 Hi everyone. Can you hear me? Okay. So today I will speak for something we are working last six months and this is how to implement open source hardware for smart cities. My name is Zetan Uzunov. I am owner of Olimax. Olimax is a small company in Bulgaria. We do electronic design, some different productions and all products are designed and manufactured in Bulgaria. I have to say this because often people ask us do you produce in China? I think this is a compliment. So it means we are so efficient that people cannot believe it can be produced outside China. But we do produce in Bulgaria. And we have some Linux computers, IoT solutions and many of our products are with open source license and this doesn't make problems to our business at all. So what is smart city? A lot of people have different concepts for smart city but what I think is the definition which is more proper is this is city where do you have a lot of sensors which measure different kinds of things and then send them by network to some remote computer and then you can make different application which to collect the sensor data to process it somehow and to make some kind of interaction with the other infrastructure so called smart solutions. And here I just list just few of the possible applications which can be done. First all the utility mattering like electricity, gas, water, they first use the IoT and these concepts with the many sensors and collection the data. Another interesting, very interesting project is the park management. Just imagine you go to someone known city and you are looking for parking spot. The locals know where to park but you are in a foreign city and if for instance every parking spot has sensor which says if there is a car above the sensor or not it can report this information to a server and you can make a small up on your telephone, you open the map, it sends your GPS coordinates and see on the map where is closest free parking spots. It will be useful. You will not make circles to try to find some free spot, you just go there when you know that this parking spot is empty. Environmental monitoring is another field where the IoT and smart city solutions can be done. This is you can measure the temperature, humidity, air pressure, CO2, a lot of different things including if there is a water flooding or fires for instance even not in the city but in the mountains, in the woods. The waste management is where a lot of savings can be done because what they do now is every week a car passed by and collect the waste bins but what if they are not full? Why should they go or what if these waste bins are full earlier than one week? So a lot of optimization can be done and it is to save the taxpayers money. Street lighting is the same. For the moment there is no automation in most of the city, they just start the lighting given our end of the lighting at another given hour but what happens if nobody is on the streets, why they have to light on all the time or what happens if some light bulbs are for replacement? It's not possible for people to come around to all the streets and look at this work or not. Just in Plovdia we have 80,000 street lamps, 80,000. Public transport monitoring is another subject where this sensor technology can work pretty well or traffic monitoring and information display which to tell you there is a jam, traffic jam on this and this street, take left or take right. So we see that to implement this smart solution we need networking and one of the traditional networking is Wi-Fi. We already know that it's easy to install, it's low cost, allow fast data transfers and you don't have to pay for this data transfer but obviously it's short range, it's not low power and it has some pairing latency. Bluetooth low energy is almost the same like Wi-Fi but we have a little bit lower power and the trade off is that the speed of the data transfer is not as fast as with the Wi-Fi. Another traditional networking is cable. This is what mostly in our city is used but it requires a lot of infrastructure changes. You have to dig to layout cables and not everywhere you can dig without permission so you have to get approval which might take months and this is not the best solution for this and just imagine if you want to employ thousands of such sensors what will happen with how many cables and we have to put. So there is a very interesting technology called LPWAN which means low power weight area networking and one of the most popular is Lora. If you go to any electronic show this year you will see on every boot everybody is offering Lora solutions. It's like you must have it or you are not up to the latest technologies. Why is Lora so popular? First it is wireless so it's very easy to install. You don't have to dig holes, you don't have to cables, you just put it and it works. Second it works on license-free frequency so it costs you nothing to employ Lora technology. Lora is already mature technology it's not new and the prices are already enough love to be attractive for many many applications which were not available before and it's low power. If you put a Lora sensor somewhere it can work up to 10 years without touching it. Even for these parking sensors they don't install them they just dig holes put the sensor and put asphalt on it because after 10 years they will have to repair the street anyway. So it's travel-free you put it and forget it and you have communication with the sensor for years. It's incredible and you don't have to pay taxes for the data transfer because it doesn't pass through a GSM operator you don't have to put SIM cards and etc. So this is what makes Lora technology really very very popular and a lot of people start to use. Of course it's not perfect the data speed is very very slow but it is intended to read sensors. You don't have so many information which you have to transfer anyway. Some more details. It works on the license-free bandwidth at 433, 868 and 915. It's a different 8608 is in Europe 915 is US and 433 is everywhere but I don't advise you to use 433 because all the key fobs for cars for remote controllers work on this operation and it's a lot of noise in the in the on these frequencies. It operates on very narrow bandwidth 125 up to 500 kilohertz. This is one of the future which allow Lora to talk so at so long range. Actually Lora means long range. It's made of this and the narrow your band is the higher sensitivity of your receivers because they look for the signal in very narrow band and this way receiver which works with one sensitivity if you use wider band on a narrow band you you immediately receive a better sensitivity which extends your range of the transmission. The payload is small as we said it's from couple of bytes up to 51 bytes if you use the longest distance configuration or up to 225 if you use the higher speed configuration. The data rate is from almost 300 bytes bits per second up to 5050. What is also great is that you have encryption so nobody except the one who has your private key can understand what this payload is and the distance is up to five kilometers if you if you follow the European norms and don't emit more than 14 milli milli watts power and it allows up to five kilometers when there is a clear air or in the urban area it depends it's between one and two kilometers if you have many buildings with a lot of metal inside them it will be shorter if you have a less obstacle it will be up to two kilometers. Of course this is very dependent on what antenna do you have. Here is one more graphics which show what is the distance depending on the different speed factor bandwidth and bit rate. As you can see the longer the distance becomes we have better receiver sensitivity but it works at lower speed with narrow band and with wider speed factor. The speed factor is a lot of technology is made with chirp yes technology which is used in the space and military for many years and it's very hard to jump because it sends the signal on many different frequencies and it's impossible to jump the signal in the whole bandwidth. So if we want to receive the maximum distance we have to make speed factor SF12 the bandwidth as low as possible that's narrow as possible and if we have a payload of 51 watts it will require time on there about 2.4 seconds to send these 50 bytes. It's very slow but this allows us to make work on batteries for many long time. For instance this transceiver which is Lora transceiver SF1276 it has about 30 milliamps when it transmits and let's say you have a budget of 10 milliamps for the surroundings it was like microcontroller which will implement protocol and if we use lithium battery 3 volt lithium battery which is standard AA type with 2.7 ampere hours we have 9.72 milliampere seconds and when we divide for them by 2.4 seconds 40 milliamps we receive about 100k messages before we drain the battery and if for instance we put budget 10 years we can transmit up to 27 messages every day in we will not drain the battery for 10 years so the calculation is correct. Now Lora limitations what we have like advantage the long range is actually also disadvantage of Lora why because when you have a receiver which you receive in the 2 kilometer area if you put a lot of sensors there let's see if you put more than 2,000 sensors in this cure this range of the transmitter they almost cannot connect to the gateway because everybody attempts to talk and jumps with somebody else who also wants to talk so this is one of the problems with Lora. In Plovdiv we don't have this problem but in Sofia there are a lot of people who try to implement Lora solution and you know they work on the license free frequency but license free this doesn't mean that this frequency is yours. If you want to follow the standard you should not talk more than 1% of the time nobody complies with this they just talk until the gateway confirm that received the message and they make impossible for other people to follow this standard so I had customers which come last week and they say show me where this Lora works because we tried in Sofia and it doesn't work and I say yeah here in Plovdiv still works because there are not so many users which do not follow the standard and just emitting on the maximum possible distance the longest messages they can do and don't care about the others so this is one other very interesting technology which is similar to Lora but it has not free traffic. NBIOT was developed by Huawei Qualcomm and Ericsson and it's the same committee 3GPP which make the LTE standards and you know they say it's LTE 3G 4G 5G this is 0G because it's very simple it's lightweight protocol normal LTE protocol works on 5 megahertz bandwidth and can achieve a lot of megabits of transfer here they talk to 200 kilohertz bandwidth what happens the sensitivity of the receiver allow a bigger distances and even at small speed for the LTE they work with 30 kilobits it's still hundred times faster than Lora and it allows a low time on the air so it is low cost low power and long range the problem is you need SIM card here one good news is that there is a competition you can buy online card from UK which costs one dollar per year and one dollar per megabyte the problem is that not every local operator will allow rooming for for these cards so one of the most popular is one model of quick tell why is popular because it covers every single frequency which you can use in the world so you put one model and forget you can use it in Asia you can use it in Europe in Africa if you see the other competitive models from SIMCOM or other they keep one is for Asia one is for Africa and if you have to move this equipment it doesn't work here you buy this model and you can scale your production and send devices to any customers everywhere in the world and these models will work another very interesting thing you have to check in the data sheet is the operating voltage all the lithium battery capacity is for discharge from two volts to two volts so this capacity which is right on the battery means the battery when it's fresh will show three volts and then start to discharge discharge it will become two volts and then it's zero some modules work up to two and two point seventy five volts which means yeah you will use just ten ten percent of the battery capacity and you can make some calculation and then see wow my this this model stopped working after two months not ten years so it's very important to read the data sheet when you when you select your your models bonus you have inside Cortex M4 working on 78 megahertz with 400k flash 400k run and programmable by Arduino can you imagine the data rate as I said is uplink 30 kilobits downlink 30 kilobits and the distance is 20 decibels more than gd gsm this means three times more distance one cell can talk to nodes up to 100 kilometers if you have free air and one cell can handle 100k connection which is incredible it and this is 30 times more than Laura capacity yes this is 66 96 is different story it's LT M this is LT NB yeah and this is very low cost I have been November Quicktel has a workshop in Sofia and they show me the company data and they said we are selling 32 million modules and all turnover is 250 million yes oh this is good $7 per per model and ask me they confirmed yes this is the price for volume it can go even lower and when you think that you have inside Cortex M3 which maybe cost a couple of dollars it's really really good price for for the module so why should we do open source hardware for the smart smart cities because once it's done it's easy to replicate we can do this for Plovdiv and then another city wants to use the same application they have completely project documentation they can replicate it very easy then easy for maintenance when I spoke with some people in the Plovdiv municipality they are very very careful because they say somebody comes here make something then decide to go away and or to ask more money and it doesn't it doesn't give any documentation so we left with something which which is not useful next who come here and say I cannot use this I will offer you my new solution but you have to pay again for it so you you have replication you have maintenance also you share expertise because what they learn is that in the municipality they are not technical guys they they they have no expertise they are very difficult to to understand which works and which doesn't work and they always are surrounded by some lobby people from big companies which try to sell them something and they don't know if this will work or this will not work for instance in Plovdiv they made a public transport managing system for 30 million euro and it doesn't work and how did you pay this amount of money they show us cities where when they implemented this and then after few few months this system stopped working and they don't have the logins they don't have anything for the system so you have to pay more money to to make it working something which they already paid for then easy customization if if some other city want to change something they arrival just to adopt this solution and to change it or to collaborate and to send feedback okay I had a lot of things to say but anyway questions okay so I can get very so we have some Wi-Fi solutions which is Wi-Fi blue to low energy solution and here you can see later on on the we have computers which are suitable for servers here I list all the features which are positive and negative for this then we have a Laura open source hardware solution which starts from the transmitter for 5 euro then you have transmitter with the US connector which connects directly to Arduino or to ESP32 and you can make small gateways you have a big gateway which works up to the things network then we have a different antennas as you can see we have from big one-meter antenna to small few centimeter antenna and what this means 6 dbi is this is relatively output power compared to the isotropic source what this means if it's 6 dbi this means that this antenna with the same transmitter will at all we increase your range two times and for instance for 3 dbi it will be half time 40 so if you have PCB antenna it's about zero dbm dba so when you select your solution for a gateway always use good antenna because it will just double your range of communication so the summary is that smart city concept can have a lot of benefits from open source and it will be easier to to collect also the open source hardware always lead to fire prices because everybody see your bomb if your bomb is $10 you cannot sell this for $200 so that's it so the question was do we get the more people attracted because the solution is definitely we have customers which selected or bought just because we we are open source hardware and I'm talking for big companies which has a lot of business on stake and they have to be secure for their business if they use some proper closed source hardware once this manufacturer or vendor stops selling this they're gone and when they work with the open source hardware they always know that even if I don't I'm not interested to do this they can find somebody else to replace me so this gives security for their business even if everything is equal my product looks more appealing to them because it has more value for them because why Laura instead of ZigBee because Laura is longer range that ZigBee it has ZigBee cannot work 10 years on battery especially if you have mesh network with many devices which start talking between each other ZigBee is nothing by ZigBee is nothing less different than Billy it's like blue to low energy in the in the best speculation it's why yeah yeah yeah yeah no there is a protocol which tells you the sensor tells to the gateway the value and gateway say okay I will pull you after few days so it's