 As you know, we are talking about the nuts and bolts of writing, so within this we've got an important topic, how to teach spelling. Spelling is taken as one of the challenging areas because of the irregularity of English spellings and because of the sound system. It causes some confusion to the second language learners, so we'll discuss what's the spelling and what's the spelling challenge and what activities or strategies you as second language teacher can imply at school, college or intermediate level. So one of the reasons why spelling causes confusion is the lack of spelling sound correspondence. For instance, if you look at the word on this slide through and through, so the sound is the similar identical and that's what it causes confusion. What we can do is to expose our students through reading to these types of irregular sounds or identical sounds and we can also teach our students, we can bring in activities, tasks in the classroom which focus on developing some rules of spelling and what exceptions are there. So for example, GH is mostly silent at the end of some of the words, so we can teach this exception to our students. Similarly if you look at believe versus conceive, so there is sort of irregularity between these two, although they sound the same but there is some irregularity believe versus conceive and of course there are some exceptions if you look at the word sees, veered, fishes, etc. So what we can do is make our students read shorter texts, follow the teachers, write down some of the exceptions, write down the rules, right. So we can also teach our students some of the homophones in English language, if we just look at the example through and through, so we can teach them what words sound identical and similarly there are pair of words which sound identical like sun, sun, too and so. So the best strategy is to expose them to such spellings, to teach them, so spellings overall when are taught appropriately to the students make the reading easy and another way is to expose them to affixes and prefixes because the more they are familiar with irregularity and exceptions and rules, the more they can become familiar with the spellings and the more they can become comfortable with the reading, so spelling is of course challenging and complex area and it should be incorporated into some of the stages of lesson, let's say once in a week or once in a month and because every student has different problems, may have different problems so we can focus on those students who lack proficiency in spelling and we can also pair some of the students who lack proficiency with those who do well in spelling, so this is how there are different strategies we can use to develop this spelling and one of the areas is to expose them to lot of reading.