 Dear students, in this module, we are going to discuss some peculiar and important crimes against people, which include murder, rape, personal assault, child abuse, and harassment. So crime against people involves violence or threat of violence against individuals. Since this is a victim-based crime against people, justice system is very actively involved in it. And the mechanism of social control or punishment mechanism is also very strongly devised. Murder, rape, personal assault, child abuse, and harassment are such crimes that directly involve victims. For example, child abuse is also dealt with by law enforcement agencies. In the case of harassment, government actively engages different law enforcement agencies so that such victim-based crimes can be reduced and minimized. But there is a problem in this, since directly victims are involved in victim-based crimes and directly criminal justice system is involved, the mechanism of social control that is adopted in this case is not able to create effective detentions. And if it is not able to create effective detentions, then it is very difficult to avoid such crimes. So Pakistan unfortunately has the high rate of crimes against people, with some estimates suggesting that there are over 10,000 reported cases of rape each year. And again, these may include the child abuse as well. So in the recent past, we have seen that child abuse and child pornography cases have emerged in Pakistan. And with regards to this, media has also run a campaign and tried to produce awareness and sensitization in people. Such victim-based crimes have a very severe reaction on them over time. But if they are not part of any proper mechanism or system, then unfortunately, the longer the trend goes on, the more effective it is. And then gradually, these crimes start emerging on the surface again. So factors that contribute to the prevalence of such crimes in Pakistan can include poverty, gender inequality, weak criminal justice system. So again, this is very unfortunate that our justice system becomes one of the sources, one of the factors which is contributing to the high crime rate. If our justice system is more strong, if our justice system is based on equality, then these crimes can be reduced.