 sugarcane residues, sugarcane bagasse, Sb, and straw, SS, could be the ideal feedstock for the second generation, TG, ethanol production. The efficient bioconversion of Sb, SS, efficient pretreatment technology, depolymerization of cellulose, and fermentation of release sugars remains challenging. This article was authored by Larissa Canila, Anuj Kumar Chandel, Tai Suzane dos Santos Melesi, and others.