 Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen, on behalf of the Institute of International and European Affairs, I'd like to welcome you to today's event on Cities and Climate Action Prospectors from Dublin and Maxxay. This event is co-organized by the Institute of International and European Affairs and the Embassy of France in Ireland. We will have opening remarks from the Ambassador of France in Ireland, His Excellency Vincent Guerrand. There will then be keynote remarks from the Lord Mayor of Dublin, Hazel Chu, and from the Deputy Mayor of Maxxay, Michel Rubirola. And I will then chair a discussion with the Mayor and the Deputy Mayor. After that, we will open up the event to questions from the floor. We expect to conclude by around 2pm Irish time. As the Deputy Mayor will be speaking in French, we are providing interpretation for today's event. One interpreter will translate from French to English, another from English to French. 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Thank you very much, David. I'm very pleased to be able to introduce today's discussion, entitled Cities and Climate Action Perspectives from Dublin and Marseille, co-organized by the Institute for International and European Affairs and the French Embassy in Ireland. Transforming lives while protecting the planet thus is the objective of the SDG 2030 agenda. During the zero carbon form held in Paris in December 2020, the mayors of major international cities signed the Paris Declaration. This document reiterates a major city's commitment to take concrete action in order to limit global warming to 1.5 degrees Celsius and to achieve carbon neutrality by 2050 at the latest. At a time when more than half of the world's population lives in cities, when climate change is accelerating, and when we are going through a global pandemic. I would like to express my deepest thanks to Mrs. Michelle Ruberlera, Deputy Mayor to the City of Marseille and Hazel Chu, Lord Mayor of Dublin. These are two committed environmentalists. And I would like to thank both of them for sharing their experience and their vision for more resilient and fair cities. And this for our fellow citizens. Marseille and Dublin, two ports facing the world, two cities with comparable population sizes where nature is truly at the city's doorstep, walking in the Calanque National Park, or on the hiking trails of the island of Hoth, gives us the same feelings of beauty and freedom and this at the doors of the city. And of course, we know that both of you are deeply committed to preserving and developing this environment and this extraordinary natural framework. It is therefore with a great deal of interest that I will follow this debate and I thank you for this. We're delighted to have with us as our guest today, Lord Mayor Dublin and the Deputy Mayor of Marseille. Hazel Chu was elected the 352nd Lord Mayor of Dublin in June of last year. She's the ninth woman to hold this office. She's a councillor of the Green Party and she has been chair of the party since 2019. Hazel Rubirola has been the Deputy Mayor of Marseille since December of last year. She was elected as Mayor in July of last year. She has been a member of the Green Party there since 2002. And she's had a particular focus on improving ecological sustainability and housing access in Marseille. I'm delighted to invite Lord Mayor Chu to speak to us first. Lord Mayor, you have the floor. Thank you, David. And thank you, Mr Ambassador and thank you to Madam Deputy Mayor and all the guests here today. So we're here to talk about our cities and how we're adapting in relation to climate change and the climate action that we are trying to enact while during COVID during this difficult period. So I guess from my part I'd like to take back a bit and look at the basics first of why globally we've acknowledged that the central role in responding to climate change and how it is down to our local governments to roll out these roles. But I think this is normally missed by a lot of people because a lot of people look at the national framework and go, well, once the climate bill is in or such climate action plan is in, then that's done. So I guess what we've noticed in the last decade is how such framework applies to local authority and why this is important because local governments rising to the challenge and taking action for the barriers and to understand what is needed is essential. And especially when we look at each of our cities and in particular in Dublin, Marseille that we're talking about in terms of our city. So a bit of context on on background for our local authorities. So the Irish government's national adaptation framework, which emerged from the climate action and low carbon Development Act 2015 past key national government departments with the development of the country, sexual adaptation, and under that what was required is that Ireland's local authority completed climate adaptation strategies in 2019. And these included Dublin, Cork, go away, Limerick, Waterford, and Dublin in itself then was split into four local authorities. This is just giving some context I guess to our audience who I'm looking at the list here, a lot of them are a lot more well first in this than I am. So, and this is why I think framing it in what we've done from a local authority perspective is very important, because we were tasked with this and we've responded to two different aspects of this. And what has happened in terms of from the DLA from the Dublin local authorities we call them the DLA's from the signatory of mayors to the response we've noticed that there has been a intense change, especially in the last 12 months. And I, my part of wanting to be part of this conversation was to hear those changes coming from Marseille as well because I've been watching those changes across Europe, be it from a nighttime economic perspective and how we reform the economy to the climate change to, sorry, depressing climate chaos that we have and the climate action that we need. And it's, it's, it's heartening to see that we are reacting to the crisis of COVID and we are reacting and planning in terms of COVID on a strategy for our European cities. For Dublin itself, so looking at the challenges, we know our challenges of coastal flooding, low temperatures, strong winds, high temperatures, low rain for all, and these extreme kind of weather different risk factors but our sea level on our coastal floodings are a huge risk to us and this is where I think it's been particularly good to see the great work done by Dublin City in terms of what we have done for for mitigating against the sea level risk. So DCC is actively working with neighborhood, neighboring local authorities to achieve a regional approach to flood resilience. The Dublin Bay's Sentinel Group has been successfully established and is working to address coastal flood risk and sea level rises in Dublin Bay. There are approximately 15 flood alleviation projects underway in the region along the river's Kama, Tolka, Daughter, Liffey, Puddle, Wad and Sanctuary and sorry, Madam Deputy Mayor I'm sure those names means nothing whatsoever to yourselves but I think to a lot of Dubliners here they would see it and they will understand the flood alleviations with the OPW is really vital in seeing how we manage to contain flood risk and in terms of then the projects, there's also the EU Floods Directive and Water Framework Directive as well. And specifically I guess to COVID, I know I'll be running short of time soon, but we will be going back to talk about flooding later on in this conversation and air pollutants, but I think one of the things I'm most proud of when it comes to COVID and it's hard to associate that word proud and COVID because it's a time of loss and grieving and suffering but there has been so much that we've done as a city in terms of sustainability in terms of fighting climate change. First and foremost, if you look at our COVID mobility. So it is proven back that through a nature report recently showed that the spread of COVID and transmission is at quicker rate during a city that is more polluted. And as such, trying to reduce our pollutants is essential. And one of our COVID modability aims apart from to provide safer sustainable transport across Dublin for everyone is also to reduce the dependency on cars and reduce emissions and provide better air quality overall. So what we have rolled out across the city for people who are unfamiliar is the mitigation of trying to keep people safe from providing segregated lanes by providing wider footpaths. I know this seems sounds very straightforward when you come from a European city that has all those facilities. But if you look at Dublin in February 2020. We didn't have a lot of desegregated lanes and sustainable modes of transport transport. It's been a modal shift in this year alone and this shift has provided all around better quality has provided more sustainable travel, but has provided a mind sorry, apologies, mindset shift among generations because what we saw in February 2020 was that a younger generation, a younger cohort was championing what we needed to do when it comes to climate change and climate action. And what we've seen during COVID was a lot of other generations come on board as well and to try to drive that change because they automatically can spot that the inequities of what COVID has produced in terms of societal issues and what climate climate issues have highlighted for years and years, and we've done nothing about. So the opportunity is there for us to do something and part of what we need to do and has been very clear for a while now is how we reform the planning as well as the city as well as looking at things like how we put in our climate action plan and we are the SDGs are integrated into the city council climate change action plan, but what we also need is a is a revision of how we plan and live in the city so that the city itself then becomes a more integrated inclusion inclusive city, but that benefits directly the climate emergency that we are trying to to change and affect and act on. And on that note I guess we will have further discussions on the various points about as I said flooding pollutants and not the SDGs, but I guess I'm, I'm at a point where I am hopeful. I know I get asked this a lot that with the amount of loss and deaths that we had this year how do people stay hopeful and how do we continue to fight this climate emergency when there's so much more at our door in light of COVID. And I would say is this is the time to act. We've been saying that for a while now that this is always the time to act, but with covert has brought the opportunity where people understand what loss truly means when people understand the urgency of when a pandemic is at your door and climate the climate issues and climate breakdown we have is that emergency that is voted into the pandemic that people also are starting to realize. So I think this is this is timely in so far, and I'm not calling covert timing before someone misquotes me and go, oh, she said covert with me what I'm saying is that this is our, our opportunity to step up in terms of leadership across all our cities around the world. Our European cities have have done so, but it's time that our own coalition partners and government as a whole need to understand this climate bill needs to be passed and needs to be the most ambitious that we've ever had in this state. So thank you. Thank you very much. Lord Mayor, thank you for those remarks. I must say I was particularly struck by the, the links you draw between the climate emergency and covert is a lot of food for thought there. And now I have great pleasure in turning to Michelle who is the deputy mayor of Marseille. Madame, the mayor, I want you to have the floor. Bonjour. Hi everyone. And first of all, I wanted to thank the ambassador for your to invite for inviting me, and I'm delighted to discuss with Mrs to the mayor of Dublin. And first of all, I wanted to say that a lot of what you said is the same for me I can see we share common values to thank you very much for your speech. And as an introduction, I wanted to tell you a bit more about my city, and my commitment as well. I don't know if some of you are aware. I don't know if you know Marseille or not but it's located on the Mediterranean Sea and it is the second biggest city in France in terms of population with over 240 square kilometers. And it's located twice as much as Paris in fact, and in fact the environment and the climate are exceptional with 38% of natural areas, 57% of coastal area and most importantly, 100 days of sun every year. I'm lucky because we can enjoy natural locations. You mentioned it in your introduction. You mentioned the partner to have the calong and it's true that I am aware that they are world famous. Marseille is also the oldest city in France, the architecture the current structure and the population reflect more than 2600 years of history. Marseille is a city that welcome people and where there's a lot of immigration from the Mediterranean as well and over time it builds a strong identity. It benefits from a multicultural culture around 111 villages and it's specific because it's got no such because there are hills around as well as the sea. The city cannot actually spread. To summarize, I would say that Marseille is a city that is turned towards the sea. It's a link between Europe, the southern Mediterranean and Africa, and has a great historical wealth. It's very dynamic, economically speaking, and with exceptional natural location. I love the city and these people. This is the reason why I committed. In fact, I committed as a woman as a doctor, and I want to fight for eco friendly and solidarity values to face the various numerous challenges in Marseille. You've heard about education and housing that are a priority for us and because it's a very difficult area and but these priorities do not mean that we do not want to build a city that would be greener, more sustainable and fairer why fairer, because Marseille has been suffering for a very long time, too long in fact about inequalities in the territories between the northern part of the city, where there is no coastal area, or it's basically dedicated to the port, the harbor. And it also suffers this northern area from pollution due to the ships, the boats. And there's wealthier areas in the south with about 20 beaches and with traditional harbors fishing harbors and our will is to reconcile this territory so that inhabitants from the north and the north and the south have access to the same opportunities, same public services and the sea and all they can benefit from. So as you understand, I said I committed as a doctor and obviously health and especially for the weakest population is at the heart of my concern and I want to create a link between exposure to pollution and sanitary consequences on the population and this is more frequent in the north, obviously. I also want to create a link with the social and environmental challenges that you already mentioned, Ms. You have to face climate, climate change and reduce our dependency on our energies and obviously reduce as much as possible the impact on biodiversity, as well as improving the quality of the marine life and how can we do that well, obviously, the means might not be as great as in the north of Europe but how can we use technological solutions in particular we have to find a balance between technological creative technological solutions that are very costly and preventive solution based on obviously incentives for changes in behavior so we have to reinforce renewable energies and also the energy savings the best energy is the energy you do not use so we have to push inhabitants to reduce their use of polluting transport modes and develop public transport, safe cycling paths but also have to review our urban organization to reduce travelling needs. So I mentioned I have 111 villages and in fact we have different districts and this means we can have this functional mix and establish a better balance to recreate social links as well. What we have to do is support the population in reducing their energy consumption for heating and cooling by renovating houses and buildings, but also by leaving outdoors with trees even when it's very hot outside and adopting local resources for thermal extinguishes to cool and heat buildings and lastly something that cities have been tackling recently whereas for me it's a major environmental crisis in the United States as well as sanitary and social that is in fact overlapping with the numerous skills of the cities that is to say sustainable food, promoting healthy food habits that are balanced local and obviously make them accessible to all. So it requires not that many technologies and investments at all but obviously it goes against the practices that have been developed over the past decades by the agri-food industry and this is what we saw in fact with the pandemics and the lockdown in fact the lockdown showed it was necessary to go more local for sourcing resources especially for food resources. So obviously to implement such type of solutions and complementary you have to involve all stakeholders, local authorities, companies, associations, researchers so that there will be stakeholders in the transformation of our cities and territorial innovation and co-building of this future city in which each one of us will be aware that their well-being is related to others and that on the one hand you have to benefit that obviously you are losing on the other side. So collective mobilization from all stakeholders around the project that is shared is more efficient than political constraints. She shouldn't impose things on people, you have to make sure that they are involved in this change and this is what I wanted to do in Marseille, put human beings at the heart of the process and to avoid losing people. Thank you very much for that fascinating account of how Marseille is tackling the big challenges of climate change and other sustainability challenges. Thank you very much indeed. I'd now like to open our short discussion among ourselves before we turn to the questions from the audience. An initial question which relates to the Sustainable Development Goals, as it happens I have a personal connection with the SDGs, when I was Ireland's ambassador to the UN a few years ago, it fell to me to co-chair the negotiations with my Kenyan colleague which led to the adoption of the SDGs so I follow their progress with great interest. One of the goals SDG 11 pledges to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. If I may, I'd like to ask each of you how you have incorporated this goal into the frameworks for governing your respective cities. Hazel Lord Mayor, could I perhaps begin with you to describe how Dublin is faring in that respect. So thanks David and thank you Madam Mayor for I think you highlighted there a lot of what we are doing similar but that there's a lot of learnings as well from each European city to the next but that the aspiration is there. So that's absolutely brilliant to hear. For me, it's not even for me, for Dublin City Council the SDGs are integrated into the Climate Change Action Plan 2019 to 2024 and the Corporate Plan for the Council as well and will be forecoming in our development plan so we've kicked up a new iteration of the City Development Plan from 2022 to 2028. So specifically on our Climate Action Climate Change Action Plan, it's making Dublin a climate resilient city is a key target. But in terms of integration and what you said there David on how it affects community on the ground level and that it's true every aspect of what we do. There's also a separate integration plan and inclusion plan for Dublin as well. That's part of our public sector usually so so in terms of what you stated there on how a city works in terms of integration in terms of building that resilient community. I'm sorry it's already embedded in in a or public sector duty but be in a plan that we're developing actually I'm one of the people that are leading the plan with our integration office as well and what we've noticed this comes back to to the inequities we see in society that COVID has highlighted those inequities and this is something we're trying to make sure that we fix and it's not building back better because building back better in first that their back was good as in what was before was good when what COVID has highlighted is that there are huge issues that we need to build forward for and climate action being embedded in those. Thank you very much for that. Madam Deputy Mayor, could I ask you to describe the Marseille perspective. Thank you very much for giving me the floor well first what I wanted to say is that just after we joined I declare that must say was in an emergency state from a climate point of view because we are exposed to climate change and to pollution as Mrs. We have a lot of crisis where a social environmental economic and the sanitary crisis that we've been through is a reminder of that and Marseille in fact just like the whole area around the Mediterranean. There is a specific ecosystem that is very vulnerable so there was an emergency to take action this is why we decided to build a roadmap an ambitious roadmap in fact that will select the major stretching projects that combine technical solutions and solutions based on nature changes and participation as well and our strategy that is focused towards the ecological transition will tackle refit and energy reduction as I said in my introduction and Marseille has got a lot of sun for example and a lot of wind as well as it's the case today so we can use renewable energy and our strategy is also based on fighting against pollution as you said Mrs. You mentioned the link between the development of the city and air pollution so we'll try to reduce as much as possible as I was saying before and car transports in particular. And we will also will also have a common issue that is to say the port activity. It represents more than 40% of the pollution the air pollution in our area so we have to briefing tourism and focus it on more local type of tourism. And that is more beneficial to inhabitants in Marseille Marseille if you know it is a city that is. full of trees and we shouldn't forget that so we tend to forget that one of the major risks is in fact the heatwaves I mean people might die from heat so I mean the trees are actually essentially it's the only way we can fight cancels and heatwaves in the future so to cool down the city is in fact we notice that the difference if you next to a park or if you're in the middle of the building so there's about 60 degrees difference so it's actually a major issue. We also want to want to make sure that the grounds can be renovated to prevent flooding you mentioned it as well and we want to reduce the temperature in grounds I mean like in yards and in primary schools in fact in the whole CDs we have schools everywhere and for schools in fact we want to turn them into coolness islands if you wish so putting putting trees and making sure that the grounds can absorb the rainfall and we also want to think of the use of fishing in the city Marseille is a pioneer in terms of artificial reefs and. We have marine biodiversity which is quite unique and we want to fight industrial fishing and want to develop other types of participative fishing and we also have we also want to protect places. In the cities. With major biodiversity that is essential so we want to bring a bit of wildness in the city basically and leave spaces free from any kind of human activity, we also want to start a revolution in terms of agriculture as well. By dedicating some of it to local consumption based on short loops to also feed restaurants and schools and content it will not be enough but it will contribute to it. And we also believe that having a common gardens for example it's very important because we said we have to push people to change their behaviors and I think the more we create. shared gardens for example, and the more we bring people to garden together and if they can understand the benefits from and they can feel with their hands in the in the earth you know, and they can see their vegetable grow at this will actually change their behaviors for good. And so in kids in particular will be in contact. Of nature, and this can really make a difference so we want to put gardens in schools as well to raise awareness. Especially with the new generation to new consumption practices in a nutshell, as you can see, obviously we want to place this revolution everywhere and. We also have to could design this approach with the inhabitants and for the inhabitants. I turn now to the issue of air pollution, which we've touched on a little bit. It's a good example of overlap between public health and environmental concerns. This is particularly so at the present time with the huge challenge posed by the pandemic. Do your cities have a strategy for addressing issues around urban air quality isn't could I begin with you please. Absolutely David. We do. So I think we've spotted a long time ago on on how we needed to reduce pollutants and how we had to provide our citizens we were obliged to provide our citizens a better quality of life and air quality is part of that. So we are a signature of the who read life campaign. So, and we are part of our goals in the environmental strategic policy committee, which we have is air quality and air quality subcommittee is within that. So under the guidance of who we've also understood that data is essential in understanding how air quality works, not works but how we can improve it. And what are our main points of combat because you can try to tackle a strategy with the whole of the city or you can pinpoint. Well, which are your areas that has the most air pollutants. So, under, under that we decided to set up different areas with air monitoring and the city ports is one of the main ones, the so which the port itself we put in ambient sensors there to understand what the air quality was. So, and to monitor. It's a multi pollutant air monitoring station. It's actually quite state of the art. So, and prior to that, prior to 2019, our main data was true the EPA, the environmental protection agency, and what we want now what we've tried to separate now is to intend to put in further stations around Dublin so there is plans to put in eight further monitoring air monitoring stations there is also to the smart cities program and I can talk a lot about this because it's in the works but it's a very exciting program to look at real time simulation of data. And from that then we can understand what are they the controls that need to be put into place because there is an air pollution act of in 1987. So to regulate monitor illegal burning and excessive emissions so but once we know where, where the hotspots are we can also understand what is the country contribute factors because a lot of it could be. We can look at it, the mode of transport that ones takes or the heavy areas and how do then us as a city, make sure that we, we try to mitigate against that. And that then brings in the point I brought in about coven mobility how true coven mobility and the reforming division of transport and looking at more sustainable transport options, we've been able to reduce pollutants that way by providing cycle routes increase parking lot facilities. That's even before COVID, and make sure that our heavy goods vehicles don't come into the city center. So the banning of HD fees, and also the in implementation of quality bus corridors, and when we look at the new bus connects program that will be rolling down the city in the years to come that again is to help that mode of shift shift to make sure that people take public transport more up for more sustainable travel so that to reduce car usage and reduce pollutants. So, there's also overall greening strategies as well to improve neighborhoods because your biodiversity your increase in in the city will offset as well. So, and that we've seen an increase with as we've noted a covert with with a lot of our communities actually coming together more, because people now are within their communities more they're, they're not, they're less so within the city or the city is completely empty and what you've noticed in the city is that it's a bit of a donut with a hole as I call it where everything is more in the periphery and the center is empty. So now, which the next iteration of the development plans we want to make sure we fill that hole but in the meantime, we also want to make sure we support our urban villages and our local communities to make sure that they, they are part of the dashes when it comes to improving air quality. So, so we do it from the council level from and also we do it from the community level, but I think that's what we we looked at we needed, we looked at the need that it has to be tackled from every sector, rather than just from the management Thank you very much. Can I ask Deputy Lord Mayor, Deputy Mayor Marseille to indicate how Marseille is approaching the issue of air pollution. Thank you of course I'd be happy to take that question. So regarding the way we mitigate air pollution in Marseille. We leverage experimentation tools and ways of reinforcing soft mobility that, for example, deploying more cycling paths and also having better management of cruise ships. And we also have low carbon emissions zones that have been implemented. And these areas, low emission areas. Well, sometimes it can have an impact on underprivileged people, but we also want to have limited traffic areas. This is important in order to really preserve the villages that I referred to earlier and to preserve the access to the beautiful So the way our region is structured it hasn't really been modified for a very long time. And so we need to have a forward looking approach. So not just about repairing what happened in the past but also truly to prepare ourselves for the future. Marseille is made up of numerous villages going from north to south. So traffic was created so that all the villages would converge in the city of Marseille the port area, but there's no connection between all these little villages and we need to try to rethink that. So as a Mediterranean city and as a member of the European Union, of course, in 2022, we will be ranked in the ICAD zone, and so there will be control of sulfur emissions. Marseille is also located towards the FOS area, the industrial catchment area and so people from Marseille do also suffer from emissions from FOS-sur-Mer, which is an industrial area. So we need to focus on that because it's located just about 10 kilometers from Marseille. And we need to implement social justice. So above and beyond my ecological mindset, that's what really motivates me to fight against air pollution because the poorest inhabitants often live in the areas that are most exposed to air pollution and so we need to help them. I have a question about port cities, both Marseille and Dublin as we know are port cities, and the rise in sea levels and extreme weather events call for adaptation measures in such cities across the world. How do you think we can strengthen the resilience of port cities? Can I ask Keisel to comment on that from the Dublin perspective? Well, I think the resilience of port cities is to, well, A, so we need to strengthen kind of the, well, we need to mitigate against the rising sea levels and have the flood defenses in and make sure we have that strategy. Again, back to when we were talking about the various flood defense that we were looking into, but also monitoring and early warning signs is essential when we're looking at strengthening the resilience because our resilience is to make sure that there is, well, the port city is there so I think ultimately to put it quite bluntly. So how do we protect what is there because, well, Dublin Bay, some of you may not know but it is a UNESCO biosphere so it's to make sure we preserve the nature part to make sure that we have the defense part as well because the data shows very clearly that the sea level rises 3 to 4 millimeters per year globally and our on average rise in Dublin Bay is around 6 to 7 millimeters so that's quite a lot from 2016. And what DCC has been looking at is the projects to build the defenses. So to build that resilience on ground while protecting the biosphere itself. So I talked about the central group, I talked about kind of OPW framework previously but there's also the climate proofing of projects that's going on on the ground as well. There's a lot that when it comes to the communities on ground there's a lot when we look at the smart cities program. The smart cities program is working with academia and private sector to innovate around flooding. So deploying low cost sensors, no cost network of sensors to monitor rainfall and water levels. And in the last two years the project called, I'm trying to remember, upper-random. So we'll deliver tools and methods to demonstrate kind of how we have solutions based on hydro meteorological risks. So these are things that we're investing in to show, to not show, but to provide defenses and there's an overall flood defense strategy that is being applied as well, but back to the early warning. I think there also needs to be the resilience is built on knowing that when something is coming and how to protect against that as well. And the Trident and Tidework are two early warning systems in Dublin Bay that use sensors to provide for real time. And this is something that the DCC staff have looked to work towards. What I'm getting at is to build that resilience is going to be hard, getting harder and harder as our sea level increases. But the work we're doing right now is in terms of providing defense and monitoring early warning. And there needs to be, I would first say that there needs to be perhaps looking at overseas, what has other cities done in terms of these strategies to build more capability, because my fear will be us leaving it too late and adopting these strategies as something as we think is what we can do right now. But there's also a future projection of what we can do in the future to make sure that we continue to have the sport city. Thank you very much. Madam Deputy Mayor, could I ask you what Marseille is doing to strengthen the resilience of of its port I know you've touched on this a little bit but if you'd like to develop that theme that would be great. So regarding the effects of climate change on our coastal area. Well, Marseille means due to our topography we are more concerned about an increase in temperatures rather than an increase in the sea level. Therefore, we need to have international coordination in order to take up these challenges. Because if Marseille has virtuous action but other if other cities and along the Mediterranean rim don't do this, then it will make it difficult for us to achieve our objectives. We share common problems. And this, the solutions must be borderless as well. Regarding sea level mitigation. So what we're going to do is try to have withdrawal from the coastal areas rather than continue to build up those coastal areas, the increase in sea level can make flooding risks, much greater due to storms. In Marseille we have a structural problem whereby after strong rain. The water in the sea means that people can't go swimming. I talked about another issue in the city there's a lot of waste. A lot of waste comes into the sometimes comes into the sea water and so this dirty water that is full of waste goes into the sea, which is why we need to really focus on the issue of waste. In addition, we need to improve the sea that the rain drainage system as well as wastewater drainage systems. So the oceans, the coastlines the fawn on the floor need to be protected for future generations and that's why we're turning to future generations. We have implemented good measures in order to improve participation in the park national decalant decalant and to enhance biodiversity. And this involves scientists state services as well as the youth. In fact, school children are invited to sponsor artificial. Cliffs, and they can do this. They can sponsor these reefs by and work with scientific divers and doing so. So the World Congress for Nature should take place in Marseille next September. And I would like to extend a warm invitation to Mrs. Chu to this event. And we are hopeful that our method can inspire other regions in the world, in which an overly centralized management of nature may have a negative impact on local development, a local development that is responsible and that will guarantee the conservation of resources. And of course we also hope to learn from best practices from other managers. I have a couple of questions posed by our audience. First of all, there's one which in a way touches on something Hazel that you mentioned a moment ago about how people nowadays under the pandemic are living more and more in their communities. And that is, we've been asked to stay in our neighborhoods since the pandemic broke out and many of us have become re acquainted with our local environments and have taken a renewed interest in their well-being. I noticed a change in the citizen awareness of an engagement with sustainable initiatives since the pandemic began. Could I put that one to you first, Hazel? Yeah, absolutely. There has been like, I look at groups. There's a group called pocket forest, which is again a community led project by by a resident of 2008 and a friend of hers and they've been going around trying to plant, trying to find the areas to plant trees. There have been local DIY projects, which is to grow it yourself projects as well. And there's actually, what is heartening is to see kids more bought into, not even bought in, more kind of driving the challenge on making sure there's zero waste, making sure that there's recycling of, of, or produces and this is something that they've, they've been trying to drive from home because there's been a lot of being a home and consumption at home and I think people have started to realize the waste that gets generated in the home as well. So it's great to see, and I've seen a true various online communities that people are driving it and it's normally the younger generation. And there is a real spirit of community there. But then I've noticed another question from one of your questions popping up is that has there been any inequity as well in terms of communities. So far, talking of, of pollutions, is it that a certain more affluent communities will will will have less pollution and, and face a climate crisis less. They will face the same challenges, but they will face challenges in different degrees in so far. We have always noticed the division between those who are vulnerable and don't have the means and those who do have the means and we've noticed true covert and true climate crisis that it is the most vulnerable that gets affected the worst it is so how do we make sure that within our city. So I've been using the phrase a lot called, it cannot be postcode lottery. So, so it cannot be that you live in a certain area that you are then left behind and when we look at how we fight climate, the climate crisis, we need to make sure that we are aligned to, to be fair on all that we are all who we are trying to, to work for and protecting in this community in this society. Thank you very much. And turning to the Deputy Mayor of Marseille. Obviously we have on the one hand countries struggling with economic and social challenges indeed tensions of various kinds these have been made worse by the pandemic and on the other hand, there is the climate emergency, which you are asking citizens to address. So how do you reconcile those two. And in the way it does touch on the issues around social justice that Hazel just referred to. I'm delighted that I can answer this question because I wanted to say that obviously ecology is also related to the social aspects so obviously social justice is a key aspects for us as well. Obviously we try to fight against climate change and obviously we need everybody, even the we cast, and so that everybody's life is easier and in fact, this pandemic showed how important that was and go back to what was said before. Relocating was important was important as well and eating local food and trees everywhere in all neighborhoods in Marseille. In all areas you should be able to have access to other types of mobility as well and this was highlighted by the pandemic so obviously this can be a key social and political aspects as well for sustainability and social justice. Obviously we fight for the inhabitants and their challenges as well. But what do they want basically Marseille, they want to be able to pay their energy bills and the answer to reduce those bills is being eco friendly with thermal refit, because it's not because obviously you have 100% renewable energy that your bill will go down. So it's only to do with refurbishing housing for inhabitants and currently, I mean, these are not efficient at all so obviously they're too hot in summer too cold in winter. So we really have to have a major refurbishment program for housing especially for the poorest population. So and this is a relative to health as well and healthy food for everyone, not only for the wealthiest Marseille so in order to have that you have to obviously go local in Marseille. You have to develop partnerships with and shared gardens as I mentioned before, and we want people to spend more time with their children as well so improved public transports on the whole territory of Marseille. I mean, the poorest population and living in the north shouldn't have to be on public transport for an hour and a half to go to the beach in the size of the city so this is what we want to do. So we want to breathe cleaner air and this is for us to reduce air pollution, asking, obviously the, the cruise companies in particular to improve their cabin footprint so, and it's related to employment as well as for us as well to guide them towards this transition This is why we want in Marseille to implement a dedicated space to that we will call the city of the transition with three sectors research, economic players and training as well. So that the younger generation can be trying to future jobs and we'll see that they will not be social justice related college and vice versa because obviously this is this means that we have to share resources this means that we have to better regulate and we have to have a systemic approach that does not exclude anyone at all. And as a conclusion, I would say that regarding this systemic approach and this change in behavior that we have to trigger is just to say that when you tackle issues in a global way you will find global solutions that are satisfactory for all the objectives and all the population. The way bills on on everything that you have both been saying Dublin and must say are both European cities that both in the they are within countries who belong to the European Union. What role do you think cities like Dublin and must say can play in realizing the goals of the European Green Deal. Could I ask you Hazel for your response to that. I think leadership, like, like, and that's what that's the role. So the role is is to lead in the area and to show our partners that this is what we need to do. This is the change we need to drive. And I'm, I'm very heartened to hear the Madame Deputy Mayor's words today because I think there is a real leadership that's being driven and we need to be the ones that drive it I know every city looks at that and go oh, we'll wait until so and so doesn't next door or we'll wait to see what they do and but I think every city needs to lead in in in their own to show that this can be done and whatever way they do it may be different to their to their neighbors but that it can be done and that feeds into overall being ambitious towards the European Green Deal and understanding that this isn't something that that is that that isn't I want it is very much a necessity that we need to drive this change. Thank you very much. And Madame Deputy Mayor you have the word the last word. What can I say well obviously we will strive to lead as many projects as possible for the energy transition, and we really want to try and solve as many issues as possible because for us, I mean we have this objective to reach the optimal balance between conditions and life comfort and obviously the pressure on natural resources. That's all. So what we want for us is to put human beings at the heart of the approach and have a vision that's focused on human beings rather than new technologies or is to fight climate change. That brings us to an end for with today's discussion. I think it's been very rich and stimulating and has opened up new horizons for cooperation I think between cities like Dublin and Maxi. I'd like to thank our two guest speakers very very very warmly on behalf of the IAEA and indeed the French Embassy. I thank the audience for their very active participation and the interest in these very challenging issues. With that, goodbye to everybody to our French friends and thank you once again for contributing to this event. Thank you very much.