 William Ramsey, you are a former director of the International Energy Agency and I think now a professor at Sciences Po in Paris Now in your speciality overseas energy. What do you see as the short to medium? perspective For climate change for combating climate change a short to medium perspective Well, the short to short perspectives being acted out in Lima right now or a hundred and I don't know How many countries in 10,000 delegates are trying to find common cause? I'm not particularly optimistic that one can do that in that kind of a form I think if the political commitment is there by the countries which we saw when Xi Jinping and Obama agreed on some some some serious objectives The political will is there we can find solutions technology is there We know the technology paths. We know some of what has to happen in the industry But if we don't have the political will behind it, we can't convince our congresses our diets and our dumas to do the right things So medium term let's say five to ten years Do we get to a point where? It becomes even more Economically and technologically difficult Or does it is it the political problem that every moment that passes? It's getting more expensive and more difficult politically If in ten years, we haven't identified a path forward and if we haven't engaged that path forward We're going to be well behind the eight ball and we'll pay the consequences later in time And as the client scientists are increasingly concerned of these Modellings that we've been doing about the future these sort of linear models are probably Exponential models and things are moving faster than we thought at Arctic ice and things like that So we don't have a lot of time to fool around If you think that we only really had a 2,000 gig a ton carbon budget From 1900 and we've already expanded half of that and the other half will be gone in the next 15 years We'd better hurry Final question. Which country has to move the most? Is it China's every because of a growing consumption and also the reliance on coal? I Wouldn't put I wouldn't put a disproportionate burden on every country. They're all gonna have trouble meeting their objectives They're all different challenges in different places. The Chinese, of course, have got to meet their growth objectives They depend on coal if we don't find a way to use coal more effectively with carbon capture and storage and efficiency Then we're gonna have to have many more renewables renewables are expensive. That's a burden on economies Braid payers So every country's gonna have its challenges and we'll have to go about it their own way William Ramsey, thank you very much indeed. My pleasure