 I wanted really to share some experience, insights and possibilities and just to say that from the beginning of the practice which has produced the kind of buildings that Kent has been talking about been advocating a green architecture since 1967. At that time it was truly radical, it wasn't mainstream, it wasn't even called green architecture. So a few words about sustainability. For me it's really about working with nature, it's about change and innovation, questioning, challenging. It's a belief in technology but technology in a benign way as a means to social ends and that link between all these issues, memory and history is a key factor. This is a very recent image, really very direct self-explanatory. We have to change the way in which we consume, create waste and move into converting waste to energy in such a way that is a total cycle. If that's a recent image then if I go back in time to the earliest projects in the late 60s, early 1970s and it's perhaps a reminder that sometimes the unbuilt projects are the most significant. In this which was for a shipping company, the creator, the headquarters in a forest outside of Oslo in Norway and touching the ground lightly with a series of pavilions. All the recent mantras of recycling, here we're talking about recycling water, converting human waste into fertilizer, ventilating naturally with cool air from the forest floor, encouraging sunlight, solar collectors. Another unbuilt project at that time for the same shipping company which operated cruise ships which returned with produce from the Canary Islands. This was a regional plan and one tiny glimpse of that project in many ways says it all. It's about solar collecting, there are batteries underneath the kitchen, it's converting the human waste into fertilizer for agriculture, it's solar stills for creating drinking water from sea water. So in a way all those ingredients are there in the 1970s. I was very fortunate to engage with Buckminster Fuller and collaborate with him for the last 12 years of his life and the project that we did together which was for his family and our family at that time soon to be interestingly realised as a project is a totally autonomous house. And that house, the whole house would move and a shade would move around it to protect it to harvest the energy and I've never really made the connection between that and perhaps a more familiar built project in Berlin, the Reichstag. But in a way all those elements are there, here it's a beacon on the skyline of democracy at work and here you can see the reflector which brings natural light deep into the chamber, reducing the dependency on electricity and that mirror like cone also extracts the air as part of a ventilation system. And just like the autonomous house, the solar shield moves around according to the sun. In social terms the public is on top of the politicians who are answerable to them, one above the other and it has this energy manifesto which demonstrates that it's possible for a public building to be zero carbon, zero waste in this instance driven by literally vegetable oil. So that belief in working with nature buildings which can use air at ambient temperature, reduce energy and create a healthier environment, the very first example of that was a centre for the arts in East Anglia, the Sainsbury centre. Our first breathing building, no reliance on refrigeration and a very, very literally cool climate. And pioneering interestingly here in Germany with Comets Bank, the bank on the left which was the first naturally ventilated, nonetheless a controlled climate augmented but for 70% of the year literally working with the air. And that developed over the Swiss Re in London and the Hurst Tower in New York. And if I move from the urbanity of New York to Silicon Valley and perhaps look at this project in a little more detail, how does one reconcile this image of Silicon Valley with the first meeting with Steve Jobs where he describes this as the fruit bowl of America in his youth and with an awareness that one of Steve's kind of extraordinary abilities was always a meeting was a walk and ideally a walk in the country. So how could one translate that in terms of a project and this was the site and the statistics of that site and here we see the superimposition of the very familiar circle of a building. The key statistics I guess at the bottom there is that half of that site is covered in asphalt and there's very little landscaping. And in its final transformation there's virtually no tarmac and everything is about the landscape. Now the interesting thing about this image is also 30% more people on that site and what appears to be a very large building and physically it most certainly is but you have to compare this with a multiplicity of individual buildings. And you don't get the scale from this aerial view. If I was to put you into the heart of that circle then the building becomes a kind of horizon and here you see the recreation of that California landscape. If you move outside of that circle to the landscape, the other side of the ring then it becomes very much an incident in the landscape. It's not the only building. There is the Steve Jobs Theatre and the Steve Jobs Theatre is almost like a kind of flying saucer in the landscape. It's quite massive that roof. It's about 80 tons and it literally sits on a glass wall, a glass curtain. And in the joints between the glass, the services, the electricity is almost invisibly fed up. So that's a kind of celebration of space, of liberation with this structural circle of glass around it. That same use of reflective glass to kind of harmonize with nature. These eyebrows are in part of the facade providing shading, but they're also bouncing light deep into the heart of the building. And that external wall virtually disappears and here you can see the underside of that which is reflecting that landscape and bringing it in. If I talk about the fusion of the social dimension and also the technology and the quest for a healthier building, then at the top of that sheet of glass here we see the junction and you start to see the movement of air and that controls the flow of air. There are also filters in terms of dust or insects, although it's a very extraordinary, benign California climate, so working with that climate. A lot of the things over the period that I'm describing here, which is some 50 years or a little more, being driven by the very subjective idea that if you have a relationship to nature, if you have natural light, if you have a good view, if you have a changing climate which changes with the seasons, then it will be healthier. But that's always been very subjective until 2016. And here you see the testbed that enabled the Harvard School of Public Health to quantify the benefits of a normal building or a super green building. And what the people on the upper level who were doing various kinds of tests, mental tests and so on, didn't know is that the plant room below was changing the environment to simulate the conditions of these different buildings. And here in a nutshell are some of those findings, but the three kind of critical peaks, crisis response, use of information and processing that for strategy, scientifically proves something which over many decades was very subjective. If I talk about those qualities in a building, it's arguably much easier to do that in a rural area of California, much more difficult in the heart of a kind of throbbing capital city. And this is the Bloomberg headquarters. And those fins are the gills which enable the building to breathe. So they filter, they attenuate the sound so it's very quiet inside, although it's quite noisy outside. This is a cross section through the building and you can see that the movement of air is concentrated with the vertical movement of pedestrians within this building. And the way in which natural light can come above. So again, it's a very holistic way of bringing these often completing challenges together. The vortex starts at the ground floor and then it spirals up into what is called the pantry. So socially everybody has to come here before they go to their actual floor of workplace. So this is the kind of social hub and I just want to have a few words about innovation. You'll see that there is a hardwood floor there. How do you reconcile the idea of a hardwood floor with technology where you want access immediately to wiring? And how can that work in an office environment where normally you would have carpet? The answer is the ceiling and the ceiling is doing many different jobs. The floor incidentally was an invention of ours and that is the wood, the hardwood has a magnetic layer and that enables it to cling to the full access floor below. So it's total flexibility and acoustically that is possible because of the ceiling. And the ceiling has two and a half million of these little petals and 50,000 of those has a little LED and chilled and warm water can pulse through that ceiling. So it's working acoustically. It's part of the heating cooling. It's modifying those times when it's too cold outside or too hot and you want to modify that climate in a controlled and energy efficient way. And we conducted research with our own engineers and created this laboratory to test that and these little pillars are simulating and monitoring their people at a desk. So the research was really quite a key element and that's really just one glimpse of a belief in research. If you go to a bathroom in this building it will look completely normal. What you will not know is that it's using a system that was patented and which is in use in every airliner that's currently flying in the world. It's a vacuum system so it operates on a fraction of the amount of water. Water's harvested and it's totally recycled. And as Ken said so far this building has achieved the highest rating for sustainability of any building so far built. That interest in aviation and as a kind of aviator, passionate pilot interested in all things about aviation and curious about locomotives, transportation and so on. Then we had the opportunity with our first airport, London's third airport to question this model. If you transport yourself back into the 1990s, the end of the 20th century, this was a typical terminal. If you looked up it was full of services, ducks moving air, roof mounted plant, mechanical plant that would service that. And because it was dark you'd need lots of electric light generating heat. So the radical move here in a sustainable direction and a humanistic direction was literally to turn that upside down. All that heavy equipment would go below the concourse, would feed from below. So you had 24 hours, 7 days, every day of the year access to it. And you would get the benefits of natural light and the energy savings that would come from it. We developed that model, it became a model for other architects, planners, it's an established model. And most recently we started with the opportunity for a competition for international airport in Mexico City to see if we could push this idea further forward. So here in that image you'll see a curve roof and you'll see vertical glass walls. What if you could have a skin that would encompass the links to the aircraft, the windows, and by taking that approach you could create bigger spans. You could create far more interesting space. So that leaps from 36 meters to 170 meters. And that continuous skin then becomes, as I described it, the expression of the building. To explain this concept to the jury, I made with my colleagues a small film. And it was really to convey a centuries old idea before architects became involved in buildings. What were people doing at a very basic building level? Mostly around the Mediterranean, the so-called Catalan vault. And that is that if you hold a piece of rope then under compression it would describe a very beautiful, very, very efficient curve. And if you could freeze that and you turn it the other way then it becomes the perfect tensile structure. And going back in time with that knowledge and working with several universities and students using very basic materials, Earth, but with a high tech additive we created a prototype drone port which has since become a permanent pavilion in Venice. And here you can see the group of us, the students realising that. And it's a reminder perhaps that if we want to look far ahead to the future then perhaps first we should look far back and learn from history. The application of that line of thought to creating a series of experiments in the desert on the fringe of Abu Dhabi. For a research facility, a small university, the start of a larger community to explore renewable energies, Masdar. But first we wanted to learn how before an age of cheap energy, how a community living in the desert could transform a very hostile environment into a very elegant, liveable habitation. And here if you take the kind of cuts as you move from the desert, scorching heat, then as you get into the public spaces of that city that I showed in the desert, you'll see that the temperature drops as a result of orientation shade. If you go into a courtyard then by evaporative cooling the temperature comes down further. Finally you go inside the home and because of the massive insulation it's cool without any refrigeration. So if we applied those lessons as we did in Masdar then we start to create spaces which are habitable, which are benign, notwithstanding. The fact that the temperature in the center western style is totally unbearable unless you're inside an air conditioned car. And then we move across and we see the student accommodation and we see the university labs, the two principles of expression. And here is the public space at Masdar. What you don't see is below there and this is going back now nearly 10 years is we're seeing robot cars, we're seeing induction charging of those cars. And we're seeing all the servicing that makes possible at that upper level which is also elevated so it's taking advantage of the cooler desert breezes just above the floor of the desert. So again working holistically. And that really driven by some 40% of the power generated by this 10 megawatt solar array. It's not to suggest that renewables offer a future in terms of countering emissions, greenhouse gases. Energy and industry, the production of energy and industry is the major generator of those greenhouse gases. Buildings and the connections between them, the mobility between them, 20% and agriculture is significant 24%. So if we're to look at the implications of the melting polar regions and the effects that that could have given that 75% of the world cities are on the coast and 50% of the population within 100 kilometers of that. And we pull back and we see a satellite image of those cities. Then as had been noted earlier, the future, our future is the reality is its global cities. And although they consume 70% of the energy and responsible so far for 70% of the emissions, which has to be addressed, the reality is that they are also the generators of wealth. A typical city can generate as much wealth as a country. So New York generates the equivalent GDP of the whole of Canada. If you take London, it's the equivalent of the Netherlands. If you take a port city like Osaka, it's the equivalent of the GDP of Switzerland. And it's also worth noting that one in eight currently live in slums. What does that mean? It means that a significant part of the world in this image of one city, South America, South Paolo, has access to everything that those on the other side don't have. In other words, they don't have adequate shelter, they don't have clean water, modern sanitation or access to power. Access to power is arguably the key to so many things. And we're talking here of something like 14% over a billion people and this kind of glimpse of illegal connections to power and the fire hazards of that in terms of kind of shanty construction. This is really in a nutshell saying that those societies which have access to power are right up there. Essentially, it's Japan, America, Europe. And those societies further down, excuse me. Interestingly, which don't have access to power, don't have the same, and it's obvious, life expectancy, infant mortality, enlightenment, and significantly, right at the bottom, those are the war zones. The war zones are those places that don't have access to power. There is an inevitable link. And if we're talking about a population which by 2050 is estimated to move from 7.5 billion to 10 billion, and 70% of that will be urban, then you're looking at the potential for one in three to be in those slum conditions. To put that into perspective, the idea that you question the current strategy in terms of how you address slums, our proposition was really almost naively simple. And that is that the current strategy in the absence of the involvement of those professions concerned with design, the political mantra is you bulldoze them and start again, which has not worked. And the scale of this issue is so large that it's never going to work. The other idea is that the slum is a place of despair and not a place of hope. And it was quite interesting, the insights from one project in India, Dharavi, and just to put Dharavi where we started to get an insight into some of these issues with a small team. If you can imagine a site which is half the area of Central Park and has two thirds of the population of Manhattan. Manhattan is 1.6 million and this site here in Dharavi, and that's the same outline is 1 million people. And that view cone there is pointing towards some new buildings. The new buildings were in an area which had been bulldozed and new buildings as an answer. You can see ring there those new buildings in the background and the team exploring that, looking at the bulldoze site and the recreated 14 story buildings. These are the only buildings which have modern sanitation and they were completely empty, abandoned, unused. The space at the bottom was used for cricket by the children in the community. And here you can see the team ringed and they're having tea with the community leaders and they're asking the question. I mean those buildings are empty, site was bulldoze, why are they not in use? And the answer was discovered just through seeing the economy and the needs, the physical needs of that community, who essentially process something like 80% of the waste of Mumbai. And the kind of accommodation that they need is essentially layered. It could not work, they could not sustain economically their life in those new buildings. So the idea that this is a poor community most certainly is, but irrelevant if you relate it back to the agricultural community from which they fled, then it's moving into an area of affluence. And there are all kinds of side stories on this, the way in which they bring together teachers from the state system and essentially create a private form of education and you see kids immaculately dressed with ties and really quite extraordinary. And that led to the proposition that if you reduced key points, the density, you could thread an infrastructure of services and you could regenerate those communities from within. It's at this point relatively recently and this is going back about a little over a year and coming together here around this table in the foundation. And the foundation is in every sense completely separate from the practice. So I'm really wearing two hats. I'm the common denominator between the work of the foundation which generates out globally from Madrid and the headquarters of the practice which is in London. So they're separate in every sense. And this around the table is the coming together with MIT to look at some of these issues and the application longer term of technology. And along the way this was one proposition that I made to reduce the energy demands, a heart unit which was generated by the needs of a slum but like anything that would address the issues of a slum would have a spin-off into the formal city so it would improve the quality of life. So for example if you could compress, if all the elements in a house, the heating, the cooling, the refrigerator, the bathroom, the storage if those could holistically talk to each other and compress into a much smaller unit then whether that was addressing the issue in a slum or creating more affordable housing or creating in luxury housing terms less space occupied by certain elements. And in that proposition I invoked in India the technology of what was then the most affordable car at the time. And this is going back some years, it's Tata Nano. And I met Ratan Tata, one of the key family members behind this great kind of manufacturing empire in India and I shared these ideas for his opinion and he was totally supportive and I said something like what if we could try on a pilot project, how could you help? And he said well first you'd need a smaller slum so you could work more directly with a group and also you would need to find a community which had a sympathetic civic leader, a politician who really believed in it, it wasn't corrupt. And so that was, it was a very nice meeting and the foundation is meanwhile working on these issues and then it's about, it must have been about after that meeting, two years, three years and I got a phone call from Ratan Tata and he said I shared your ideas with a politician who's the chief minister of one of the poorest states in India, Odisha has a major slum project. He was totally enthusiastic, what's followed from that is the land rights to slum dwellers which enables them then to start with a bank loan and so on. So he said there's a big ceremony handing out certificates in three weeks time, can you come? And this was last year and so that led to this meeting here. On the right hand side is the newspaper of that time which is the theme of the proposition that instead of evicting and bulldozing you empower them and you regenerate from within and there's the chief minister Ratan Tata in the centre and myself. And we started with a slum community, Sahibaba in Odisha and we met with the community and the community to our surprise had prepared a presentation. In the foreground is a drone photograph of their community and in that sense the drone technology made possible the mapping. In the background is something that they prepared. In the foreground in the back of that image there's a swamp, you won't recognise it but they produced their vision map and this fascinating when we question and challenge them on this it's just a really serious piece of design. For example in the heart of it they wanted a cyclone shelter and the promise was if we had a cyclone shelter then we wouldn't have to leave our community in the event of a cyclone. We would be here in place to guard our property. And I said something like this landscaping at the bottom here around the... Oh yes, if we increase the landscaping there then that's the direction that the storms come from. So it would modify our climate and at the top is a playground. They said of course if you drained the swamp there then we would have space. So at this point I said who are the architects and these are the architects and amazing, amazing piece of design. That led on to a number of projects. These are really early days, we haven't been active on these projects now not for a year, almost a year. So we're looking at another settlement called Neuhus Sahi and that is just a few facts about the extreme weather there and the effects of that weather on the kind of structures and the way in which a more robust structure has withstood that cyclone. I should say that these, all the images I'm showing here are taken by our team. We have a team which is now resident there working with these communities and liaising with the project group in the foundation in Madrid with a backwards and forwards movement. We sent questionnaires out in advance of our visits to these different communities and interestingly the one on the left is what would you like your community have, the one on the right is what would you like your family to have and out of these various questionnaires the first thing is a roof, a roof that doesn't leak, the second are the walls. In terms of the community it's about water first and in another survey once they got past this the next stage was what's next and that's a job and education. So it's been a fascinating insight. This is the aerial view of this community on the water with the beach and if you can see again this community like the first one has a swamp at the back and that gave the clue if you drained it for the way in which you could reduce the density, manipulate, create a degree of public space and address some of the major issues in this community. Trying to condense one year into a few minutes the idea is to produce a scalable model, something that we can document, the clues were given from that first community where they were using a vision map. So visually literate and able in a very sophisticated way to understand two dimensionally major design issues and so as a pilot project which would enable others producing a manual films enable others to spread the effect of these studies and working with the different groups individually and finally that is the master plan and what happens is you can see that the swamp has become reclaimed land and there are very very clearly defined routes and each of those different groups and the women again were very very powerful in terms of design and involvement and they were responsible for the cross routes the cross routes which would deliver security and access to a far wider range of homes. Here you can see recognizably in the background the master plan and the next image is the approval of that master plan. Work on the ground has started but it is somewhat painful in a way because coming to the premise of what Kent was summarizing you realise the inadequacy in these conditions of the mega grid the big power station, the massive amount of excavation with pipes this is the start of a toilet block in that community a part of the master plan now under construction and leads to the proposition of what if what if in a community like this you could be autonomous you could plant a box, deliver power and as a reminder there's probably right now there's probably up moving up to 200 million people on this planet who are not served by any kind of heavy infrastructure they may be on a train, they may be in a cruise liner or they're in an aircraft so there's a global population on the move unconnected what lessons could we learn from space there've been very interesting initiatives derived from space the Gates Foundation has been working on this power is a key element it's not possible in the density and whether it's the density of a slum or the desirable high density of a formal city as we know it here it's not possible to have the surface area for solar cells and what about the mobility revolution right now the amount of road that was devoted to highways in the 60s and 70s is being ripped up changing to greenery whether that's the big dig in Boston in America whether it's in Seoul in Asia whether it's in Madrid in Europe what happens to those parking structures when vehicles are moving autonomously pretty continuously on call through our cell phone ownership has become something that's very perhaps marginal and is mobility three dimensional and so what are the examples which might demonstrate as Bucky would advocate the power and the importance of higher performance doing more with less and striving to have a higher quality of life not just for those who are dispossessed but for everybody alike more with less urban farming has been demonstrated already to produce which is more flavourful, delicious uses a fraction of the water and would urban farming lead to a greener, quieter, cleaner city a market embedded in the heart of a city what lessons might we gain from insights into innovation in the world of medicine many of us myself have experienced an MRI a huge piece of equipment and you move into it it waves a huge amount, it costs millions and millions occupies a lot of space is unaffordable for screening say for breast cancer the foundation is interested in innovation and really anxious to learn and we were addressed by this lady Mary Lou Jepsen extraordinary lady who has created and is about to go on the market something which is one million times more effective than that MRI that I've shown it's a fabric, it could be the dress that she's wearing another example of perhaps doing more with less and again the computer which we take for granted in the 40s it was occupying a mega room then there was enormous breakthrough it's actually mobile on four wheels a few decades later we now take for granted it's something we can put in our briefcase and if you look at all these things around the edge then some of them have become totally obsolete like the typewriter, it's an antique my kids have never seen a typewriter until I bought one for them and whether it's the camera, the torch the calculator being transformed by one hand held device so if we applied power I only recently discovered through some of the researches that we've been doing with MIT that in the 1960s and up there still are satellites which are nuclear powered miniaturised, this is something from a meeting that took place at MIT with a group and it's literally delivering power in a container if the hopeful future is fusion then fission in its new form notwithstanding all the prejudices against the power stations but it's a way of thinking it's interesting that when you talk to groups who can deliver power up to 20 megawatts in a container and you talk about the potential of maybe it's a box so it's not serving a community it's just below the surface and it's servicing a house it never ever occurs to them to question the grid because it comes as a prior assumption so a power station in everybody's mind has to be mega, it has to be the size or twice or three times the size of this building so autonomy is mentally something that is out there out in the Arctic or it's Canada it's somewhere in the wilds what if in parallel with that you were talking about and this is a serious project with MIT the idea that you can genetically modify to produce a tree which during the day harvest energy and at night it glows and it's street lighting so your street lighting is an avenue of trees what if you plant a seed to grow a building this is nature doing that and creating a bridge but what if you plant a seed in the sense that we are all grown from seeds like the trees so it leads to the manifesto which comes full circle back to Kent questioning power without grids sanitation without sewers meat without animals mobility without autos food without soil and buildings without construction the start of the conference, thank you