 I'll start with the good news that it is possible to feed the future but then again right after saying that the presented the presented kept on repeating that what kind of food are we going to feed the future and I see that as a challenge that we are going to work on production is increasing productivity is increasing but then we were told about the challenge about the markets we're told about the challenge about making sure people accessing the required nutrients now on top of that I'm from Tanzania and here when I was listening to the presenters I'm like I am not sure what my minister of health will be thinking should I encourage people to eat more eggs or should I tell them to eat vegetables or should I tell them eat both but in a required amount but I am from Tanzania when I get an increased in income where do I want to spend it I want to eat the fancy food and all the food that I'm told is not not nutritious so if I am a minister of health and I have a constituency it will be difficult to defend my position when I got to the poor people and that's how them it is very important to eat eggs I turn around my center of research on nutrition tells me be careful that is not a very good call I go back and sit with the technocrats most of them will be the middle income kind of people and I tell them a different story and they'll ask me did you just had you telling people to eat more eggs and I thought today's presentation from the three presenters really showing up what kind of discussions will be going on in our countries for quite a long time but again in as much as we are happy that we are able to feed the future because we are able to increase production and again we encourage that they knew of varieties that will come up at the same time we have to really manage all the post havers losses and that's the top that I was speaking from the presentations here today and in as much as a pair sorry if I'm mistaken a said you mentioned some of the goals that that you're covering when we're talking about nutrition and hunger I thought goal 17 that is talking about implementation was something that you should have stressed more because all the things that you are saying without that then nothing can actually take place or maybe with the last presenter when he was talking about it's very important we make sure that we do invest in secondary towns because by doing this then we are going to actually not only encourage the youth not to move all the way to the cities but at least they start in the in the in the secondary towns I thought that was was also a good move but then again at the same time we need to have the private sector involved the private sector will tell you I'm only going to invest if I have money in this particular business I'm in and the talk here today is when we speak of nutrition it is a public good now where do we demarcate that and that will be something that we should we should we should take on board why am I saying this from Tanzania we've seen a lot of privatization going on we've seen businessmen really entwined in their businesses with the government people so when they produce anything they're they're also the same people who are providing funding for elections and what have you so imagine here I am a big businessman producing non-nutritious let's say milk or something and here you are you're telling me the milk I'm producing is not good and I'm asking the minister to go and state this to the guy who is sponsoring this guy so when I was listening to all this I said okay this will be interesting and last but not least I like the arguments talking about the falling share of GDP of the falling share of agriculture in GDP the one thing that I think we need to be cautious is just because there is a falling share of agriculture in GDP it does not really translate into falling employment of the people who are employed in agriculture because we saw this in Tanzania and to wind up yes food security is very important we talk about access and availability but it do we do require to get the nutrients that we want for the well-being not just of us but also the well-being of the people who will be working in our countries thank you very much good afternoon I'm Emilia Toshnau I work for Iguan-Manyan University I mean being the last speaker after lunch it's even difficult for pre-professors and then it's even difficult and here but I would like to start my response considering some facts that I thought you know came from these these representations clearly oversupply and serious drop in prices but in countries like Mozambique stunting still and have not changed much so this is not translating really into nutritional gains and again the other thing that we have learned is that aggregate analysis may mask some regional differences okay space space matters targeting especially women and children the tree also matters the second point I retained was the recognition that food and nutrition security is loosely related to income but again as the as professor Rob Rob yes pointed out force well one more minute it's very hard to have inclusive growth without resolving the problem of a good culture and I will comment more on that since my first speaker went to nutritional now recommendations were made and those are great recommendation we have my height of question that but what I would like to hear more especially coming from Mozambique is how do you do it what to do it's clear but how do you go about doing it you know how can we make those recommendations more informative take for example the the the need in recommendation to improve agricultural productivity I mean most farmers live in this vicious source circle of poverty you know what do you start from because you need to break this the cycle of poverty you know you subsidize jump start production and even so you need still need to do financial institutions with my be reluctant to to to give you those resources because of past experiences so that's a challenge I also agree yes we need to invest in infrastructure but again I would like to hear more about other public goods investment in research and agriculture extension which is often lacking and this important for technology adoption also for passing good good nutrition practices to those who most need now R&D has been the fund it's for for in countries like Mozambique partly because of my interpretation of some of what would bankers say in the past so how do you change that we need to invest in market yes but what what in the place where they're not even markets what do you do farmers have low purchasing power and the private sector really has not grown enough I mean we talk about private said about where is the private sector or are we thinking of transforming those first one all the farmers into the private sector I mean where this this is this is this is where things get tougher especially when coming from and so there's a void there to be filled the government what they've seen they've been stepping back some some policy reversals because you know there's a vacuum I would say it is not there in the markets often also I'm not there or very shallow well yes we need more productivity and you need to integrate land land and labor and we need to integrate farmers into value chains but those are gain at dispersed farmers everywhere you know they like economies of scale grading standards are very low which are required for consistent of the product you know the linking for example with the raisins of supermarkets that we're seeing in Africa and yesterday I think we we have learned that when when these big multinationals come in they tend to you know in Africa at least they're not integrate well with the local sector so how do you how do you resolve that environment yes you know but farmers especially small all the farmers they have lived by the day and they need to cut those trees which is one of the thing that we've seen slash bar and slashing and burning and and also you know energy needs how do you resolve that what do you tell policymakers FDI for extractive industries is a reality in Mozambique and that has a potential to divert resources that we are thinking should go into agriculture to increase productivity and we know labor costs will be will go out will will go up especially for for for those who have the skills and consolidation often requires more intensive production techniques and more and more more skills yeah returns to intervention and estimated again this remind me of lack of good data especially in Mozambique maybe also our toolkits need to be revisited transparency in policy one thing that we've seen and again but going back to the private sector is that most countries there would not be transparent policy setting and it's hard to predict what will happen next and if you're the private sector you may for example be importing corn or maize from South Africa because there's a man in Maputo and then suddenly the government is stepping in okay I am done okay thank you sorry for for being a heart there because we have for five speakers in one and a half hour and also we run a little bit late still give a chance for the question one from a man one from a woman first man my question is given that both public and private investment in agriculture would be quite beneficial from food security point of view I'm now speaking particularly to Pinstrup understand which are the biggest obstacles for this why is not more invested in agriculture research furthermore you can everybody can answer to my second question what is your view on the opportunities and threats with genetically modified organisms or plants bred through GMOs thank you from this one and a direct question after each speaker have two minutes response and then we have a copy breaker for you to chat thank you the question about the genetically modified stuff I was gonna be my second question too but my name is Mina Baliam Lutz I'm a professor at the University of North Florida and also senior research fellow at the African Center for Economic Transformation in Ghana and right now we're focusing on transformation in the agricultural sector and all three presentations were really excellent maybe my question is to address to wrap us everybody talks about the need and we do too about the need to support to provide support to small farmers it goes from the Gates Foundation to pretty much everybody but really for when we think about transformation it includes the fact that you want farmers to use some of the modern tools in agriculture right to increase productivity and sometimes that's not really automatic with small holders no matter what we do so we need really a middle medium-sized farmers which are the missing we call the missing middle in Africa in agriculture and I was wondering if you have any suggestion on how to develop a sizable medium-sized farmers you know farms in in Africa these are the ones that's going to be linked and somebody the second discussion talked about the multinationals when they come to Africa if we had those do we link better with them than they do with then you could ever do with the small farmers that are all over the place thank you okay now thank you and thank you for for the questions let me combine a few things set by Emilia also by yandina and your question maybe right how how should we do this right that was bottom line so how and what who should be these be supporting I think there's a number of pathways out of it and also how we approach it in FVO I think the the critical thing is in all of this is first find the catalyst for change give one example North and Ghana we have a project where the catalyst for change are two to change things around for small the farmers and the broader road life needs one is organize the farmers better right farm size matters if there's economies of scale involved and make farm more efficient so always you can enlarge the scale of each individual farm or you can also through stronger producer organizations and collectively organize extension services and other things so that's the one thing we work on so how can they overcome their hurdles in that sense the second thing is in bringing marketing and particularly processing capacity locally such that's very simple things these are actually low-hanging fruits but it doesn't happen if you bring things together they cassava producers right you know cassava is a very perishable product right in North and Ghana many farmers they all produce cassava in big quantities right and the old produce in the same cycle so if you don't have processing capacity you don't have storage capacity what happens the price plunges when you harvest and you lose a lot of your produce so we're bringing organization we're bringing processing capacity that is now catalyzing a change there and not just for cassava but also for other production and then what we've been doing there on top of that is connect that with further up the value chain with with the private sector with the beverage industry for instance that's interested in making beer from cassava as one example and others so that's one pathway that may differ from context to context and likewise you can do it also with with that combine it with better and more sustainable agricultural practices I'll give one more example if I may which I think is an interesting example to look at which I think works particularly for the pores of the poor India has probably the largest poverty reduction program in the world called the national rule livelihoods mission that caters for at the moment for 250 million people is to cater for 500 million people okay what they do there's also organized farmers and local villages villagers particularly led by women in ways that they can share their concerns to form savings and loan groups so they start creating their own means and we support that by bringing in sustained agriculture practices that shifts them away from the modern farming that is more expensive and less tailored to their needs also onto polycrop farming they've now become food secure but also income secure in ways that they start investing more into the future I think that's this example she can do it's not the only way to do it but I think there's way to do it but it has to come together and also the infrastructure investments in order to get the foods both to markets but also to help people access basic services and be better connected is another critical thing that needs to I'll stop there lots of other things morphing see but the chair one of that week well I certainly won't say if you buy GMO's I'll leave that to Pear since I agree with him but let him say the bad stuff so I take the credit for it so actually I will explain this on the transformation of the agriculture sector as I said in passing I think that's little down to that we need to think about that transformation in the context of a larger set of development challenges which is and not to take the kind of potentially the more extreme view for example that Paul Collier has raised in some of his reports for different about the diminishing the importance of agriculture all together but think the reality is that the big challenge in much of the poorest countries regions of the world is that we have this rapid process of urbanization going on which will continue and we have to feed that urban urban population which is largely in fact being done by imports because of the low productivity of indigenous or domestic agriculture am I done already and and the poor quality of kind of infrastructure it's just a lot cheaper to bring food from Thailand that it is to Conakry that it is from the interior of Guinea to the to the city and you were alluding to this in your points about Mozambique so you know when I think about the question then that you ask about investment agriculture I think we need to think about that less in terms of the traditional thought process of agricultural research in the context of crop specific you know improving the not that we don't worry about improving the yields and even the quality of certain products but we need to think about it in a more in a much broader set of object development objectives that revolve around both understanding the transformation is going to move people out of out of rural areas whether a lot that's we say it's good or not that the share of people in agriculture employed people employed in agriculture has to decline that we have to feed this massively growing urban population that we have all these environmental and climate goals that we never had on the table years ago so and then that we have to recognize that what we've done in in the food system is just not going to be healthy in the long term you know we don't need more cereals and oil seeds that are extracted at a low cost we need a much more diverse diet we need a healthier diet and so we just have a whole different set of questions so you know I do get worried particularly with the focus on agriculture per se or an agricultural investment that we make sure that we keep that subject or view that subject in a very broad context one other very quick point related to that is that you know it goes back to my final issue which I didn't expand upon is that I you know in my narrow world view I always think inevitably about agriculture and its role in improving nutrition and just so we understand that nobody at any meeting I ever goes go to practically says well what what do we have to do to improve investment or increase the amount of investment in nutrition it's generally just because it's just not we don't have nutrition ministries we don't have large nutrition constituencies not that I don't love people in agricultural ministries or in departments of agricultural economics but we really I would I would often hope that we keep our eyes on the ultimate prize here which is really improving the health and nutrition and the economic well-being of the populations that the agricultural sector is so critical to very much um let me just follow up with what David said I think we should gradually come to the appreciation that agriculture is increasingly becoming a producer of raw material for the value chain so what the consumer eats is more and more different from what the farmer is producing that's notwithstanding a very large number of smallholder semi subsistence farmers that are still consuming much of what they produce but even they send for example the wheat to the miller so there is a certain amount of processing which opens the opportunity for fortification for example so just like we would never blame the steel mill for a murder by a knife we shouldn't necessarily blame agriculture for the fancy foods in Tanzania those fancy foods are being produced after they leave the farm and my suggestion Blondina is you you make fruits vegetables and eggs fancy and working with the the processing sector to change from high sugar high sweetener high fat empty calorie type stuff to something that you and I would really like to to see people consume cannot be done I believe so have we tried no absolutely not we're circling around that private sector processing sector as as though they are a holy cow not to be touched we need to talk to them they are not interested in killing people they're not interested in making people sick they're interested in making money they can make money producing what they should be producing for the consumer consumer can be convinced I believe to produce what is better for them because I don't want to get sick neither does anybody else so that's my promotional speech goal number 17 absolutely we need to stress implementation we can keep talking until the Americans say the cows come home I'm not quite sure where that comes from but but it's not going to do any good unless it's implemented Emilio I think it's very important that the design and implementation of policies are made on the basis of context specific knowledge information and that means we can't sit in Helsinki to design policies for probably not even for Finland but certainly not for any country outside of that so I'm completely with you we just completed a study of the political economy of food price policy in 14 developing countries and one of the many variant and this is jointly with wider unfortunately we don't have time to present it at this meeting but one of the interesting findings is that the fluctuations the volatility in the world market food prices may be very different from the volatility in the national food prices particularly in landlocked countries but also in many other and I suspect I haven't looked at the correlation between prices in musambican prices in the world market but my guess is that they may be quite different the fluctuations may be quite different and it's very interesting that some of the volatility we see in for example landlocked african countries the volatility is much more severe than it ever was in the international market but nobody cared about it it wasn't until the international market food price fluctuations became obvious that the news media became interested this is one of the the key issues that unless we really serious about dealing with the problems where they are namely at the at the household level and at the farm level we may not we may not ever get there a couple of other things manager and then I'll be done infrastructure versus research there are so many projects that have been implemented in smallholder farming communities where the project made available the inputs needed at a reasonable price and purchased the output at a reasonable price those farmers doubled tripled quadrupled their yields over a matter of a year or two there is an immense amount of underutilized capacity in these smallholder farms so it doesn't do any good to tell those farmers to produce more or to say why don't you buy some technology from Monsanto some improved varieties because the interest they're in a straight jacket so we need to focus on opening up that straight jacket so they can buy inputs at reasonable prices and so they have a market for their for their products final point on GMOs I think it's very important that all of us focus on all of the opportunities that science can offer to solve the food agriculture and nutrition problem particularly as we enter into the climate change that we are not willing to do something about we should talk about mitigation sorry we should talk about adaptation because there's no political will to really deal with with mitigation we need science to help us solve these problems that we've been talking about and yes transgenic approaches may well be the way to go but every country should have a chance to decide whether they want transgenic or not or for that matter whether they want modern science or not there are people who would like to just ignore all scientific approaches and then there are people who want traditional plant breeding but they have no idea what plant breeding is about these days we are nuking this stuff this is a lot worse than GMOs but that's okay because we don't know about it if Finland wants to outlaw GMOs for food and agriculture but keep it for health it's their choice Denmark and that's where I come from just approved the planting of one kind of genetically modified maize that's their choice what we must not do as Europeans is to tell tell other countries whether it's the Tanzania, Mozambique or any other country that because we don't want it or rather we don't need it they should have it either that's what worries me about the whole debate about GMO not whether the Danes eat GMO or not we will survive with or without but I really think we need to respect different cultures different problems and let people make their own decisions and that was my second application I have to ask her one quick question no you think there's any safety reason that from the point of human health there are lots of not consumed GMO products no but there are lots of food safety issues if you are allergic to peanuts please don't eat peanuts they are not genetically modified stay away from them if you are if you are intolerant to milk don't drink milk there are lots of food safety issues there are lots of toxins out there yes we need to test these things to make sure that it's safe for for consumption whether it's GMOs or something else absolutely does that answer your question no you didn't give me a clear answer do you do you have any evidence that GMOs have been a hazard no perhaps we stop with GMO and because I should be responsible for to leave the time for the audience and also our outstanding speakers commentators the time for coffee they provide us so rich resource information and the knowledge also our audience give raised excellent question although we don't have time for everyone so the better time is for the coffee to discussion and enjoy your drink let's give a round of applause