 Okay, so please join me in welcoming Professor Harish Fulleria. Thank you, Professor Sethi. Good afternoon, everyone. It's a great pleasure to be here among you with all of us having the same aim to basically promote environmental education in undergraduate studies and basically kind of bring the conventional as well as the emerging topics in environmental science and engineering to basically the undergraduate students so that they first get aware about the issues existing and what are the ways that we can tackle them at the same time can get also motivated to pursue further studies in environmental science and engineering. I think you had a great time in the last several days about different modules which were covered. I will take one small section on that which is on water pollution. And this will be, as Professor Sethi mentioned, a more interactive session where I will basically give some pointers and then would like to also encourage you to participate in this to basically what you would like and also there or especially there that needs to be delivered to our students who are basically pursuing the undergraduate studies. To start with, I am an assistant professor in Center for Environmental Science and Engineering. I joined about 15 months back here and it's a great place to be here and contribute in the educational program and the research. Primarily I work on aerosols and air pollution, air quality assessment and environmental health assessment. So how air pollution and air quality affects the human health especially. But here I have also interest in water related issues because as you will also see that there is not much difference between water and air just a matter of density which is different in these case. So basically there are four sub themes which I thought I will basically construct in case of water pollution. So basically when we talk about water pollution, it is actually water pollution in terms of the characterization. How do we say what is polluted? So as we all know it is the amount of a substance when it exceeds, exceeds in a level which is then basically affect the human health or the performance of any system then basically it is considered as a contaminant or pollutant. So in that respect we are talking about water pollution and then basically what are the ways that we can handle it. So first of all characterization which means that what are the different parameters that needs to be monitored or measured or modeled so that we can say whether the water is polluted or not. And then like especially I thought that the idea would be that if we can enable the students or some of those who will basically become regulators or teachers later if some sample come to them or some water body sample come to them which parameters they would like to basically assess so that they can say that okay this is a polluted water and these are the problems with it and so what we need to do about it. So that is the first thing of course there we talk about dissolved solids or suspended solids and then different trace contaminants. There are regulations so in this also in the first module basically I basically thought of introducing also regulations I think partly one of my colleagues have already introduced maybe water quality regulations to you but basically in terms of drinking water quality what are the standards for example from CPCB which is mandated and enforced through the state pollution control boards. At the same time around the world how basically the regulations are being enforced and monitored. For example disinfection which all of you know is one of the primary method for which needs to be done before the drinking water is basically distributed. Now in India we have only regulation in terms of some basic bulk parameters like BOD, COD, TDS, PH, temperature some of those but for example in many of the high income countries for example North America, Europe or so they are talking about emerging contaminants meaning like for example pharmaceutical drugs or for example not only these drugs but also they are byproducts which are basically ending up into our surface water bodies eventually to groundwater bodies and eventually to drinking water. So there are more than 150 or so chemicals for which USCPA which is the statutory body which regulates the levels they have basically introduced regulations for that. At the same time it is also come from the very fact that when the chlorination is done because of the natural organic matter which is present in the water there is a lot of byproduct formation for example trihaloacetic acids or other chlorinated brominated compounds which are suspect carcinogens and which are also regulated. So idea is to sensitize the students to not only say that these are the parameters which are basically monitored or regulated but at the same time giving them a sense of that these are the ones which are conventionally regulated but the new ones emerging ones are coming in and we need to have a good assessment of that as well. There I would like to also mention one last thing which is also related with other thing I said about health effects. So there are two kind of health responses one is acute another is chronic. So for example you may all of you may remember or may have read about the London cholera episode. So where basically thousands of people got diarrhea and it was found out that it was because of the cross contamination of a sewage pipe which was broken and it was basically one of the street called Broad Street which was basically contaminated with the coliforms or sewage. Now what they identified is basically most of the proliferation of the disease outbreak was around that pump and in London now they have this Broad Street and John Snow was the person who basically identified and at that point cholera was supposed to be basically proliferated using by the air not by the waterborne pathogens. So the acute responses are like diarrhea but then for example what we call now endocrine disrupting chemicals, EDCs. These are the ones which basically affect for example neurological development, birth related disorders, pregnancy related problems, low birth weight, stunting as we called. So some of those things happen because of the slow and very small doses of some of these emerging contaminants. Now does this need to be told? I think yes it needs to be told and that's why. So it will be a mixture of the conventional pollutant as well as some of these emerging contaminants. That is the first module. The second thing I would like to mention is that all of you may have heard about wastewater treatment. Already in 2013 the World Water Federation basically started calling it water resources recovery facility instead of wastewater treatment because it is eventual that at one point we have to reclaim the water from the wastewater for drinking purpose. So already we have less than 0.01% of the total water body available as drinking water and the total population load is increasing. So eventually we will have to basically resort to that. So in that module basically we will talk about how the wastewater is collected, we will talk about the storm water collection, whether they should be separate or they should be together with the municipal wastewater and then what are the treatment methods. And the last module will be about the drinking water treatment and which is basically that even before wastewater reclamation first thing we need to basically give everyone is drinking water. So that drinking water basically goes through series of water treatment processes as well as specially disinfection and filtration. I think more or less most of you are probably using at home some kind of advanced treatment system. Either UV or RO or something. While we all are so much concerned about the water that we are drinking, we are at a stage where basically still it is not the right quality of water available but just availability of drinking water is a huge concern. So in that context we will also talk about for example what are different sources of drinking water which is surface water, groundwater storm water and then for example reclaimed water, desalinated water, some of those. What are the technologies available to do that and then eventually disinfection and then some of the emerging methods. For example I mentioned about chlorination is the widely used method which is used for disinfection. Already in 1906 in New Jersey the first whole like community wide scale disinfected water treatment system was established and it was basically aftermath of the London cholera episode and now actually in most part of the world this is basically being done but then there are other methods for example advanced oxidation, UV, ozonation and some of these methods which have of course some of the cost sides which of course need to be also dealt in. In summary in the end we would like to basically make a case that if we look closely we can find out anything and we can say that it is a contaminant. At the same time if we spend enough resources we can basically decontaminate and clean the water but is it worth and what needs to be done where the energy and the resources need to be focused in so that is probably one of the outcomes that will be of this module. So these are the basically three or four modules which I will basically cover in this section and now I think because you may have already like a lot of experience in this so maybe we open this platform for this forum for everyone and if you can tell for example you can be as specific as like okay whether this parameter needs to be looked at or not versus whether some advancements which are happening in terms of treatment whether secondary treatment or for example advanced oxidation or some of those they need to be covered. So if you feel like that is what basically needs to be imparted to the coming generation then maybe we need to focus it there. But if at the same time we need to keep the generic nature of this course meaning that they should get a broad understanding of all the different factors and so that's where I basically stop. There are videos which are nice even like real time videos as well as animated videos which are basically you know kind of very clearly can show how for example from how wastewater is generated and eventually how basically it is clean and then get disposed to whether surface water bodies or seawater or different things. So some of these videos about seven to eight minutes two or three videos will be part of this where they will then get some time to digest that material and then there will be some calculations on for example how some of the parameters are assessed and some chemistry on that. So it will be like some kind of review session after each of the module and then basically they will just get an understanding of what has been covered and if they can at least get 60-70% of that I think our job will be done. So can we add something? Because there are a lot of questions being asked actually if you look at the UGC NET exam CSIR so there are a lot of question comes on that. So you mean like the characterization of the groundwater and the surface water so how they are different in terms of the water quality is that what you... Pollution at groundwater level, surface water, river water pollution. Okay fine yeah so basically let's say a vertical profile of some of the pollutants in surface water bodies or even in groundwater yeah definitely. I have a suggestion we have this writing board there right so if you can just display that and what I'll then request is you know one section at a time I'll go up and I'll have you raise your hand and say what is it that you either what you teach or what is it that you'd like to actually learn so that your... For me for example to teach ecology I would require a lot of reading myself to gain the confidence to teach ecology because I don't typically teach ecology. Now how many of you have an area, a background in the area of water and wastewater? Okay how many of you do not? Okay so the people who have a background in that area have a particular kind of questions and the people who do not have background in that area have still have questions but of a different kind okay so I want to be able to capture the entire spectrum of the questions such that because you know each one of you will then be dealing with 30 to 50 people at your centres you will deal with this kind of spectrum okay not that you're expected to answer all of them but I want to be prepared so that when I finally walk into the class to teach my students I at least am aware of the questions even if I don't have answers to it okay and not just the awareness of the questions what Harish and I will then do is connect the resources for these questions so that they can be answered fair enough? So as we know we have a point source and non point source for the different type of pollution in terms of water so in which the non point source contribute near about 75% and 25% is contributed by this point source but still we are treating for this point source so is it fair for such kind of treatment and their disposal into the natural water bodies which is available with us and the second thing regarding the non point source so how we can treat such kind of non point sources and it will reduce their impact on the natural water bodies? Definitely so I think so I will just write it basically point versus non point and you're talking about natural drinking water right? So I think well I don't have all the answers for that but basically one of the things that we have to always do is prevention because the non point sources are the ones which we cannot actually implement at each of those non points the kind of interventions so what at least what we can do is can move them away from those points where they can actually you know can get to some of these water bodies for example in Mumbai basically we have these six seven lakes and Bihar Lake, Tulsi Lake these are the two which are providing most of the drinking water to the most of the city or the urban metropolitan area now these have actually are well actually protected compared to for example Povai Lake right? So now because the Povai Lake is not providing any you know drinking water source so the emphasis in terms of the protection is not that much high but of course at one point the concern was to basically make it a recreational level so there your point is very valid that basically how can we first we have to identify non point sources and then basically we can work around that. Sir is there any method to identify such kind of non point source because in terms of rural area we have a 99% area which is covered under this agriculture practices so is there any method to trap such kind of the NPS that is non point sources which are coming from this natural that agricultural as well as the open depication which is mostly practiced in this rural area so can we identify such kind of NPS and we can divert these points so that it will control on the pollution. Yeah so basically what you are saying is it's about like source attribution right so which are the different sources and how much they are contributing so eventually it has to be done through a kind of a mass balance thing so I am not I haven't done that work myself yet but I think it is it is possible for example one of the projects that we have we are basically working on is together with Professor Satie and there are three other faculty in the CSE is about restoring at least the intention is to restore the quality of water of the Ulhas, Waldoni, River, Nala Creek system and one of the first thing we need to really estimate there is what are different sources of pollutants and how much they are contributing because it includes not only some of the industrial effluents which are going to these Nala or these things but at the same time the municipal wastewater which is sometime going untreated so there's where. So last question so in terms of the any confined area if we consider one watershed area for one single river basin so in that case can we go for a decentralized treatment system or for regional treatment system because if we see that the whatever waste which we are going to treat with the help of this decentralized treatment system but still it is under pollution and it is ultimately getting mixed into natural resources and it is not giving us that much lower impact of the pollutants still it is giving us the pollution of such kind of things so can we go for a decentralized or for a regional treatment? So I am not actually in a position right now to answer that question but I think partly the answer should be in the cost as well because I mean it is as we always know it is always easier in terms of regulation in terms of enforcement to go for a more centralized treatment but at the same time then it is about like for example some of the biomedical facilities some of the big restaurants they are having decentralized treatment at their facility itself some of the smaller scale industries they are having at least some primary treatment so that is actually being mandated now whether that could be basically taken to like community level and how much feasible it would be I cannot answer that. Actually I don't have a questions rather a kind of my view on what sir has just recently asked so the best way to tackle the non-point source pollution is basically watershed management the way we can manage or control the non-point source is basically through watershed management only. Okay, sure, definitely. So yeah basically you are taking it as a system whole and then basically identify what are the differences. Non-point source generate through a runoff. So if we characterize that runoff and what amount of pollutant or nutrients coming along that runoff then we can provide a solution for the same. Then you have to tackle it separately means groundwater systems and surface water system is entirely different though they have connections but you have to tackle it in different entirety. The movement is again very slow the groundwater movement is extremely slow say few meters in hundreds of years or like that. Extremely slow as compared to surface runoff the movement of water bodies you can say extremely negligible. Of course we don't want to get into a kind of dual here but basically it is also dependent on the season part. So basically when you have a high precipitation of course the surface runoff is far far more high and then it becomes more of you know imminent issue which can be tackle compared to for example if you are talking about summer or so when actually there is no movement because there is no actually water in some of these you know like NALAS or so which are basically eventually going to come out of the water bodies. So in terms of the module basically I already mentioned like what this water pollution module will have so I don't have anything additional to mention here except so in that sense this will be what it will comprise of so this session right now is basically for example for me and also for all of you so like what are the other things or additional things that we need to focus on we should be part of the content. That's why we are interacting here. When we treat water basically we reclaim water and we use it and again we throw it and we treat it again and re-reclaim water so how does it affect the environment I mean is it the water that we are getting after repeated reclamation is it environment friendly or not. You mean reclaimed water from where? I mean you mean like after wastewater and it's treated. Right and we throw it again and we use it and it's throw it again so it's like a circle going on. According to my understanding what I was asking that what all thing we had to add regarding the this particular session. So the one thing I had to ask you that when we are dealing about water recovery it will be nice if you are including the latest trends in water recovery. If it's not there it will be very nice because it's one of the things students are very much interested about. So again more like a solution to an issue etc. What are the latest trends? Trends in what? Purification, how do we reuse it so after reuse how does it is being disposed of all those things. Very good, got it. Thank you. Next person here. Actually you are talking about pharmaceutical compounds. In that respect I would like to just if we can incorporate the ill effects on environment, particular ecosystem, how resistant gene is developed and how they affect the environment as well as human health that part will be more interesting now since day by day the consumption of antibiotics particularly in India it is increased. So a part of the maybe we should have a conversation also. What we will do is we will take a look at that. So maybe we will ask Maya to also look to see in the larger scheme of overall we will include it somewhere. May not be in water but we will include it somewhere. What's your next thing? Actually when we are talking about traditional drinking water treatment in that if we can incorporate some all of us in our houses we use some filters or advanced purifiers how they works why we use them if we can explain that along with the conventional treatment that will be more interesting. Excellent because it's something which is of direct immediate experience right. They are using their houses how it is working. Excellent. It's a very good way of actually reaching out to people immediately. Good job. Thank you. Yes last person. Waste load allocation. Because this people are working with a lot of river reaction plants or what and now we have to think about the river water pollution in the sense of load allocations. Can you say something about waste load allocations in the rivers? Because this people have pointed out this point and non-point. Now we have to work on to maintain a certain water quality in the rivers you have to work back. So can you say something about what will waste load allocation in the rivers? Allocation. So is it waste load allocation? Yeah. Is it something like apportionment as to how much is coming from there? Normally in the river you have to maintain some certain water quality parameters. Yes. What have you been contaminated now? Yes. So I had to work back now. Yes. So to maintain certain quality of water quality. Yes. Then I had to restrict of my industries and also the excellent so that you can go for back. So in some way let me say it's like carrying capacity or carrying capacity. It's a direct way. Direct way of calculation. Do you see my struggle here? Related with self-revocation. Load allocation. Okay. Good. Last person. Sir in later on our 10 days workshop so you have to just focus on mainly the treatments. Okay. And mainly in domestic and industrial treatments. So these are very important things and my question is there personally. So what are the here in CITP common influence treatment plans. Okay. In last treatment plan RO system. If reject is the problem. So what are the solutions for that? Okay. Good. Thank you. Last person there. As per CPCB norms zero waste management it has it should be achieved by each and every industrial influence. So as per if a zero waste management it has been bounded by the industry. But still there is a pollution which has been created by that particular industries. Then what about the pollution created by that industries? It has been not taken care by the industry list. So inquire into the inquiry into zero waste. Okay. The whole question over there. Okay. Sir my concern is in our institute due to reduce the groundwater reuse we do recycling for plantation purpose. What is the minimum parameter requirement to maintain so that the cost is will be less and we can recycle reuse the water. Okay. So yeah. Parameter what is required. Okay. And chlorination is required or not for plantation purpose. Okay. That I want to know. Sure. All right. Thank you. Sir if you include the role of environmental auditors for pollution control. That's good. He may not be able to do it but I think you should make a point Harish and we should have somebody. So there are two other lectures that we are looking at which are not included right now. One is on environmental law and policy that's one and the other is on nuclear safety. So it'll be a one and a half hour session some point in time. Right. Okay. So auditors the relationship with auditors etc etc. Okay. Scales are the toughest things to eliminate from water but apart from the preventive measures such as carbonate and phosphate conditionings are there any advanced method to prevent the scales. Okay. Very good. Last. Okay. Some introduction about the quality modeling water quality modeling. Water quality modeling. All it comes everything comes as it is the water pollution. I want to add this one. Heavy metal toxicity and remediation. Okay. Heavy metal toxicity and remediation. Okay. Sir eutrophication. Can we add eutrophication that's a starting point of it. Yeah. Sure. Okay. Okay. Thank you very much. See you soon.