 We have to study the collection, identification, mode of damage of insect pest of various crops, fruits, vegetables and households. In this activity we will study the different pest of different categories and their mouth parts, their mode of food, there are different mode of food like different mouth parts, insects. In different mouth parts some have sucking mouth part, some insects have chewing mouth parts. So, their food is dependent on their mouth parts, every insect is specific to the food depending upon their mouth parts. We will study different categories of insects, first of all we will discuss the difference between insect and pest. Actually insect is belong to the phylum Arthropoda and we have studied the journal characteristic like body divided into three parts and they have three pair of legs and they have sparracles for respiration and they might be flying or non-flying and pest is the any living organism that is detrimental to human beings are other living organism. That means that pest have any living organism which human being or those living organisms are detrimental to them and it does not matter that insects are the pest, snakes are also the pest, reds are also the pest, so pest can be any living organism, it is not important that pest is the insect, although we are studying different insect pest because this is the subject of entomology, so we are studying insect pest. First of all we will discuss the colioptera beetles, first of all we will discuss the different categories of insect pest that belongs to colioptera, beetles, lapidoptera, moth and butterflies and then different insect pest of vegetables like aphids, caterpillars, cartworms, grass hopers and locust, thraps, weevils, mites and whiteflies, aphid. Aphid belongs to the family Aphididae and aphids are also known as plant loss, plant loss, green fly, black fly because they are there are variation in their color at some life studies they are green in color and then later they are in black color they are dependent on their species, so there are different colors of aphids and their names dependent on their morphological appearance. Aphids are actually soft-bodied insect and they are sap-sucking, aphid are very very small insect and their size you can imagine like the similar to the pin head, means aphids size is as small as a common pin head and we see them with lens help, we can see them with magnifying lens or in field or for study as you know insect body is divided into different segments like head thorax and abdomen and you can see different tube like projections on their abdomen. Aphid is a serious plant pest and you might have seen a white fly attack with that aphid is also with a white fly and you will feel that it is a laus, same as human lice attack, same as a plant. At a time it is not necessary to have an insect attack, it can be a white fly, aphid, weevils, grasshopper, different insects at a time can attack the crop, so there are different colors in it and it stuns plant growth, stops plant growth because it is sap-sucking and when it is sap-sucking then lice will be tilled, there will be no photosynthesis, food will not be prepared, so the plant's growth will be stunts, it will stop and the virus will also transit diseases, different viral diseases will also be transmitted because of it and this deformation of leaves is done by birds or flowers, means wherever it will be attacked on the lower side of the leaves, then leaves, birds, flowers and actually it is soft-bodied and sap-sucking, its mouth parts are very delicate and it will always attack, on fresh leaves, fresh birds, new birds where the leaves of the plant are hard or the birds are hard or the flowers are dry then it will not attack the aphid, it has to sap-sucking and it will always attack the soft part of the plant so that it is easy to sap-sucking and its mouth parts are very delicate, it is so delicate that it cannot attack or sap-sucking hard parts of the plant and when it will not sap-sucking then that means it cannot survive, and actually it happens that when you see the leaves of the wheat, then on the lower side of the wheat, when the season of the wheat comes, then almost from the hot season first, what is there is that the attack of the aphid, when the leaves of the wheat are soft, the birds are soft, so the aphid attacks and the parts of the plants which are very soft and are not hard, so the aphid is its delicate mouth parts because of which the soft leaves or soft birds can sap-sucking and survive, this is its mode of infestation that how it attacks, as you can see the different aphids in the diagram and in the right side of the diagram you can see the different projections on the abdomen, these are the aphids that attack on the leaves and they are sucking the sap of the plant. Next category is the caterpillar, caterpillar commonly you can call as larva, caterpillar is the larva of any insect pest, mostly caterpillar is called butterfly caterpillar or moth, caterpillars belong to the order Lepidoptera, in Lepidoptera there are mostly caterpillars, in this there are moth and larvae, larvae stage is basically caterpillar, and mostly caterpillars are slendrical bodies and there are multiple segments, the legs are also in the abdomen, the true legs are not present in the abdomen, in the thorics the true legs are present, whereas there are several pairs of legs that are short and not true legs, they are present in the abdomen, as you can see in the diagram, in the white caterpillar there are few legs that you can see, there are three pairs of legs in the thorics and later you can see the pro legs, that are not the true legs present in the abdomen, on the other hand they have eyes, small eyes present, small eyes are present that function in the light detection, they can detect the light and they play role in different search of pests and their food, there are short segmented antennae and strong jaws are also present, Lepidoptera are also called as worms, they are also called as marrying worm, inch worm, silk worm and army worm, as in the keda of the ration, often you must have heard that is a silk worm and its scientific name is Bombex Mori, so these are worms and silk worm, army worm, marrying worm, inch worm, these are caterpillars and they belong to this category, they belong to Lepidoptera order, in addition to this, their mouth parts are also delicate and you can see munching of different caterpillars on the leaves, they can chew the leaves they are voracious feeder, they eagerly eat the leaves, the soft leaves of the plant, they are very voracious feeder, their food eats the leaves very quickly that is why they are called voracious feeder and they chew the leaves, like silk worm, Bombex Mori, this is the example of Lepidoptera, these are caterpillars, there are different instars, first instar is second, third, fourth, fifth instar and then there is death, butterflies these are the moths, before that they have larval stages, they are called caterpillars, on the stage of caterpillars, they are voracious feeder, their appetite is voracious, that means they eagerly eat the large amount of leaves, they eat very large amount of leaves, they eat different instars, after molting, death, young one, adult, or flying insect develops, similarly silk worm, Bombex Mori, after 5 instars, death develops, in which wings are present, so butterfly that is also death, you must have seen in the summer season, that flying large size insect, most of you must have observed that in your home, that are moths that belong to the any species of moth, these are voracious feeder, so these crops, ornamental plants, these are hardwood trees, or shrubs, these are the caterpillars, these are the caterpillars, these are the caterpillars, these are the caterpillars, these are the caterpillars, those that cut down the young plants, those seedlings are the young plants, when we plant seeds, then the young plants, seedlings are the young plants, that develop from the embryo of the seed, the plant that comes out of the embryo, that is seedling, so these seedlings are damaged, apart from this, the climbing cutworms, the cutworms climb the plant, the stem, its leaves, the foliage, foliage means leaves of the plant, so the cutworms can move, and apart from this, they also roll the body, and apart from this, seedlings are mostly susceptible, the major attack is on the seedlings of the cutworms, they attack on the seedlings, their number can be very high, effectively, they can be physically removed from the field, meaning if you have a small garden or you have pots, then you can physically remove them, apart from this, different pesticides are also available, which when the cutworms are damaged on a large scale, if they are damaged on a large scale, then pesticides are there, we will only use pesticides, the damage is increasing, and the damage is increasing, before that, if we can physically control them, then we have to control the insect pex, and then we have to use pesticides when the economic law starts, when it is necessary to prevent them, to control them, then we use pesticides. Cutworms are general feeders, general feeders that attack on different plants, meaning there is no particular category that will attack the plants of this category, they are general feeders, and that wide range of plants, there are vegetables, there are beans, there are tomatoes, there are cabbages, and apart from this, there are other crucifers, which attack the plants of this family, the cutworms will curl their body around the stem, curl their body around the stem, and cut the stem there. Meaning, seedlings are young plants, like the smell of seedlings, now they are a few inches above the soil, so they curl their seedlings, their stem, when they curl, so if the plant's length is more, then they curl on the stem, and cut the plant there. And the plant will collapse there, because the plant is above the soil, it cuts the plant from the soil surface, and the plant collapses. So this causes serious damage. Their number can vary, that each year, there are different physical factors, there are abartic factors, because of which there are different conditions, that the number of cutworms in your garden can vary. As you can see, the cutworm in this diagram, and in the right side, the cutworm has curled his body. Next is the grasshopper and locust, these are very interesting insects. You have heard many times about the grasshopper and locust, and you have seen the grasshopper and locust at home. The grasshopper in your garden, you must have observed, there are little bit differences in grasshopper and locust, they are almost similar in category, but there are morphological and behavioural differences in grasshopper and locust. So we will discuss them in the same group, grasshopper, they are ground welling insects, that means they are ground welling, they are found on the ground, on the grasshopper or plant, they are found on the ground, not on the shrubs, those plants, on the soil, are mostly in grasses or in short length crops. So you must have seen the grasshopper there, that is why they are called ground welling insects. They are not even in foliage, they are found on the ground, and grasshoppers actually go through the incomplete metamorphosis. First of all, we will discuss the incomplete metamorphosis. Incomplete metamorphosis is actually when an insect hatches from the egg, it goes through the several nymphal stages and then develops into the adult. Incomplete metamorphosis may insect your nymph, when an insect hatches from the egg, different developed nymphal stages develop, and then the adult stage is developed. Actually, nymphal stages are the small variant of the adult. The difference between the adult and the nymph is the small variant. In nymph, you may see all those body parts, but only the size will be small, small variant of the adult. Apparently, it will be the same as the adult. It is not that after the egg, there will be larvae, there will be pupa, and then there will be adult. Nymph means that young ones are quite similar to their adults. In young ones, it is not that the adult is a moth or a flying insect, when the young ones are larvae or pupa. In this, the young ones are like adults. The fact is that they are only smaller in size. Actually, their size is smaller from adults. So here, there are incomplete metamorphoses. In complete metamorphoses, there are egg, larvae, pupa, and then adult. Here, there are incomplete metamorphoses. Mostly, they are in the ground and they have powerful hind legs, they are adapted. The hind legs are powerful for the movement. If they have any threatened condition, they can jump or escape from their predator. Grasshopers are closely similar to their locusts. There are few differences between locusts and grasshopers. Actually, the grasshopers can do small flights for shorter distances. Whereas, the locusts can also fly longer distances. We will discuss this in detail now. Another difference is that grasshopers are in the solitary phase. They are not in the form of the groups. Their threat level is not that high. In fact, they are little bit. Their threat is negligible for crops. They do not cause much loss. They are solitary and not in the form of groups. In addition, it is easy to disorganize them. They are not in the form of groups. It is also easy to dislocate them. Every grasshoper is spending his life in the form of groups. After some behavioral changes and environmental changes, there is a gregarious behavior. In different conditions, the locusts develop into behavioral changes. What is locust? Locusts are actually grasshopers. Locusts are actually grasshopers. The changes are that the morphological and behavioral changes are differentiated from the grasshopers. They are gregarious and characteristic. Locusts are gregarious in behavior. They are in the form of groups. As you all have heard about the locust attack in South Punjab, the entire district and region were damaged due to the locust attack. It caused damage in South Punjab on a large scale. The locust swarming caused great economic loss. Not only the fruits and grains that were damaged, the animals and the dairy that the locusts had to survive in the entire area were damaged. Locusts had destroyed all types of crops. They were only left with stems. Locusts' attack on a large scale is almost impossible to control. Locusts' attack on a large scale is almost impossible to control. Locusts have caused great economic loss in South Punjab, Not only that, it damaged our crops. Apart from this, the fodder of dairy animals, which was their food, also damaged all those crops. So, not only that, it was relevant to us. In fact, it caused great economic loss in the dairy. It damaged all crops. And its leaves, the locus ended. And there, only the stem was left in the fields. And the stem was also totally dead. So, it caused great economic loss there. If the leaves were there, it would be photosynthesis. And the plant would prepare the food. So, because of this, it totally lost its farmers. Next, we will discuss how the locus attack comes in any area. The locus attack comes after the drought season. When there is a total drought, then due to the drought, the locus goes into a small area where there is vegetation. They swam on the vegetation. And then, they come back to a large area where there are crops. And where there is dense vegetation, they attack there. And what is swamming basically? Swamming is the movement in large number. When there is a lot of insects attacking an area, that is swamming. Attack in large number. When there is a lot of insects attacking an area, that is swamming of the insects. So, the locus attack in that area. And they bring eggs into the drought area. And after that, as soon as they get vegetation, they attack that area. And they cause a lot of economic loss in the amount. Actually, there are behavioral and morphological changes in their damage. Their wings are so strong that they travel long distance flights. And their legs are also strong. And their size is smaller than grasshoppers. Because they have two flies, so their size is smaller than grasshoppers. In grasshoppers, front wings are thin and tough, while outer wings are wide and flexible. While in locus wings are longer and they allow to long distance flights. And the locus are smaller than grasshoppers. And the locus female is larger than the males. And their size also varies during the swamming phase. Because in swamming, they have to do long distance flights. So, their size varies during the swamming season. As you can see the comparison of grasshopper and locus. Grasshopper is a little bit larger in size than the locus. And locus wings are very strong and they are developed to fly. Next category is the trips. Trips are very minute in size. Their size is mostly around the one millimeter. They are cylindrical in body and they have framed wings. Framed wings actually they have very minute wings. And a fringe wing means they have a large number of scales are CT present on the wings. When there are many scales or CT present on the wings, then they are the category of framed wings. Actually, a fringe is called when you make a boundary in a place like a lace, in dresses, in garments. So, here the whole boundary of wings is formed from CT or their small scales or CT. Actually, there are differences between CT and scales of the insect. On the insect's body, there are spines, CT and scales present. CT are longer in size and a little bit hard. When scales are smaller in size, then there is a large number of scales. The number of scales is more and the size is smaller. When CT is few in number and their size is longer, then the length is more. And spines are few in number. They are very hard, they are strong and they are longer in length. And the diameter of the spines is narrow at the end. So, insects, spines, scales and CT are all present. Entomologists that study the insects, they described about 6,000 species of thrips. As you can imagine how many species? 6,000 species in the thrips. That's why Arthopoda is the largest phylum. They fly only weekly. Their flying period is restricted. Their wings are feathery, unsuitable. They can't fly for a short period of time. And their unusual mechanism is not like other insects. It is a flap and fling mechanism that flap their wings on their backside, on their dorsal side, on their abdomen. They flap their wings and flap their wings in a circulation pattern. They flap their wings and create pressure in the circle because of which they have a unstable circulation pattern. Their circulation pattern is not stable. In their lifting, they flap and fling in a flight. And they both move their hands at the same time. Similarly, their wings meet on their backs and in the circle, the mechanism of the lift moves their wings. As you can see the thrips, they have cylindrical bodies, as we have already discussed. You can see the eyes in the thrips that are visible. The next category is the weevils. Weevils are beetles and they are very common in the houses. You often have different grains at home. Other than that, we have cereals, grains. Other than that, there are other food items. Such as rice, wheat, etc. Other than that, we have cereals that are used in our kitchen. You must have seen that weevils are present there. Their size is very small, almost 6 mm. They are herbivorous. Herbivorous and they are nor the carnivorous. They depend on the grains and cereals. Approximately 97,000 species. Large number of species are present in weevils. In weevils, there are bark beetles morphologically. They are dissimilar and they lack the distinctive snout. Actually, weevils have snout present which differentiates the extension of the mouth part from other insects. But bark beetles have snout absent. Some beetles are closely related or bear the same name as weevils. Weevils are considered as the pests because their ability to damage different crops and grains. Large number of weevils are also very large. There are more than 97,000 species. They cause damage in crops, grains and weevils. Rostrum is present. As you can see in this diagram, on the right side, there is a black weevil. You can see a long snout in the front. This is the extension of the mouth part. This is the snout. Weevils rostrum are elongated snout. They are present in chewing mouth parts. In insects, there are sucking mouth parts. Rostrum belongs to the chewing mouth parts instead of piercing mouth parts. We will chew and not pierce. Some insects cut and suck after that. When weevils chew, you might have seen that when weevils attack, you will see rice or wheat as a first pest. After that, you will see rice or wheat in grinded form. This means that weevils convert them into powder. They chew grains and convert them into powder. After that, a secondary pest attacks on the powder whose mouth part is not so strong that it can chew a grain. It survives on the same powder. Their mouth parts are strong. Mouth parts are used as a tunnel and then they are converted into powder. Rostrum has a groove in which weevils can fold. There are some types of weevils in which there is a depression or groove in which weevils can fold their antenna. As you can see, there are different weevils that attack on the rice in the left diagram. This shows a large image in which the rostrum is enlarged. Next category is the white fly. White fly, as you all have heard about the attack of white flies, white flies attack on the cross. This also causes white fly damage in large scales. White flies are hemipeterians and they attack on the undersides of the plant. White flies attack on the lower side of the plant. White flies attack on the lower side of the leaves and on the upper side of the plant. The upper surface of the plant is the foliage of the leaves. The surface towards the sun is cuticle so that the water loss can be decreased. On the lower side of the plant, there is a tomato and the leaves are soft. They are not exposed to the sun. The leaves are also soft. That is why they attack on the undersides of the plant. Their wingspan is less than 3 mm and their length is about 1-2 mm. This means that you cannot differentiate from the naked eye. You have to use magnifying lens when you will check the attack of white flies on the plants, on the garden, on the fruits. Their size creates the different issues in the control measuring practices. Their size is so small that it is very problematic to control them. Because of their small size, they get crossed with mesh. In addition to this, if they attack on the green house, their size is so small and if you use mesh of the crop, then any predator whose size is larger than them will not be able to cross. Because of this, their population will increase because their predator is not coming. Their mesh size, your crop is so small, there is a narrow diameter that no other insect can cross so the white flies cause great loss in green houses. On the other hand, some species are also called as jaint white flies. They have the size of about 5 mm. In white flies, there is the sexual dimorphism. In white flies, there is sexual dimorphism. What is sexual dimorphism? Dye mean two different? Morphism mean morphologically different shapes. Two different morphological shapes. When male and female are in two different forms, this is dimorphism. Sexual mean male and female. When male and female individuals are apparently morphologically different from each other, this is sexual dimorphism. Mostly when male and female insects are morphologically or physically look different from each other, then we feel that this male or female is another species. This is not the true case. These are the same species but they are totally different apparently. They are apparently morphologically different from each other but they belong to the same species. Actually, different morphologically different insects or beginners consider that this is another species and this is some other species. They are not the same species but there is sexual dimorphism. When you raiding of insects, then you grow them, then it becomes clear that either this is the same species or different species. Sexual dimorphism is present in them. As you can see, the attack of white flies is on the lower side of the leaf. Next category is the mites. Mites are small arachnids. Arachnids belong to the class arachnida or phylum atropoda. There are many differences between the insects and arachnids. So, we will discuss. First of all, their differences actually spider is the example of arachnida class. Mites are also belong to the arachnida class while butterflies and these insects belong to the insect class. So, insects or arachnids, they are totally different from each other. Mostly students consider that spider is an insect and butterfly is an insect. This is not the case. Spider is an arachnid while butterfly is an insect. Arachnids and insects have a lot of differences and they are totally different from each other. So, we will discuss their few differences. Actually, in insects, body is divided into three segments, head, thorax and abdomen. While in arachnids, body is divided into two segments only. That is cephalothorax and abdomen. In other words, you can say prosoma, that is cephalothorax and ofistosoma, that is abdomen. Cephalothorax means head and thorax is fused. Where head and thorax fuse, that is cephalothorax and this is also called prosoma and abdomen is also called ofistosoma. Whereas, insects, for respiration, there are spherical present and in arachnids, there are book lungs present. Arachnids have four pair of legs and eight legs present in arachnids while in insects, three pair are six legs are present in insects. Insects can be flying or non-flying, whereas arachnids are non-flying. There are few differences that separate insects and arachnids from each other. Mites are also very small and because of which they are easily seen from above. They mostly live in water. They are soil decomposers. They create different problems in the plants. They call the leaves different gauze. Gauze are the abnormal growths on the stem, on the leaves, on the birds and they are the predators of different other organisms. Their body is divided into two regions that is cephalothorax, prosauma and aphisto-suma are abdomen because this is the arachnid, this is not the insect. Segmentation is totally fused as you can see in the diagram in the mites there is no segment in the body. So cephalothorax and last one is the part differentiated into different segments while the body is fused. Next we will discuss as we have already discussed four pairs of legs and body is divided into different segments and there are different segments for different purposes movement, swimming segmentation have basically in movement, swimming helps out. Turgites are present on the dorsal side while secularites are present on the ventral sides of the body. Turgites are very hard covering that are present dorsally while secularites are present ventrally and they are also very hardened. On the other hand they primarily feed on the dead skin and dead skin that falls from different plants. They are present in the furniture, pillows, carpets on the other hand they are also present in mattresses. Mites can be found below the carpets but their numbers are more than that in mattresses and here bed bugs and mites can be present in your mattresses and can cause different problems.