 So three very different themes, three very different presentations. So now we have time for questions. So let's open the floor. I had a question on the, actually the last slide of Sankar, but that relates to first slide of Mike, the National Water Data Gaps. I don't know if that slide can be turned on, yes. It's actually a question to both of you and maybe to the whole floor. I don't have enough knowledge on the geologic layer underneath, but is it that, is it, it looks like we are monitoring only where we are extensively drawing groundwork from. We are not really monitoring the other areas. Is there a particular reason for this? If you dig through this, if you dig through the data portal, which I was just doing this morning, these are by, all of these are by aquifer. So you'll see there's a density of stations on a specific aquifer that was given money to invest in wells in some cases, or the state was interested. You can see New Jersey very clearly, they had some investment, or they had some method of getting that data together. Each of these networks has to pay for themselves in some way. So they have some purpose, I like to talk about purpose of network. You have your data that you need collected in this way, but that's not what you get. You have to take what you get. You have to take what you're given in some cases, and be able to adapt or adjust your metrics to accommodate what's available. So. All right. Anyone else? The question for Helen, I've heard that there's some type of institute microbial sensors that are being developed now. Can you say something about that? It depends on what you want to find out. Because if you want, like sort tracking, for example, you know, then you will need something like a genome sequencing, yes. So that takes time, but that's actually a very powerful tune. Because for example, you know, now CDC can track food, bone, outbreak, what farm it comes from. Or like, you know, our colleagues in public health know where Ebola comes from. So it could be done for groundwater too. If you just want to know whether or not you have like a specific type of bacteria or pathogen, like salmonella, or E. coli or something like that, you know, then now people in sensor development, they can develop paper based type of sensor or with your cell phone, you know, now, you no longer need to have like a microscope or PC or offside. You can actually do it on film. It's not green time yet. And so I have a I am working with a colleague who tried to make that device to about like ten dollars a piece together with your smartphone. So just a couple of questions. Is one I guess fracking is now starting to become a very big thing. So how would that have the overall implications on water quality? And so aquifer storage and recovery when you're taking those flooded areas and pumping it back into the groundwater so you kind of don't know what's in that. How is that actually done and what's the implications? I'll I'll I'll take a stab. I just the overview of it fracking in some ways, just as a it's a it becomes a highway in the soil. So it's a fracture that that shortens your residency times. A lot of times we use ground the ground as a filter. And so you're you're bypassing that filter with fracking. So just you get into the the realm of chaos theory and chaos mapping and because fractals and fractures, they have the same base for a reason. They're unpredictable yet oddly predictable. Most of the fracking actually is occurring at very, very deep depths where it's not going to affect groundwater aquifers directly. When you dispose of water that is brought up after fracking operations, even that that's occurring even deeper than the actual fracking in many cases. It causes induced seismicity in places like Oklahoma that we are hearing about a lot. The greater challenge of contamination occurs from handling those waters near the surface in holding ponds and things like that. And that is, you know, that's certainly a risk to groundwater resources. But the other risks are less than most people would imagine. To add to that, at least some of the incidents of contamination in Pennsylvania are related to poorly installed wells and well boards rather than actually coming from the fracking. So we don't we don't ultimately know if we're increasing the permeability of confining units. That's still an open question. But it's it I would agree with Hari that it's it's these are pretty deep operations. And it's it's more likely that it's due to improper well development and leakage along along well bores than directly coming up from shales. Holly, I had a quick question to Helen. Helen, I was very intrigued by that. Figure on rotavirus movement to groundwater. Is that based on US groundwater data? And also, if you have done any studies in the developing world on this, or do you expect similar similar behavior? So rotavirus infection is basically everywhere, but it hit other countries a lot harder compared to the US. So it's so the study, we look at it at micro square. So we try to explain why rotavirus is very mobile in subsurface environment. Rotavirus on the problem with rotavirus is that it infects many animals. So you have pigs infected with rotavirus. We have cows, you have sheep and whatever infected in rotavirus. And rotavirus is trying to OK, not to get into too much genome stuff. So it's it's very easy to change to mutate. So you can imagine that if either you or an animal get infected by two different types of rotavirus, a human virus and an animal virus. And what virus coming out could have a hybrid characteristic of both human and an animal. And we found that a big rotavirus is a lot more persistent in the environment compared to a human rotavirus. So that another issue that is very important because of the zoonotic, you know, root of infections. Anyone else? So I really like the last presentation you mentioned about the total water with Joe but you also mentioned the water use efficiency and water consumption. So I think it's very important to like even though with the same amount of water with Joe and with a different irrigation method, like the flood irrigation or drip irrigation, the water consumption is different. So it will change the impacts on the whole water cycle. Like it will change the impacts on infiltration or ET. So like it's really the direction we are moving for the traditional water resources management because the traditional water resources management is really like focused on water with Joe rather than water consumption. So right now we are the example you are mentioned in China in that in that area, we actually have a project over there. So we are focusing on how the water consumption like the changes of the irrigation method really will impact the whole water supply over there. So, yeah, I plan to talk to you more. You're just getting started on that one. And the issue is, again, you know, need to look at to the they did the water use data in China is very rich. I mean, every year they do collect each province and it's reported even at the district level. And the question is obviously, you know, like, for example, the 2011 report I mentioned here, it gives some sort of guidance in terms of where to look for and what is the quality we are getting. And the same thing applies in the case of China too. And so, I mean, luckily I have a faculty from China Institute of hydropower and water resources. So naturally she has access to most of this data, not in digital form, but in, you know, as a printer document. So it's a challenge. But on the other hand, you know, in two big countries, you know, you are looking at the water use here in a longer time scale. All right. So I think we're going to close this session. And the next step is coffee.