 Biology is implemented by organic chemistry, and the molecules it uses are encoded into the organism's DNA. So this molecule on the screen here is a ribosome molecule, and each one of these little knobs represents an atom. And so it has thousands of atoms all aligned very closely to create a molecule that has a very specific function, one that catalyzes, in this case, the translation of a messenger RNA into a protein. So this is what makes the proteins that then make up the enzymes, like the ribosome itself. So the recipe is written within DNA, and somehow we have to get from the spiral nucleic acids represented by the DNA all the way to an enzyme. And so the first thing that happens is that there is another enzyme that attaches to a gene on the DNA, and there's a stark codon on the gene, and there'll be some distance until you get to a stock codon, and there are just basically signals in the DNA itself, and this enzyme basically moves along the DNA, and as it moves along the DNA, it creates what we call a messenger RNA molecule, or mRNA. So eventually the enzyme, basically we call this part transcribes, the DNA creating this messenger RNA. And the difference between DNA and RNA, they both are composed of nucleic acids that code for specific things. The DNA is a very stable version, and the messenger RNA is a reactive version. So what we go from is the stable recipe that is really good for reducing mutations and for saving the information on how to create the molecules necessary for cells from one organism down to the next. The messenger RNA is quite reactive, and it doesn't actually last particularly long in the cell. So eventually once the enzyme here gets to the stock codon, the messenger RNA is created, and that messenger RNA floats away from the site. So eventually that messenger RNA reaches my version of the ribosome, and we have a second type of RNA that actually consists of a little molecule with an amino acid on the end and three little codes. So the DNA and the RNA are composed of nucleic acids that represent three different letters. And as the messenger RNA goes into the ribosome, the ribosome captures these transport or tRNA molecules. It basically matches the tRNA types with different amino acids on each one to the three letters in the messenger RNA. And for each three letters in the messenger RNA, another amino acid is added. I'm going to change my amino acids to being red so they show up. So what happens is that the tRNA brings in the amino acid, it matches it to the RNA, and it adds that amino acid to the next chain. So we get this protein. That protein that consists of the translated recipe and it will actually start folding depending on the charge and the stiffness, and it will actually create an enzyme. So there are lots of things that actually happen in this process and lots of names of molecules because each one of these of course has a name. But the key parts that I want you to remember here is that we go from the DNA, which is inherited from parent to offspring. The DNA is translated into messenger RNA, and then the messenger RNA is translated into the proteins that make up the enzymes. And then the enzymes perform different types of functions in the cell. So this is how we go from basically the memory to the function.