.5 adhiri e2 dhu e2 davaha. So this root is called dhvitah. So the verbal root we get is kru after removing the markers the iths dhu and here. Now we add the suffix 3 which is triggered by this dhu by 3388 and so we get the stage kru plus 3. So we remove the marker k over here and we get kru plus 3. So we get the word krutri the state of doing and by applying 4 4 20 we add this ma immediately after this krutri and so we get the word krutri ma krutri ma krutri ma means something generated by the state of doing. So you have to do something to generate that means artificial something that is not natural not as it is krutri ma is artificial. This is how the word krutri ma gets generated because the verbal root kru is dhvit so you add the suffix 3 and so you add the other suffix ma to it. So these are the examples of e2 and dhu clusters coming at the beginning of the verbal elements. Let us summarize what we have studied so far. So 1.3.5 adhiri into davaha this sutra assigns the technical term ith to not an individual sound but to a cluster consonant plus vowel thus it becomes a unique sutra in this set as no other sutra does this. Each and every other sutra in this set assigns the technical term ith to only an individual sound. This is the only sutra in this set which terms a cluster and ith. However, there are some more clusters which are not explicitly assigned the term ith in the text of astadhyayi. Such clusters however are assumed to be known and are used in the sutras in the astadhyayi. For example, ir, ir is a cluster which is made up of vowel e and consonant r is term ith and this term ith to ir is never explicitly stated in the astadhyayi that is paninyan grammar. But it is assumed by the sutra irito va 3.157 in the astadhyayi. Now the later commentators had to fill in this gap by adding a statement ira ith saudnya vachya. The technical term ith should be assigned to this entire cluster ir in order to justify this mention of panini irito va. This is how sutra 1.3.5 assigns the technical term ith to these clusters. We have studied the examples which show how the ith term applied to yeet to and do functions that is what does it bring about, what sutra was what grammatical operations it triggers and the final forms derived by such sutras. Let us now proceed to study the next sutra in the set which also assigns the technical term ith to a particular consonant single consonant at the beginning of a verbal element. The sutra is 1.3.6 which is shah pratyayasya. This sound this is to be pronounced as shah and not to be confused with shah or sir shah or sir this is not that this is shah shah pratyayasya. There are two words in the sutra one is shah and the other one is pratyayasya. shah is 1 slash 1 and pratyayasya is 6 slash 1. shah is 1 slash 1 of shah shah together with vavila however this stands for the sound shah which is a consonant for the sake of convenience the sound shah is mentioned together with a but this entire symbol stands for only this consonant shah and pratyayasya is 6 slash 1 of the word pratyayasya that is a suffix. This 6 slash 1 has the same meaning as it has in the object language namely off. So, the words continued in the previous from the previous sutra are upadeshe which is in 7 slash 1 ith and adihi from the previous sutra. So, the meaning of this sutra is upadeshe pratyayasya adihi shah ith saudnyasyaat meaning thereby that the sound shah at the beginning of a pratyayah in the initial enunciation is termed ith the sound shah at the beginning of a pratyayah in the initial enunciation is termed ith. So, now shah in the initial position in the upadeshe but not each and every verbal element which has shah at the beginning is termed as ith it is only the pratyayah at the beginning of which shah appears and then it can be termed as ith that is all. So, the domain is very limited now. Let us look at the example where shah is marked as ith. The example is 4117 and the sutra is pracham shphas taddhithah pracham shphaha taddhithah pracham is 6 3 of prach is 1 1 of shphah and taddhithah is 1 1 of taddhith words continued are pratyayah from 311 from 413 and yaya that is 5 slash 1 from the previous sutra 4116. So, now the meaning of this 4117 is a suffix shphah is added after a word ending in suffix yain in the sense of feminine and this suffix is called taddhithah this suffix shphah is called taddhithah. So, let us look at the word derived by applying this sutra. We start the derivation with the word garghar the name of a particular person a sage we add the suffix yain to it by 41105 and then we get the word form garghar. Garghar means a descendant of garghar the suffix yain has here at the end which is termed ith by 1.3.3 and then it is deleted. So, garghar plus yain by 41105 then this yain is termed as ith and deleted. So, you get garghar plus yain then you then this yain triggers the operation where this initial vowel is lengthened by 72115. So, you get the form garghar plus yain that is the next step then because of this yain this final a gets deleted. So, you get now garghar plus yain by 6418148 and so you get the form garghar meaning a descendant of garghar. What happens to this now we add the suffix by 4117. So, you have garghar plus yain this sure now at the beginning of a pratyaya will be termed as ith by this sutra and then it will be deleted by tasyalopah. So, you get now garghar plus p. Then we add the feminine suffix nish in which which sure comes at the end here we will not apply this sutra why because even though sure is there and finally it is a marker but it is coming at the end of the pratyaya whereas this sutra is stating the term ith to sure which comes only at the beginning of a pratyaya like here here it is coming at the end. So, the sure will not get ith saudhnya because of this sutra it will become ith by 133. So, now by applying 712 we will replace this initial consonant fer by yain and so we will get garghar plus yain plus nish. Then this gna initial will be termed as ith by 138 and sure will be termed as ith by 133 and there will be deleted and finally you will get garghar plus yain plus e and by applying 64148 we will have garghar plus yain plus e. So, you will get garghar plus yain plus e by applying 842 and finally we will get the form garghar yain a female descendant of garghar. So, let us not go into the details of all these meanings which will be explained later on right now for us what is important is spher is a suffix is a pratyaya at the beginning of which appears sure which is termed as ith by this sutra and this triggers the operation namely addition of the suffix nish by 4141 shitt gauradi bhyascha in which which shitt is used because this suffix is shitt having sure as it therefore this nish is added. Let us summarize what we said about 4117 is that spher is a pratyaya sure occurs at its beginning and therefore is termed ith by 136 and is deleted by 139. This pratyaya is then called shitt which triggers the operation stated by 4141 namely shitt gauradi bhyascha this 4141 adds the suffix nish and we get the form garghar yain to summarize what we have said so far what we have studied so far we can say that 1.3.5 and 6 both assign the technical term ith to word initial elements 1.3.5 assigns the term to a cluster c plus v consonant plus vowel and 1.3.6 assigns the technical term ith to the sound sure individual sound sure both these elements then trigger the grammatical operation they are used by panini to trigger certain grammatical operations then we shall study the remaining 2 sutras in the coming lecture thank you for your attention